Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.2174/0122133372305191240528115104
M. Ramya, H. S. Lalithamba, Dalli Kumari, G. Nagendra
Synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using environmentally friendly Pongamia pinnata seeds as a source of fuel was demonstrated using a solution combustion approach. The protocol for the synthesis of NiO NPs is simple and efficient. NiO NPs were utilized as the catalyst for the synthesis of N-protected aminoalkyl sulfides from N-protected alkyl thiols and bromo esters of amino acids. The NiO NPs were characterized using XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques. N-protected aminoalkyl sulfides were characterized by HRMS, 1H, and 13C NMR techniques and were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activities, against A. Niger using Fluconazole as a standard. The current study presents an effective approach for synthesizing a new class of sulfides from N-protected aminoalkyl thiols and bromomethyl esters in the presence of nano NiO as a catalyst.
{"title":"Green Synthesis of NiO Nanoparticles using Pongamia pinnata and their\u0000Catalytic Utility in the Snthesis of N-Fmoc/Cbz-protected Amino Acid\u0000Derived Sulfides and their Biological Investigations","authors":"M. Ramya, H. S. Lalithamba, Dalli Kumari, G. Nagendra","doi":"10.2174/0122133372305191240528115104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122133372305191240528115104","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using environmentally friendly Pongamia pinnata\u0000seeds as a source of fuel was demonstrated using a solution combustion approach.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The protocol for the synthesis of NiO NPs is simple and efficient. NiO NPs were utilized as\u0000the catalyst for the synthesis of N-protected aminoalkyl sulfides from N-protected alkyl thiols and\u0000bromo esters of amino acids.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The NiO NPs were characterized using XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques. N-protected aminoalkyl\u0000sulfides were characterized by HRMS, 1H, and 13C NMR techniques and were evaluated for\u0000their in vitro antifungal activities, against A. Niger using Fluconazole as a standard.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The current study presents an effective approach for synthesizing a new class of sulfides\u0000from N-protected aminoalkyl thiols and bromomethyl esters in the presence of nano NiO as a catalyst.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10945,"journal":{"name":"Current Organocatalysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141388079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-19DOI: 10.2174/0122133372302803240415045313
A. Khandebharad, Satyanaryan M. Arde, Shrutika C. Pardeshi, Bharat K. Dhotre, S. Sarda
This study investigates the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinethiones using a multifunctional deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of Choline chloride (ChCl) and ammonium thiocyanate. This DES serves as a catalyst, solvent, and reagent, providing a simple, highyielding, and environmentally friendly method for dihydropyrimidinethione synthesis. The use of DES in this capacity offers several advantages, including reduced environmental impact, high efficiency, and ease of use, highlighting its potential as a sustainable alternative in organic synthesis. The objective of this study is to investigate the application of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of ChCl and ammonium thiocyanate as a catalytic solvent and reagent system for synthesizing dihydropyrimidinethiones. The aim is to simplify the reaction setup, improve yields, and enhance the green metrics of the process. ChCl and ammonium thiocyanate were combined to form a DES catalyst-solvent system. Dihydropyrimidinethiones were synthesized in one-pot reactions at ambient temperature. Green metrics and DES recovery were evaluated. Comparative analysis with traditional methods was conducted. The DES efficiently catalyzed dihydropyrimidinethione synthesis with high yields. Simplified reaction setup, safe solvent properties, and favorable green metrics. DES was recoverable and reusable, outperforming traditional methods in efficiency and eco-friendliness. The ChCl and ammonium thiocyanate DES demonstrated remarkable efficiency and eco-friendliness in dihydropyrimidinethione synthesis. The toxicity-free, multifunctional roles of the DES, serving as a catalyst, solvent, and reagent, highlight its novelty and potential as a sustainable alternative in organic chemistry. This study simplifies the synthesis process and improves yields and green metrics, showcasing the DES as a promising candidate for future research and industrial applications.
本研究探讨了使用由氯化胆碱（ChCl）和硫氰酸铵组成的多功能深共晶溶剂（DES）合成二氢嘧啶硫醚的方法。这种 DES 可用作催化剂、溶剂和试剂，为二氢嘧啶硫酮的合成提供了一种简单、高产和环保的方法。本研究的目的是研究由 ChCl 和硫氰酸铵组成的深共晶溶剂（DES）作为催化溶剂和试剂系统合成二氢嘧啶硫酮的应用。将氯化 ChCl 和硫氰酸铵组合成 DES 催化剂-溶剂体系，在常温下通过一锅反应合成二氢嘧啶硫醚。对绿色指标和 DES 回收率进行了评估，并与传统方法进行了比较分析。简化的反应设置、安全的溶剂特性以及良好的绿色指标。氯化 ChCl 和硫氰酸铵 DES 在二氢嘧啶硫酮合成中表现出显著的效率和生态友好性。作为催化剂、溶剂和试剂，DES 的无毒性和多功能性凸显了其作为有机化学可持续替代品的新颖性和潜力。这项研究简化了合成过程，提高了产率和绿色指标，展示了 DES 在未来研究和工业应用中的前景。
{"title":"Multifunctional Deep Eutectic Solvent-Catalyzed Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinethiones: A Sustainable Approach for Green and Efficient Reactions","authors":"A. Khandebharad, Satyanaryan M. Arde, Shrutika C. Pardeshi, Bharat K. Dhotre, S. Sarda","doi":"10.2174/0122133372302803240415045313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122133372302803240415045313","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000This study investigates the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinethiones using\u0000a multifunctional deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of Choline chloride (ChCl) and ammonium\u0000thiocyanate. This DES serves as a catalyst, solvent, and reagent, providing a simple, highyielding,\u0000and environmentally friendly method for dihydropyrimidinethione synthesis. The use\u0000of DES in this capacity offers several advantages, including reduced environmental impact, high\u0000efficiency, and ease of use, highlighting its potential as a sustainable alternative in organic synthesis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The objective of this study is to investigate the application of a deep eutectic solvent\u0000(DES) composed of ChCl and ammonium thiocyanate as a catalytic solvent and reagent system\u0000for synthesizing dihydropyrimidinethiones. The aim is to simplify the reaction setup, improve\u0000yields, and enhance the green metrics of the process.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000ChCl and ammonium thiocyanate were combined to form a DES catalyst-solvent system.\u0000Dihydropyrimidinethiones were synthesized in one-pot reactions at ambient temperature.\u0000Green metrics and DES recovery were evaluated. Comparative analysis with traditional methods\u0000was conducted.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The DES efficiently catalyzed dihydropyrimidinethione synthesis with high yields. Simplified\u0000reaction setup, safe solvent properties, and favorable green metrics. DES was recoverable\u0000and reusable, outperforming traditional methods in efficiency and eco-friendliness.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The ChCl and ammonium thiocyanate DES demonstrated remarkable efficiency and\u0000eco-friendliness in dihydropyrimidinethione synthesis. The toxicity-free, multifunctional roles of\u0000the DES, serving as a catalyst, solvent, and reagent, highlight its novelty and potential as a sustainable\u0000alternative in organic chemistry. This study simplifies the synthesis process and improves\u0000yields and green metrics, showcasing the DES as a promising candidate for future research\u0000and industrial applications.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10945,"journal":{"name":"Current Organocatalysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140684522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.2174/0122133372300414240403035407
S. Bajpai, M. Kamboj, surabhi Singh, Monika Yadav, B. Banik
The main emphasis of green chemistry is to reduce environmental pollution. Its main goal is to adopt a cost-effective and harmless strategy for human health and the environment. The green synthetic routes have succeeded in adopting solvent-free conditions as an effective tool for sustainability. Heterocycles are organic compounds that are widely distributed by nature. Many of them possess medicinal and pharmacological properties, as this heterocyclic moiety is found in many drugs. The solvent-free strategies for the Synthesis of bioactive heterocycles are, now-adays, regarded as an important objective. Solvent-free reactions are eco-friendly, cost-effective, and an environmentally benign route in organic transformation methods because of their effi-ciency, reduced reaction time, and high yields, thereby saving energy. This mini-review focuses on the environmentally benign solvent-free Synthesis of heterocycles and their potential pharma-cological applications.
{"title":"Solvent-Free Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocycles","authors":"S. Bajpai, M. Kamboj, surabhi Singh, Monika Yadav, B. Banik","doi":"10.2174/0122133372300414240403035407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122133372300414240403035407","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The main emphasis of green chemistry is to reduce environmental pollution. Its main goal is to adopt a cost-effective and harmless strategy for human health and the environment. The green synthetic routes have succeeded in adopting solvent-free conditions as an effective tool for sustainability. Heterocycles are organic compounds that are widely distributed by nature. Many of them possess medicinal and pharmacological properties, as this heterocyclic moiety is found in many drugs. The solvent-free strategies for the Synthesis of bioactive heterocycles are, now-adays, regarded as an important objective. Solvent-free reactions are eco-friendly, cost-effective, and an environmentally benign route in organic transformation methods because of their effi-ciency, reduced reaction time, and high yields, thereby saving energy. This mini-review focuses on the environmentally benign solvent-free Synthesis of heterocycles and their potential pharma-cological applications.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10945,"journal":{"name":"Current Organocatalysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140727646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.2174/0122133372292087240228082859
Raju Shekhanavar, S. Khatavi, Kantharaju Kamanna
Knoevenagel condensation is an important C-C bond formation reaction catalyzed by various homogeneous and heterogeneous acid-base catalysts. Knoevenagel condensation is an important C-C bond formation reaction, and employs various acid and base-catalyzed reactions of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The present work describes the eco-friendly preparation of magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4 (MNPs) and its functionalization to Fe3O4@SiO2@SO3H. The prepared MNPs and their functionalized materials were fully characterized by FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and VSM. Further demonstrated application of these catalysts for the C-C bond formation reactions of Knoevenagel condensation employing special aldehyde derivatives with malononitrile at room temperature gave excellent product isolation. The application of the prepared functionalized MNPs for the Knoevenagel condensation was demonstrated by the reaction of various aryl/heterocyclic and cholesterol aldehyde with malononitrile at room temperature stirring for about 30 min in ethanol solvent. The final product isolated is confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, 1H-, & 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the selected compounds are screened for their photophysical properties, and interestingly compound 3j showed good fluorescent properties. Overall the present work described a greener method preparation of MNPs, and its functionalized employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation of various aryl/heterocyclic and cholesterol aldehyde with malononitrile. The method developed is simple, easily separated catalyst by an external magnet, and recycled up to five cycles without any noticeable change in the final product isolation. Further, the prepared derivatives screened for their photophysical properties, and interestingly compound 3j showed good fluorescent properties.
{"title":"Green Method Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles and its Functionalized MNPs for Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction","authors":"Raju Shekhanavar, S. Khatavi, Kantharaju Kamanna","doi":"10.2174/0122133372292087240228082859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122133372292087240228082859","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Knoevenagel condensation is an important C-C bond formation reaction\u0000catalyzed by various homogeneous and heterogeneous acid-base catalysts.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Knoevenagel condensation is an important C-C bond formation reaction, and employs various acid and base-catalyzed reactions of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The present work describes the eco-friendly preparation of magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4\u0000(MNPs) and its functionalization to Fe3O4@SiO2@SO3H. The prepared MNPs and their functionalized\u0000materials were fully characterized by FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and VSM. Further\u0000demonstrated application of these catalysts for the C-C bond formation reactions of Knoevenagel\u0000condensation employing special aldehyde derivatives with malononitrile at room temperature gave\u0000excellent product isolation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The application of the prepared functionalized MNPs for the Knoevenagel condensation\u0000was demonstrated by the reaction of various aryl/heterocyclic and cholesterol aldehyde with malononitrile\u0000at room temperature stirring for about 30 min in ethanol solvent. The final product isolated\u0000is confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, 1H-, & 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry.\u0000Furthermore, the selected compounds are screened for their photophysical properties, and\u0000interestingly compound 3j showed good fluorescent properties.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Overall the present work described a greener method preparation of MNPs, and its\u0000functionalized employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation of various\u0000aryl/heterocyclic and cholesterol aldehyde with malononitrile. The method developed is simple,\u0000easily separated catalyst by an external magnet, and recycled up to five cycles without any noticeable\u0000change in the final product isolation. Further, the prepared derivatives screened for their photophysical\u0000properties, and interestingly compound 3j showed good fluorescent properties.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10945,"journal":{"name":"Current Organocatalysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140253274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.2174/0122133372285097240220062811
M. Amin Mir
In this study, the identification and quantification of biogenic amines in 45 commonly consumed food samples in Saudi Arabia were carried out. The enzymes responsible for producing these biogenic amines include spermidine (SPD), putrescine (PUT), tryptamine (TRP), tyramine (TYR), and histamine (HIS), which are synthesized through organo-catalytic pathways. The diverse range of samples analyzed encompassed various types of beef, pickle varieties, canned fish, vegetables, chicken varieties, spices, fruits, and salad ingredients. Sample preparation involved the use of dansyl chloride after aqueous extraction, followed by isolation and analysis using reversed-phase HPLC with a UV detector. In five beef samples, mean concentrations of SPD, PUT, TRP, HIS, and TYR were identified as 9.41, 8.98, 155.8, 100.8, and 304.2 mg kg-1, respectively. Canned fish samples exhibited mean concentrations of TRP, PUT, HIS, TYR, and SPD at 71.6, 3.88, 29.2, 2.56, and 2.02 mg kg-1, respectively. Among five pickle samples, mean concentrations of TRP, PUT, HIS, TYR, and SPD were reported as 118.8, 39.12, 35.2, 27.2, and 2.56 mg kg-1, respectively. Chicken samples primarily contained TRP, HIS, and SPD as the identified biogenic amines, with mean concentrations of 87.2, 105.6, and 5.22 mg kg-1, respectively. Fruit samples generally exhibited low levels of all enzymes except for TRP. It was found that vegetables, seasonings, and salad ingredients either had undetectable or low quantities of biogenic amines.
{"title":"Biogenic Amines: Catalysis, Quality, and Safety Aspects of Food Items\u0000Consumed in Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Amin Mir","doi":"10.2174/0122133372285097240220062811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122133372285097240220062811","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In this study, the identification and quantification of biogenic amines in\u000045 commonly consumed food samples in Saudi Arabia were carried out. The enzymes responsible\u0000for producing these biogenic amines include spermidine (SPD), putrescine (PUT), tryptamine\u0000(TRP), tyramine (TYR), and histamine (HIS), which are synthesized through organo-catalytic pathways.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The diverse range of samples analyzed encompassed various types of beef, pickle varieties,\u0000canned fish, vegetables, chicken varieties, spices, fruits, and salad ingredients. Sample preparation\u0000involved the use of dansyl chloride after aqueous extraction, followed by isolation and analysis\u0000using reversed-phase HPLC with a UV detector. In five beef samples, mean concentrations of\u0000SPD, PUT, TRP, HIS, and TYR were identified as 9.41, 8.98, 155.8, 100.8, and 304.2 mg kg-1,\u0000respectively. Canned fish samples exhibited mean concentrations of TRP, PUT, HIS, TYR, and\u0000SPD at 71.6, 3.88, 29.2, 2.56, and 2.02 mg kg-1, respectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Among five pickle samples, mean concentrations of TRP, PUT, HIS, TYR, and SPD were\u0000reported as 118.8, 39.12, 35.2, 27.2, and 2.56 mg kg-1, respectively. Chicken samples primarily\u0000contained TRP, HIS, and SPD as the identified biogenic amines, with mean concentrations of 87.2,\u0000105.6, and 5.22 mg kg-1, respectively. Fruit samples generally exhibited low levels of all enzymes\u0000except for TRP.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000It was found that vegetables, seasonings, and salad ingredients either had undetectable\u0000or low quantities of biogenic amines.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10945,"journal":{"name":"Current Organocatalysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140409688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TiCl4 is a widely utilized reagent in organic synthesis, often functioning through Lewis’s acid-promoted transformations. This review explores the potential for TiCl4 to catalyse various examples, adhering to the classic catalyst definition and allowing for the use of sub-stoichiometric quantities of the catalyst relative to the substrate. The use of metal catalysts in organic synthesis has witnessed a surge in interest due to their ability to facilitate a wide range of chemical reactions. This review article highlights the significance of titanium metal catalysts via comparison with other metal catalysts like Pd [NO3]2, IrO4, Au/Fe2O3, SnCl2, and AlCl3. Among these catalysts, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) has gained considerable popularity for its cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, enhancing reaction efficiency, and ability to accelerate reactions while reducing reaction times. This comparison helps in determining the most suitable catalyst for different chemical processes, considering efficiency, safety, and economic factors. TiCl4 operates as a non-consumable catalyst, allowing for the use of sub-stoichiometric quantities relative to the substrate. This review discusses TiCl4's applications, efficiency, and mechanisms in organic synthesis. It distinguishes itself by presenting new applications and comparative efficiencies of TiCl4, delving into detailed reaction mechanisms, and discussing its environmental, economic, and safety aspects. TiCl4's role in pivotal chemical reactions, such as Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation, epoxidation, cyclization, Mannich reactions, Suzuki-Miyaura reactions, Pechmann condensation, Knoevenagel condensation, anti-Markovnikov hydration, pinacol coupling, and Diels-Alder reactions. These reactions have led to the synthesis of biologically active compounds like zolmitriptan, ropinirole, risperidone, and rivastigmine. TiCl4-catalyzed reactions are characterized by their mild conditions, high efficiency, and selectivity, making them an attractive choice for modern organic cyclic, acyclic, and heterocyclic synthesis.
{"title":"The Use of the Titanium Tetrachloride (Ticl4) Catalysts as a Reagent for\u0000Organic Synthesis","authors":"Sharwan Hudda, Pankaj Wadhwa, Mukta Gupta, Manish Chaudhary, Lakhan Lakhujani","doi":"10.2174/0122133372288854240129052155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122133372288854240129052155","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000TiCl4 is a widely utilized reagent in organic synthesis, often functioning through Lewis’s\u0000acid-promoted transformations. This review explores the potential for TiCl4 to catalyse various\u0000examples, adhering to the classic catalyst definition and allowing for the use of sub-stoichiometric\u0000quantities of the catalyst relative to the substrate. The use of metal catalysts in organic synthesis\u0000has witnessed a surge in interest due to their ability to facilitate a wide range of chemical reactions.\u0000This review article highlights the significance of titanium metal catalysts via comparison with other\u0000metal catalysts like Pd [NO3]2, IrO4, Au/Fe2O3, SnCl2, and AlCl3. Among these catalysts, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) has gained considerable popularity for its cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, enhancing reaction efficiency, and ability to accelerate reactions while reducing reaction\u0000times. This comparison helps in determining the most suitable catalyst for different chemical processes, considering efficiency, safety, and economic factors. TiCl4 operates as a non-consumable\u0000catalyst, allowing for the use of sub-stoichiometric quantities relative to the substrate.\u0000This review discusses TiCl4's applications, efficiency, and mechanisms in organic synthesis. It\u0000distinguishes itself by presenting new applications and comparative efficiencies of TiCl4, delving\u0000into detailed reaction mechanisms, and discussing its environmental, economic, and safety aspects.\u0000TiCl4's role in pivotal chemical reactions, such as Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation, epoxidation, cyclization, Mannich reactions, Suzuki-Miyaura reactions, Pechmann condensation,\u0000Knoevenagel condensation, anti-Markovnikov hydration, pinacol coupling, and Diels-Alder reactions. These reactions have led to the synthesis of biologically active compounds like zolmitriptan,\u0000ropinirole, risperidone, and rivastigmine. TiCl4-catalyzed reactions are characterized by their mild\u0000conditions, high efficiency, and selectivity, making them an attractive choice for modern organic\u0000cyclic, acyclic, and heterocyclic synthesis.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10945,"journal":{"name":"Current Organocatalysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139858144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TiCl4 is a widely utilized reagent in organic synthesis, often functioning through Lewis’s acid-promoted transformations. This review explores the potential for TiCl4 to catalyse various examples, adhering to the classic catalyst definition and allowing for the use of sub-stoichiometric quantities of the catalyst relative to the substrate. The use of metal catalysts in organic synthesis has witnessed a surge in interest due to their ability to facilitate a wide range of chemical reactions. This review article highlights the significance of titanium metal catalysts via comparison with other metal catalysts like Pd [NO3]2, IrO4, Au/Fe2O3, SnCl2, and AlCl3. Among these catalysts, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) has gained considerable popularity for its cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, enhancing reaction efficiency, and ability to accelerate reactions while reducing reaction times. This comparison helps in determining the most suitable catalyst for different chemical processes, considering efficiency, safety, and economic factors. TiCl4 operates as a non-consumable catalyst, allowing for the use of sub-stoichiometric quantities relative to the substrate. This review discusses TiCl4's applications, efficiency, and mechanisms in organic synthesis. It distinguishes itself by presenting new applications and comparative efficiencies of TiCl4, delving into detailed reaction mechanisms, and discussing its environmental, economic, and safety aspects. TiCl4's role in pivotal chemical reactions, such as Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation, epoxidation, cyclization, Mannich reactions, Suzuki-Miyaura reactions, Pechmann condensation, Knoevenagel condensation, anti-Markovnikov hydration, pinacol coupling, and Diels-Alder reactions. These reactions have led to the synthesis of biologically active compounds like zolmitriptan, ropinirole, risperidone, and rivastigmine. TiCl4-catalyzed reactions are characterized by their mild conditions, high efficiency, and selectivity, making them an attractive choice for modern organic cyclic, acyclic, and heterocyclic synthesis.
{"title":"The Use of the Titanium Tetrachloride (Ticl4) Catalysts as a Reagent for\u0000Organic Synthesis","authors":"Sharwan Hudda, Pankaj Wadhwa, Mukta Gupta, Manish Chaudhary, Lakhan Lakhujani","doi":"10.2174/0122133372288854240129052155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122133372288854240129052155","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000TiCl4 is a widely utilized reagent in organic synthesis, often functioning through Lewis’s\u0000acid-promoted transformations. This review explores the potential for TiCl4 to catalyse various\u0000examples, adhering to the classic catalyst definition and allowing for the use of sub-stoichiometric\u0000quantities of the catalyst relative to the substrate. The use of metal catalysts in organic synthesis\u0000has witnessed a surge in interest due to their ability to facilitate a wide range of chemical reactions.\u0000This review article highlights the significance of titanium metal catalysts via comparison with other\u0000metal catalysts like Pd [NO3]2, IrO4, Au/Fe2O3, SnCl2, and AlCl3. Among these catalysts, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) has gained considerable popularity for its cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, enhancing reaction efficiency, and ability to accelerate reactions while reducing reaction\u0000times. This comparison helps in determining the most suitable catalyst for different chemical processes, considering efficiency, safety, and economic factors. TiCl4 operates as a non-consumable\u0000catalyst, allowing for the use of sub-stoichiometric quantities relative to the substrate.\u0000This review discusses TiCl4's applications, efficiency, and mechanisms in organic synthesis. It\u0000distinguishes itself by presenting new applications and comparative efficiencies of TiCl4, delving\u0000into detailed reaction mechanisms, and discussing its environmental, economic, and safety aspects.\u0000TiCl4's role in pivotal chemical reactions, such as Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation, epoxidation, cyclization, Mannich reactions, Suzuki-Miyaura reactions, Pechmann condensation,\u0000Knoevenagel condensation, anti-Markovnikov hydration, pinacol coupling, and Diels-Alder reactions. These reactions have led to the synthesis of biologically active compounds like zolmitriptan,\u0000ropinirole, risperidone, and rivastigmine. TiCl4-catalyzed reactions are characterized by their mild\u0000conditions, high efficiency, and selectivity, making them an attractive choice for modern organic\u0000cyclic, acyclic, and heterocyclic synthesis.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10945,"journal":{"name":"Current Organocatalysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139798105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MCRs are one of the most significant tools in the synthesis of organic compounds. MCR is a rapid chemical technique that uses three or more reactants to produce products that sustain all structural and substructural properties of the initial components. MCRs are useful in all fields of synthetic chemistry because of their rapid rate of reaction, simple procedure and excellent yields. We reported an efficient and environmentally friendly domino approach for the synthesis of spiroheterocycles spiro annulated with indeno[1,2-b]quinoline. The spirooxindole scaffold has a significant structural role in several bioactive organic substances and pharmaceuticals like spirotryprostatin A and B, coerulescine, pteropodine horsfiline, alstonisine, elacomine, and rhynchophylline.5 Spiro heterocycle molecules, which have two rings that share a sp3 carbon atom, are key frameworks in pharmaceutical chemistry. They can be found in a wide range of both organic and synthetic materials as well as have several properties because of the rigidity and complexity of their structural design. Furthermore, spiroxindole is used as a key component in numerous medicines such as anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and inhibitors of the human NK-1 receptor The spiroheterocycles with privileged heterocyclic substructures have been synthesized using taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) as a green, sustainable, bio-organic and recyclable catalyst in a three-component reaction of isatins, 1,3-diketones, and 1-napthylamine in aqueous media. The present synthetic method is probably the first report to synthesize spiroheterocycles, spiroannulated with indeno[1,2-b]quinoline. Furthermore, the approach is valuable because of the excellent yield that results from the reaction in 15-20 min. The optimization of reaction conditions is an important case of efficient synthesis. The solvent, temperature, time and catalyst loading were all examined. The reusability of the catalyst was also investigated experimentally. The used catalyst taurine has a high activity as well as good reusability. The present synthetic protocol will be extended to synthesise a library of hybrid compounds. The present synthetic approach is cost-effective, and time-efficient with an easy-workup methodology that gives outstanding yields (80–95%) in 15–20 min. Taurine-catalyzed multicomponent reaction is a novel and efficient method for the synthesis of spiroannulated indeno[1,2-b]quinolines. The high catalytic activity of taurine as a catalyst with water as a green solvent makes the process environmentally friendly. The special features of the synthetic protocol include synthetic efficiency, operational simplicity, and reusability of the catalyst and it is expected to make significant contributions not only to drug discovery studies but also to pharmaceutical and therapeutic chemistry in view of introducing molecular diversity in the synthesized molecules. The current synthetic technique has various dis
{"title":"Multicomponent Synthesis of Structurally Diverse Spiroheterocycles using Bio-organic Catalyst in Aqueous Medium","authors":"Asha Verma, Gargi Pathak, Sandeep Kumar, Vineeta Khatri, Rajni Johar Chhatwal, Dinesh Kumar Arya","doi":"10.2174/0122133372287369240124062533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122133372287369240124062533","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000MCRs are one of the most significant tools in the synthesis of organic\u0000compounds. MCR is a rapid chemical technique that uses three or more reactants to produce products\u0000that sustain all structural and substructural properties of the initial components. MCRs are\u0000useful in all fields of synthetic chemistry because of their rapid rate of reaction, simple procedure\u0000and excellent yields. We reported an efficient and environmentally friendly domino approach for\u0000the synthesis of spiroheterocycles spiro annulated with indeno[1,2-b]quinoline.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The spirooxindole scaffold has a significant structural role in several bioactive organic substances and pharmaceuticals like spirotryprostatin A and B, coerulescine, pteropodine horsfiline, alstonisine, elacomine, and rhynchophylline.5 Spiro heterocycle molecules, which have two rings that share a sp3 carbon atom, are key frameworks in pharmaceutical chemistry. They can be found in a wide range of both organic and synthetic materials as well as have several properties because of the rigidity and complexity of their structural design. Furthermore, spiroxindole is used as a key component in numerous medicines such as anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and inhibitors of the human NK-1 receptor\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The spiroheterocycles with privileged heterocyclic substructures have been synthesized\u0000using taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) as a green, sustainable, bio-organic and recyclable catalyst\u0000in a three-component reaction of isatins, 1,3-diketones, and 1-napthylamine in aqueous media.\u0000The present synthetic method is probably the first report to synthesize spiroheterocycles, spiroannulated\u0000with indeno[1,2-b]quinoline. Furthermore, the approach is valuable because of the excellent\u0000yield that results from the reaction in 15-20 min.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The optimization of reaction conditions is an important case of efficient synthesis. The\u0000solvent, temperature, time and catalyst loading were all examined. The reusability of the catalyst\u0000was also investigated experimentally. The used catalyst taurine has a high activity as well as good\u0000reusability. The present synthetic protocol will be extended to synthesise a library of hybrid compounds.\u0000The present synthetic approach is cost-effective, and time-efficient with an easy-workup\u0000methodology that gives outstanding yields (80–95%) in 15–20 min.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Taurine-catalyzed multicomponent reaction is a novel and efficient method for the\u0000synthesis of spiroannulated indeno[1,2-b]quinolines. The high catalytic activity of taurine as a catalyst\u0000with water as a green solvent makes the process environmentally friendly. The special features\u0000of the synthetic protocol include synthetic efficiency, operational simplicity, and reusability of the\u0000catalyst and it is expected to make significant contributions not only to drug discovery studies but\u0000also to pharmaceutical and therapeutic chemistry in view of introducing molecular diversity in the\u0000synthesized molecules.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The current synthetic technique has various dis","PeriodicalId":10945,"journal":{"name":"Current Organocatalysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140471136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We aimed to conduct an L-Pipecolic acid-catalyzed synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles and N-cycloalkyl-2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles to develop a novel synthetic route followed by the synthesis of novel series of compounds. A rapid, highly efficient, and greener approach for the synthesis of a series of 2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles and N-cycloalkyl-2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles were developed via onepot multicomponent reaction (MCRs). The objective of the current study was to discover a new and highly efficient organocatalyzed synthetic route for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles followed by the synthesis of novel series of compounds. L-Pipecolic acid was used as a bifunctional catalyst in one-pot multicomponent reaction (MCRs) for the cyclo-condensation of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, substituted aromatic aldehydes, cycloalkyl amines, and ammonium acetate in ethanol at moderate temperature. Purification of compounds was performed through a non-chromatographic method. Physical and spectral data analysis was carried out to characterize the products. Employing our newly developed L-Pipecolic acid-catalyzed synthetic route, a series of total twenty-three compounds incorporating 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles (3a-n) and N-cycloalkyl2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles (4a-i) were synthesized successfully, and a plausible reaction mechanism is proposed based on the results of the experiment. All the derivatives were afforded high purity and excellent yields (92–97%) in a short reaction time (45–90 min). The newly developed synthetic route is rapid and robust and could be applicable for the synthesis of pharmaceutically active compounds.
{"title":"L-Pipecolic Acid-catalyzed Highly Efficient Synthesis of 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Imidazoles and N-cycloalkyl-2,4,5-trisubstituted Imidazoles","authors":"Anila Mishra, Zeeshan Fatima, Akash Ved, Sajal Srivastava, Ashok K Singh","doi":"10.2174/0122133372285122240103102528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122133372285122240103102528","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000We aimed to conduct an L-Pipecolic acid-catalyzed synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles and N-cycloalkyl-2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles to develop a novel synthetic\u0000route followed by the synthesis of novel series of compounds.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A rapid, highly efficient, and greener approach for the synthesis of a series of 2,4,5-\u0000trisubstituted imidazoles and N-cycloalkyl-2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles were developed via onepot multicomponent reaction (MCRs).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The objective of the current study was to discover a new and highly efficient organocatalyzed synthetic route for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles followed by the synthesis of novel series of compounds.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000L-Pipecolic acid was used as a bifunctional catalyst in one-pot multicomponent reaction\u0000(MCRs) for the cyclo-condensation of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, substituted aromatic aldehydes,\u0000cycloalkyl amines, and ammonium acetate in ethanol at moderate temperature. Purification of compounds was performed through a non-chromatographic method. Physical and spectral data analysis\u0000was carried out to characterize the products.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Employing our newly developed L-Pipecolic acid-catalyzed synthetic route, a series of total\u0000twenty-three compounds incorporating 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles (3a-n) and N-cycloalkyl2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles (4a-i) were synthesized successfully, and a plausible reaction mechanism is proposed based on the results of the experiment.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000All the derivatives were afforded high purity and excellent yields (92–97%) in a short\u0000reaction time (45–90 min). The newly developed synthetic route is rapid and robust and could be\u0000applicable for the synthesis of pharmaceutically active compounds.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10945,"journal":{"name":"Current Organocatalysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140494595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.2174/0122133372285610231227094959
Shibani Basu, B. Banik
Nanoparticles have emerged as highly promising catalysts due to their unique physical and chemical properties arising from their small size and high surface area–to–volume ratio. This review delves into the diverse applications of nanoparticles as catalysts in various chemical reactions. A key advantage lies in their substantial surface area–to–volume ratio, facilitation, enhanced accessibility of reactants, and heightened interaction with the catalyst surface. This distinctive characteristic results in improved catalytic activity and efficiency. Additionally, size-dependent properties, such as surface plasmon resonance and quantum confinement effects, offer opportunities for tailoring catalytic behavior. Despite their immense potential, challenges such as synthesis, stability, toxicity, aggregation, and recyclability require attention. Future research should prioritize scalable and sustainable synthesis methods, improve catalyst stability under harsh conditions, and ensure safe handling and disposal. This review provides an overview of the role of nanoparticles as catalysts and highlights their significance in various fields, highlighting their exceptional performance, versatility, and environmental benefits.
{"title":"Nanoparticles as Catalysts: Exploring Potential Applications","authors":"Shibani Basu, B. Banik","doi":"10.2174/0122133372285610231227094959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122133372285610231227094959","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Nanoparticles have emerged as highly promising catalysts due to their unique physical\u0000and chemical properties arising from their small size and high surface area–to–volume ratio. This\u0000review delves into the diverse applications of nanoparticles as catalysts in various chemical reactions.\u0000A key advantage lies in their substantial surface area–to–volume ratio, facilitation, enhanced\u0000accessibility of reactants, and heightened interaction with the catalyst surface. This distinctive characteristic\u0000results in improved catalytic activity and efficiency. Additionally, size-dependent properties,\u0000such as surface plasmon resonance and quantum confinement effects, offer opportunities for\u0000tailoring catalytic behavior. Despite their immense potential, challenges such as synthesis, stability,\u0000toxicity, aggregation, and recyclability require attention. Future research should prioritize scalable\u0000and sustainable synthesis methods, improve catalyst stability under harsh conditions, and ensure\u0000safe handling and disposal. This review provides an overview of the role of nanoparticles as catalysts\u0000and highlights their significance in various fields, highlighting their exceptional performance,\u0000versatility, and environmental benefits.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10945,"journal":{"name":"Current Organocatalysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139598114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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