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Hip Sideline Emergencies and Hip Injuries in Elite Athletes. 精英运动员的髋关节边线急症和髋关节损伤。
IF 2.9 2区 医学 Q1 ORTHOPEDICS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09914-x
Kevin K Chen, Emmanuel N Osadebey, Paul G Shupe, Bonnie P Gregory

Purpose of review: Hip injuries in elite athletes are an increasingly recognized problem and range from chronic overuse injuries, such as adductor strains and labral tears, to acute traumatic injuries such as hip dislocations. In this article, we review common hip pathology experienced by elite athletes and sideline management of emergent hip injuries.

Recent findings: Elite athletes are subject to unique physical and mental stresses and therefore must be evaluated and treated in a unique manner. Hip and groin injuries account for approximately 6% of sport injuries overall and 3-15% of all injuries in professional sports. Hip sideline emergencies were rare but can include hip dislocations, subluxations, and avulsion fractures. Hip and groin injuries represent an important subset of injuries which can greatly impact an athlete's ability to perform. Understanding the physiology and types of hip/groin injuries, which athletes are prone to injuries, the impact on recovery time, recurrence risk, and the potential need for surgery aid sports medicine physicians in decision-making.

回顾的目的:精英运动员的髋关节损伤是一个日益公认的问题,其范围包括慢性过度运动损伤(如内收肌拉伤和唇裂)和急性外伤(如髋关节脱位)。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了精英运动员常见的髋关节病理变化以及对紧急髋关节损伤的边线处理:精英运动员承受着独特的身体和精神压力,因此必须以独特的方式进行评估和治疗。髋部和腹股沟损伤约占运动损伤总数的 6%,占职业运动损伤总数的 3-15%。髋关节侧线急症很少见,但可包括髋关节脱位、半脱位和撕脱性骨折。髋关节和腹股沟损伤是损伤的一个重要分支,会极大地影响运动员的运动能力。了解髋关节/腹股沟损伤的生理学和类型、哪些运动员容易受伤、对恢复时间的影响、复发风险以及手术的潜在需求有助于运动医学医生做出决策。
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引用次数: 0
Primary Care Considerations for the Adolescent Wrestler. 青少年摔跤运动员的初级保健注意事项。
IF 2.9 2区 医学 Q1 ORTHOPEDICS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09920-z
Cassidy M Schultz, James J McGinley, V Claire Clark, Nolan D Hawkins, Luke C Radel, Jacob C Jones

Purpose of review: Adolescent wrestlers undergo intense physical combat. While guidelines are effective in keeping the sport safer, concerns specific to the adolescent wrestler may be missed at primary care visits without knowledge of the unique challenges faced by these athletes. The following review highlights important characteristics of the adolescent wrestler which are of interest to primary care providers.

Recent findings: Recommendations for concussion management are evolving to gradual return-to-sport after physician clearance rather than total sport removal. Prolonged skin-to-skin contact also places athletes at greater risk of dermatologic infections, which often require removal from competition, treatment, and/or coverage. Finally, adolescent nutritional literature recommends limiting pre-match weight loss to 3-5% body weight due to noted kidney damage that may result from larger deficits. Adolescent wrestlers are more prone to acute injuries than chronic overuse injuries, with most injuries occurring above the trunk. Primary care providers should consider obtaining imaging to rule out severe injuries or referring to specialist providers. Current guidelines for skin infections require frequent pre-match skin checks and mandatory waiting periods when certain infections are identified. However, the primary care provider is well-equipped for more in-depth skin examination, discussion of skin hygiene, and appropriate treatment of skin infections. Athletes attempting to meet lower weight classes may put themselves at risk of acute kidney damage, under-fueling, and eating disorders. Current guidelines attempt to mitigate excessive weight changes in the adolescent wrestler during competition season, but primary care providers should emphasize healthier methods of weight fluctuation and look for indicators of physiological or psychological effects.

审查目的:青少年摔跤运动员经历着激烈的身体对抗。虽然相关指南能有效提高这项运动的安全性,但如果不了解青少年摔跤运动员所面临的独特挑战,在初级保健就诊时可能会忽略青少年摔跤运动员的特殊问题。以下回顾重点介绍了初级保健提供者所关注的青少年摔跤运动员的重要特征:最近的研究结果:对脑震荡处理的建议正在演变为在医生许可后逐步恢复运动,而不是完全停止运动。长时间的皮肤接触也会使运动员面临更大的皮肤感染风险,通常需要停止比赛、治疗和/或覆盖。最后,青少年营养文献建议将赛前减重限制在体重的 3-5%,因为较大的减重可能会导致肾脏损伤。青少年摔跤运动员更容易发生急性损伤,而不是慢性过度运动损伤,大多数损伤发生在躯干以上部位。初级保健提供者应考虑通过影像学检查来排除严重损伤,或转诊给专科医生。目前的皮肤感染指南要求经常进行赛前皮肤检查,并在发现某些感染时强制规定等待时间。不过,初级保健提供者完全有能力进行更深入的皮肤检查、讨论皮肤卫生问题并对皮肤感染进行适当治疗。试图达到较低体重级别的运动员可能会面临急性肾损伤、供养不足和饮食失调的风险。目前的指导方针试图减轻青少年摔跤运动员在比赛期间体重的过度变化,但初级保健提供者应强调更健康的体重波动方法,并寻找生理或心理影响的指标。
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引用次数: 0
Platelet-Rich Plasma for Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis Pain: A Scoping Review. 富血小板血浆治疗膝关节和髋关节骨性关节炎疼痛:范围界定综述。
IF 2.9 2区 医学 Q1 ORTHOPEDICS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09916-9
Grace Tanguilig, Jaydeep Dhillon, Matthew J Kraeutler

Purpose of review: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging biological intervention for osteoarthritis (OA), yet the outcomes remain uncertain. The purpose of this study was to review current literature regarding the use of PRP for knee and hip OA.

Recent findings: Recent systematic reviews have found significant clinical improvements in outcomes after the administration of PRP compared to hyaluronic acid (HA) in patients with knee OA. One of these reviews included bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) as a comparison group and found no significant differences in outcomes between PRP and BMAC. Currently, the literature is lacking on whether leukocyte-rich or leukocyte-poor PRP is superior in patients with knee OA. The literature on PRP for hip OA has not provided consistent results as it has for the knee. Two recent systematic reviews evaluated RCTs for patients undergoing treatment with either PRP or HA for hip OA and found no significant differences in clinical outcomes between groups at final follow-up. Current literature regarding the association between OA grade and PRP efficacy has found varying results. The use of PRP injections in the treatment of knee OA appears to be favorable, resulting in clinically comparable or superior outcomes compared to other injection treatments. However, the clinical efficacy of PRP injections in hip OA is far less consistent. Evidence is lacking to suggest that the presence of leukocytes significantly influences clinical outcomes. Further randomized controlled trials on larger cohorts, with longer follow-up, and with comparable formulations are required before recommendations can be made regarding use of PRP for hip OA, the effect of leukocyte concentration, and clinical efficacy based on OA grade.

综述目的:富血小板血浆(PRP)是治疗骨关节炎(OA)的一种新兴生物干预方法,但其结果仍不确定。本研究旨在回顾目前有关使用富血小板血浆治疗膝关节和髋关节 OA 的文献:最近的系统性综述发现,与透明质酸(HA)相比,在膝关节 OA 患者中使用 PRP 后,临床疗效显著改善。其中一篇综述将骨髓抽吸物浓缩物(BMAC)作为对比组,结果发现 PRP 和 BMAC 的疗效无明显差异。目前,关于富含白细胞的 PRP 还是贫乏白细胞的 PRP 更适合膝关节 OA 患者的文献尚缺。有关 PRP 治疗髋关节 OA 的文献并没有像膝关节那样提供一致的结果。最近的两篇系统性综述对接受 PRP 或 HA 治疗髋关节 OA 的患者进行了 RCT 评估,结果发现在最终随访时,不同组间的临床疗效无明显差异。目前有关 OA 等级与 PRP 疗效之间关系的文献发现了不同的结果。使用 PRP 注射治疗膝关节 OA 似乎是有利的,与其他注射疗法相比,其临床疗效相当或更佳。然而,PRP 注射治疗髋关节 OA 的临床疗效却不那么一致。缺乏证据表明白细胞的存在会显著影响临床效果。在就 PRP 用于髋关节 OA、白细胞浓度的影响以及基于 OA 等级的临床疗效提出建议之前,还需要对更大的群体、更长的随访时间以及可比较的配方进行进一步的随机对照试验。
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引用次数: 0
Borderline Hip Dysplasia - Best Treated with Hip Arthroscopy or Periacetabular Osteotomy? 边缘性髋关节发育不良--最佳治疗方法是髋关节镜还是髋关节周围截骨术?
IF 2.9 2区 医学 Q1 ORTHOPEDICS Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09928-5
Erin S Wilson, Kyle R Wagner, Andrea M Spiker

Purpose of review: As the field of hip preservation evolves, the diagnosis of borderline dysplasia (defined as a lateral center edge angle between 18°-25°) has shown itself to be one of the more challenging diagnoses to treat. As the nuances of acetabular coverage have come to light, the question of whether borderline hip dysplasia is best treated with isolated hip arthroscopy, periacetabular osteotomy, or whether a combined procedure is best, is now top of mind. The goal of these procedures is to not only improve patient symptoms, but to correct underlying pathology and ideally slow the development of hip osteoarthritis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent literature and clinical findings regarding both isolated hip arthroscopy and periacetabular osteotomy in the surgical management of borderline hip dysplasia.

Recent findings: Current research demonstrates improved postoperative clinical outcome scores for both patients who had isolated hip arthroscopy in the setting of borderline hip dysplasia and for those patients who underwent periacetabular osteotomy. Mid-term outcomes for patients in both groups have showed low rates of conversion to total hip arthroplasty. No gold standard in the surgical management of borderline hip arthroscopy exists. Improved clinical outcomes have been seen postoperatively in patients who undergo hip arthroscopy and in patients who undergo periacetabular osteotomy. Successful clinical outcomes seem to rely on treatment of the underlying clinical pathology and are largely based on the appropriate surgical indications and appropriate surgical techniques. Surgical decision making in this patient population should be individualized based on a comprehensive evaluation of the patient.

综述的目的:随着髋关节保护领域的发展,边缘性发育不良(定义为外侧中心边缘角度在 18°-25° 之间)的诊断已成为治疗中更具挑战性的诊断之一。随着髋臼覆盖的细微差别逐渐显现,边界线髋关节发育不良的最佳治疗方法是孤立的髋关节镜手术、髋臼周围截骨术,还是联合手术,现在已成为人们最关心的问题。这些手术的目的不仅是改善患者的症状,还要纠正潜在的病理变化,最好能延缓髋关节骨性关节炎的发展。本综述旨在总结有关孤立髋关节镜手术和髋臼周围截骨术在手术治疗边缘性髋关节发育不良方面的最新文献和临床发现:目前的研究表明,在边缘型髋关节发育不良的情况下,接受孤立髋关节镜手术的患者和接受髋臼周围截骨术的患者术后临床效果评分均有所改善。两组患者的中期疗效均显示,转为全髋关节置换术的比例较低。对于边缘髋关节镜手术治疗,目前尚无金标准。接受髋关节镜手术和髋臼周围截骨术的患者术后临床疗效有所改善。成功的临床疗效似乎取决于对潜在临床病理的治疗,并在很大程度上取决于适当的手术适应症和适当的手术技术。针对这类患者的手术决策应在对患者进行全面评估的基础上因人而异。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Platelet Dose on Outcomes after Platelet Rich Plasma Injections for Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 血小板剂量对富血小板血浆注射治疗肌肉骨骼疾病后疗效的影响:系统回顾与元分析》。
IF 2.9 2区 医学 Q1 ORTHOPEDICS Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09922-x
William Berrigan, Frances Tao, Joel Kopcow, Anna L Park, Isabel Allen, Peggy Tahir, Aakash Reddy, Zachary Bailowitz

Purpose of review: This study aims to systematically review platelet dosage in platelet rich plasma (PRP) injections for common musculoskeletal conditions.

Recent findings: Notable heterogeneity exists in the literature regarding platelet dosage. Clinical studies indicate that a higher dosage may lead to improved outcomes concerning pain relief, functional improvement, and chondroprotection in knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, the impact of dosing on other musculoskeletal pathologies remains uncertain. Our investigation identifies a potential dose-response relationship between platelet dose and PRP effectiveness for knee OA treatment, pinpointing an optimal threshold of greater than 10 billion platelets for favorable clinical outcomes. Notably, this effect appears more pronounced for functional outcomes than for pain relief. For other conditions, a lower dosage may suffice, although the existing literature lacks clarity on this matter. PRP dosage may significantly influence treatmentoutcomes, particularly in knee OA. Further research is warranted to elucidate optimal dosages for varying conditions.

综述目的:本研究旨在系统回顾富血小板血浆(PRP)注射治疗常见肌肉骨骼疾病的血小板用量:有关血小板用量的文献存在明显的异质性。临床研究表明,在膝关节骨性关节炎(OA)中,较高的剂量可改善疼痛缓解、功能改善和软骨保护效果。然而,剂量对其他肌肉骨骼病症的影响仍不确定。我们的研究发现,血小板剂量与 PRP 治疗膝关节 OA 的效果之间存在潜在的剂量-反应关系,确定了超过 100 亿个血小板的最佳阈值,以获得良好的临床效果。值得注意的是,这种效应对功能性结果的影响似乎比对疼痛缓解的影响更明显。对于其他病症,较低的剂量可能就足够了,尽管现有文献对此并不清楚。PRP 的用量可能会对治疗结果产生重大影响,尤其是在膝关节 OA 中。有必要进一步研究,以阐明不同情况下的最佳剂量。
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引用次数: 0
Disparities in Musculoskeletal Oncology. 肌肉骨骼肿瘤学中的差异。
IF 2.9 2区 医学 Q1 ORTHOPEDICS Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09925-8
Abigail Koons, Elyse Smith, Jeffrey C Stephens, Natilyn H McKnight, Jennifer Barr, Izuchukwu K Ibe

Purpose of review: Disparities within the healthcare system serve as barriers to care that lead to poor outcomes for patients. These healthcare disparities are present in all facets of medicine and extend to musculoskeletal oncology care. There are various tenets to health disparities with some factors being modifiable and non-modifiable. The factors play a direct role in a patient's access to care, time of presentation, poor social determinants of health, outcomes and survival.

Recent findings: In musculoskeletal oncologic care, factors such as race, socioeconomic factors and insurance status are correlated to advanced disease upon presentation and poor survival for patients with a sarcoma diagnosis. These factors complicate the proper delivery of coordinated care that is required for optimizing patient outcomes. Healthcare disparities lead to suboptimal outcomes for patients who require musculoskeletal oncologic care in the short and long term. More research is required to identify ways to address the known modifiable and non-modifiable factors to improve patient outcome.

审查目的:医疗保健系统中的差异是导致患者治疗效果不佳的护理障碍。这些医疗差距存在于医学的方方面面,并延伸到了肌肉骨骼肿瘤治疗领域。健康差异有多种因素,其中有些因素是可改变的,有些是不可改变的。这些因素对患者获得治疗的机会、发病时间、健康的不良社会决定因素、治疗效果和存活率起着直接作用:在肌肉骨骼肿瘤治疗中,种族、社会经济因素和保险状况等因素与肉瘤患者的发病时间和存活率相关。这些因素使协调护理的适当提供变得复杂,而协调护理是优化患者预后所必需的。医疗保健方面的差异导致需要接受肌肉骨骼肿瘤治疗的患者在短期和长期内都无法获得最佳治疗效果。我们需要开展更多的研究,找出解决已知可改变和不可改变因素的方法,以改善患者的治疗效果。
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引用次数: 0
Osteoporosis Management for Shoulder Surgeons. 肩部外科医生的骨质疏松症管理。
IF 2.9 2区 医学 Q1 ORTHOPEDICS Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09927-6
Kelsey M Healy, Jacob Ritter, Emily Barr, Jessica L Churchill, Nicholas A Trasolini, Brian R Waterman, Alan W Reynolds

Purpose of review: The aim of this review is to aggregate currently available literature as it pertains to treating surgical shoulder pathology in patients with osteoporosis.

Recent findings: Emerging data surrounding perioperative use of anti-osteoporosis medications for patients undergoing shoulder surgery have not shown definitively favorable or unfavorable outcomes. Similar evaluations in animal studies have shown promising results as a biologic augment to tendon and bone healing, especially with newer, anabolic agents. The mainstay of bone health management remains pre-operative evaluation, using opportunistic radiographic and CT based validated measurements, along with optimization of risk factors. Surgical techniques continue to incorporate implants that perform well in osteopenic bone. Promising pre-clinical studies have identified anabolic anti-osteoporosis medications as viable biologic augments to shoulder surgery, which has not been borne out in any clinical studies at this time.

综述目的:本综述旨在汇总与治疗骨质疏松症患者肩部手术病理相关的现有文献:有关肩部手术患者围手术期使用抗骨质疏松症药物的最新数据并未显示出明确的有利或不利结果。在动物实验中进行的类似评估显示,作为肌腱和骨骼愈合的生物强化剂,抗骨质疏松症药物具有良好的疗效,尤其是较新的同化制剂。骨健康管理的支柱仍然是术前评估,使用基于射线和 CT 的机会性有效测量,同时优化风险因素。外科技术继续采用在骨质疏松骨质中表现良好的植入物。临床前研究发现,同化抗骨质疏松症药物可作为肩部手术的可行生物增强剂,但目前尚未在任何临床研究中得到证实。
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引用次数: 0
Current Concepts on the Management of Shoulder Instability in Throwing Athletes. 掷球运动员肩关节不稳定的当前处理理念。
IF 2.9 2区 医学 Q1 ORTHOPEDICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09910-1
Ryan R Thacher, Nathan H Varady, Tyler Khilnani, Christopher L Camp, Joshua S Dines

Purpose of review: The management of shoulder instability in throwing athletes remains a challenge given the delicate balance between physiologic shoulder laxity facilitating performance and the inherent need for shoulder stability. This review will discuss the evaluation and management of a throwing athlete with suspected instability with a focus on recent findings and developments.

Recent findings: The vast majority of throwing athletes with shoulder instability experience subtle microinstability as a result of repetitive microtrauma rather than episodes of gross instability. These athletes may present with arm pain, dead arms or reduced throwing velocity. Recent literature reinforces the fact that there is no "silver bullet" for the management of these athletes and an individualized, tailored approach to treatment is required. While initial nonoperative management remains the hallmark for treatment, the results of rehabilitation protocols are mixed, and some patients will ultimately undergo surgical stabilization. In these cases, it is imperative that the surgeon be judicious with the extent of surgical stabilization as overtightening of the glenohumeral joint is possible, which can adversely affect athlete performance. Managing shoulder instability in throwing athletes requires a thorough understanding of its physiologic and biomechanical underpinnings. Inconsistent results seen with surgical stabilization has led to a focus on nonoperative management for these athletes with surgery reserved for cases that fail to improve non-surgically. Overall, more high quality studies into the management of this challenging condition are warranted.

回顾的目的:投掷运动员肩关节不稳定的处理仍然是一项挑战,因为肩关节的生理性松弛会促进成绩的提高,而肩关节的稳定性则是其内在需要,两者之间存在着微妙的平衡。本综述将讨论对疑似肩关节不稳定的投掷运动员的评估和管理,重点关注最新研究结果和发展:绝大多数肩关节不稳定的投掷运动员都经历过微妙的微小不稳定,这是重复性微小创伤的结果,而不是严重的不稳定。这些运动员可能会出现手臂疼痛、死臂或投掷速度下降等症状。最近的文献进一步证实,治疗这些运动员没有 "灵丹妙药",需要采取个性化、量身定制的治疗方法。虽然最初的非手术治疗仍是治疗的标志,但康复方案的效果参差不齐,一些患者最终将接受手术稳定治疗。在这些病例中,外科医生必须审慎考虑手术稳定的程度,因为盂肱关节有可能过度收紧,从而对运动员的表现产生不利影响。治疗投掷运动员的肩关节不稳定需要对其生理和生物力学基础有透彻的了解。手术稳定的效果并不一致,这导致人们将重点放在对这些运动员的非手术治疗上,并为非手术治疗效果不佳的病例保留手术。总之,我们需要对这种具有挑战性的病症进行更多高质量的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Disparities in Osteoporosis Prevention and Care: Understanding Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Dynamics. 骨质疏松症预防和护理中的差异:了解性别、种族和民族动态。
IF 2.9 2区 医学 Q1 ORTHOPEDICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09909-8
Naoko Onizuka, Takeshi Onizuka

Purpose: Osteoporosis, the most prevalent metabolic bone disease, significantly impacts global public health by increasing fracture risks, particularly among post-menopausal women and the elderly. Osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone tissue, which leads to enhanced fragility. The disease is predominantly diagnosed using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and is significantly influenced by demographic factors such as age and hormonal changes. This chapter delves into the condition's complex nature, emphasizing the pervasive gender and racial disparities in its screening, diagnosis, and treatment.

Recent findings: Recent findings highlight a substantial gap in the management of osteoporosis, with many individuals remaining under-screened and under-treated. Factors contributing to this include the asymptomatic early stages of the disease, lack of awareness, economic barriers, and inconsistent screening practices, especially in under-resourced areas. These challenges are compounded by disparities that affect different genders and races unevenly, influencing both the prevalence of the disease and the likelihood of receiving adequate healthcare services. The summary of this chapter underscores the urgent need for targeted strategies to overcome these barriers and improve health equity in osteoporosis care. Proposed strategies include enhancing public and healthcare provider awareness of osteoporosis, broadening access to diagnostic screenings, and integrating personalized treatment approaches. These efforts aim to align with global health objectives to mitigate the impacts of osteoporosis and ensure equitable health outcomes across all demographic groups.

目的:骨质疏松症是最普遍的代谢性骨病,它增加了骨折风险,尤其是绝经后妇女和老年人的骨折风险,从而严重影响了全球公共健康。骨质疏松症的特点是骨矿物质密度(BMD)降低和骨组织退化,从而导致骨质更加脆弱。骨质疏松症主要通过双 X 射线吸收测定法(DXA)进行诊断,受年龄和荷尔蒙变化等人口因素的影响很大。本章深入探讨了该疾病的复杂性,强调了在筛查、诊断和治疗方面普遍存在的性别和种族差异:最近的研究结果表明,在骨质疏松症的管理方面存在着巨大的差距,许多人仍未得到充分筛查和治疗。造成这种情况的因素包括疾病早期无症状、缺乏认识、经济障碍以及筛查方法不一致,尤其是在资源不足的地区。不同性别和种族受到的影响不尽相同,影响了疾病的患病率和获得适当医疗服务的可能性,从而加剧了这些挑战。本章的总结强调,迫切需要有针对性的策略来克服这些障碍,改善骨质疏松症护理中的健康公平性。建议的策略包括提高公众和医疗服务提供者对骨质疏松症的认识,扩大诊断筛查的覆盖面,以及整合个性化治疗方法。这些努力旨在与全球健康目标保持一致,以减轻骨质疏松症的影响,确保所有人口群体获得公平的健康结果。
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引用次数: 0
Management of Proximal Hamstring Injuries: Non-operative and Operative Treatment. 腘绳肌近端损伤的处理:非手术和手术治疗。
IF 2.9 2区 医学 Q1 ORTHOPEDICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09911-0
Thomas R Yetter, Ryan T Halvorson, Stephanie E Wong, Joshua D Harris, Sachin Allahabadi

Purpose of review: To evaluate the current evidence and literature on treatment options for proximal hamstring injuries.

Recent findings: Patients with 3-tendon complete tears with greater than 2 cm of retraction have worse outcomes and higher complication rates compared to those with less severe injuries. Endoscopic and open proximal hamstring repair both have favorable patient reported outcomes at 5-year follow up. Proximal hamstring repair in patients who are male, with isolated semimembranosus injury, and have proximal hamstring free tendon rupture are more likely to have earlier return to sports. The Parisian Hamstring Avulsion Score (PHAS) is a validated patient-reported outcome measure to predict return to sports. Proximal hamstring injuries may occur in both elite and recreational athletes and may present with varying degrees of chronicity and severity. Injuries occur most commonly during forceful eccentric contraction of the hamstrings and often present with ischial tuberosity tenderness, ecchymosis, and hamstring weakness. Treatment decision-making is dictated by the tendons involved and chronicity. Many proximal hamstring injuries can be successfully treated with non-surgical measures. However, operative treatment of appropriately indicated proximal hamstring tendon injuries can result in significantly better functional outcomes and faster and more reliable return to sports compared to nonoperative treatment. Both endoscopic and open surgical repair techniques show high satisfaction levels and excellent patient-reported outcomes at short- and mid-term follow-up. Postoperative rehabilitation protocols vary across the literature and ongoing study is needed to clarify the optimal program, though emphasis on eccentric hamstring strengthening may be beneficial.

综述目的评估腿筋近端损伤治疗方案的现有证据和文献:最近的研究结果:与损伤程度较轻的患者相比,3根肌腱完全撕裂且回缩超过2厘米的患者疗效更差,并发症发生率更高。内窥镜和开放式腘绳肌近端修复术在患者随访5年后均有良好的疗效。对男性、有孤立的半膜肌损伤和腘绳肌近端游离肌腱断裂的患者进行腘绳肌近端修复术,更有可能早日恢复运动。巴黎腘绳肌撕脱评分(PHAS)是一项经过验证的患者报告结果测量方法,用于预测运动恢复情况。腘绳肌近端损伤既可能发生在精英运动员身上,也可能发生在休闲运动员身上,并可能表现出不同程度的慢性和严重性。损伤最常发生在腘绳肌用力偏心收缩时,通常表现为跗骨结节压痛、瘀斑和腘绳肌无力。治疗决策取决于所涉及的肌腱和慢性程度。许多腘绳肌近端损伤都可以通过非手术治疗获得成功。然而,与非手术治疗相比,对有适当指征的腘绳肌腱近端损伤进行手术治疗,可获得明显更好的功能性结果,并能更快、更可靠地恢复运动能力。内窥镜和开放式手术修复技术在短期和中期随访中均显示出较高的满意度和极佳的患者报告结果。不同文献中的术后康复方案各不相同,需要不断研究以明确最佳方案,但强调偏心腘绳肌强化可能是有益的。
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Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
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