Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-20DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103065
Elisa Galliano , Tara Keck
Statistical learning, sensory-driven unsupervised learning of repeating patterns, must coexist with ongoing homeostatic plasticity that is responsible for the necessary balance of activity in the brain; however, the mechanisms that facilitate these interactions are not clear. While models of both statistical learning, a form of associative plasticity, and homeostatic plasticity have primarily focused on excitatory cells and their synaptic changes, inhibition may play a key role in facilitating the balance between homeostatic plasticity and statistical learning. Here, we review the inhibitory synaptic, cellular, and network mechanisms underlying homeostatic and associative plasticity in rodents and propose a model in which localized inhibition, provided by diverse interneuron types, supports both statistical learning and homeostatic plasticity, as well as the interactions between them.
{"title":"Interactions between homeostatic plasticity and statistical learning: A role for inhibition","authors":"Elisa Galliano , Tara Keck","doi":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Statistical learning, sensory-driven unsupervised learning of repeating patterns, must coexist with ongoing homeostatic plasticity that is responsible for the necessary balance of activity in the brain; however, the mechanisms that facilitate these interactions are not clear. While models of both statistical learning, a form of associative plasticity, and homeostatic plasticity have primarily focused on excitatory cells and their synaptic changes, inhibition may play a key role in facilitating the balance between homeostatic plasticity and statistical learning. Here, we review the inhibitory synaptic, cellular, and network mechanisms underlying homeostatic and associative plasticity in rodents and propose a model in which localized inhibition, provided by diverse interneuron types, supports both statistical learning and homeostatic plasticity, as well as the interactions between them.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10999,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103065"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-07-02DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103074
Mitchell F. Roitman , James E. McCutcheon
Phasic dopamine is critically important in reward-related learning and assigns value to actions triggered by cues. Outcomes of actions in turn adjust the probability that a behavior will be repeated. That is, outcomes reinforce behavior—a process that also involves phasic dopamine. The value of actions and their outcomes, though, is ever fluctuating. Internal state—from physiological need through satiation—gates or applies gain to cue-evoked actions and the evaluation of their outcomes. We focus on how interoceptive signals may influence dopamine neurons to modify the phasic signaling underlying cue and reward-directed behaviors. We focus on interoceptive signals that arise from food or fluid deficit since the peripheral hormonal responses to such needs are relatively well established. A puzzle for the field is understanding how slowly accumulating and more tonic-like physiological signals are integrated to tune the brief and tightly time-locked phasic dopamine responses to environmental stimuli.
{"title":"What’s the occasion? Phasic dopamine signaling and interoception","authors":"Mitchell F. Roitman , James E. McCutcheon","doi":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phasic dopamine is critically important in reward-related learning and assigns value to actions triggered by cues. Outcomes of actions in turn adjust the probability that a behavior will be repeated. That is, outcomes reinforce behavior—a process that also involves phasic dopamine. The value of actions and their outcomes, though, is ever fluctuating. Internal state—from physiological need through satiation—gates or applies gain to cue-evoked actions and the evaluation of their outcomes. We focus on how interoceptive signals may influence dopamine neurons to modify the phasic signaling underlying cue and reward-directed behaviors. We focus on interoceptive signals that arise from food or fluid deficit since the peripheral hormonal responses to such needs are relatively well established. A puzzle for the field is understanding how slowly accumulating and more tonic-like physiological signals are integrated to tune the brief and tightly time-locked phasic dopamine responses to environmental stimuli.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10999,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103074"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-17DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103046
Fabrizia Pipicelli , Ana Villalba , Simon Hippenmeyer
The cerebral cortex is arguably the most complex organ in humans. The cortical architecture is characterized by a remarkable diversity of neuronal and glial cell types that make up its neuronal circuits. Following a precise temporally ordered program, radial glia progenitor (RGP) cells generate all cortical excitatory projection neurons and glial cell-types. Cortical excitatory projection neurons are produced either directly or via intermediate progenitors, through indirect neurogenesis. How the extensive cortical cell-type diversity is generated during cortex development remains, however, a fundamental open question. How do RGPs quantitatively and qualitatively generate all the neocortical neurons? How does direct and indirect neurogenesis contribute to the establishment of neuronal and lineage heterogeneity? Whether RGPs represent a homogeneous and/or multipotent progenitor population, or if RGPs consist of heterogeneous groups is currently also not known. In this review, we will summarize the latest findings that contributed to a deeper insight into the above key questions.
{"title":"How radial glia progenitor lineages generate cell-type diversity in the developing cerebral cortex","authors":"Fabrizia Pipicelli , Ana Villalba , Simon Hippenmeyer","doi":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cerebral cortex is arguably the most complex organ in humans. The cortical architecture is characterized by a remarkable diversity of neuronal and glial cell types that make up its neuronal circuits. Following a precise temporally ordered program, radial glia progenitor (RGP) cells generate all cortical excitatory projection neurons and glial cell-types. Cortical excitatory projection neurons are produced either directly or via intermediate progenitors, through indirect neurogenesis. How the extensive cortical cell-type diversity is generated during cortex development remains, however, a fundamental open question. How do RGPs quantitatively and qualitatively generate all the neocortical neurons? How does direct and indirect neurogenesis contribute to the establishment of neuronal and lineage heterogeneity? Whether RGPs represent a homogeneous and/or multipotent progenitor population, or if RGPs consist of heterogeneous groups is currently also not known. In this review, we will summarize the latest findings that contributed to a deeper insight into the above key questions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10999,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103046"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-23DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103055
Fu-Ning Li , Chang-Mei Zhang , Jiu-Lin Du
The brain is inherently a complex and parallel system that processes both external and internal sensory cues to generate adaptive responses. Sensory cues encapsulate not only objective information about their physical and chemical properties but also subjective information related to their ecological significance. Objective information is processed and conveyed through relatively stereotyped sensorimotor pathways to drive behaviors, while subjective information is received and transmitted through relatively flexible neuromodulatory systems. These neuromodulatory pathways influence signal processing of the sensorimotor pathways at multiple stages by modulating neuronal excitability and the efficiency of synaptic transmission, thereby endowing animals with flexibility. This sophisticated neuromodulatory processing is finely tuned by the spatiotemporal dynamics of various neuromodulators released from specialized neuromodulatory neurons that encode sensory, motor as well as cognitive variables. Dysfunctions in neuromodulatory pathways disrupt spatiotemporal patterns of neuromodulators, which in turn compromise sensorimotor transformation and cognitive functions. This review aims to delineate the mechanisms and roles of neuromodulatory processing within the bi-pathway brain architecture and propose prospective research topics along with innovative experimental paradigms.
{"title":"Neuromodulatory processing in the bi-pathway brain architecture","authors":"Fu-Ning Li , Chang-Mei Zhang , Jiu-Lin Du","doi":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The brain is inherently a complex and parallel system that processes both external and internal sensory cues to generate adaptive responses. Sensory cues encapsulate not only objective information about their physical and chemical properties but also subjective information related to their ecological significance. Objective information is processed and conveyed through relatively stereotyped sensorimotor pathways to drive behaviors, while subjective information is received and transmitted through relatively flexible neuromodulatory systems. These neuromodulatory pathways influence signal processing of the sensorimotor pathways at multiple stages by modulating neuronal excitability and the efficiency of synaptic transmission, thereby endowing animals with flexibility. This sophisticated neuromodulatory processing is finely tuned by the spatiotemporal dynamics of various neuromodulators released from specialized neuromodulatory neurons that encode sensory, motor as well as cognitive variables. Dysfunctions in neuromodulatory pathways disrupt spatiotemporal patterns of neuromodulators, which in turn compromise sensorimotor transformation and cognitive functions. This review aims to delineate the mechanisms and roles of neuromodulatory processing within the bi-pathway brain architecture and propose prospective research topics along with innovative experimental paradigms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10999,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103055"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144114831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-06DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103039
Hongbo Jia , Meng Wang , Janelle M.P. Pakan , Sunny C. Li , Xiaowei Chen
The primary cortical areas of each sensory modality occupy a significant portion of the mammalian neocortex. Beyond mapping basic sensory features, such as visual object orientation or sound frequency, these regions may play a broader role in sensory processing. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of sensory representations through a unique neuronal firing mode called bursting, with a particular focus on layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons. While maps of single-feature inputs are preserved in primary sensory cortices, individual L2/3 pyramidal neurons receive heterogeneous inputs from multiple basic features. The co-activation of these inputs can induce bursting, forming sparse yet persistent representations of composite sensory stimuli. Unlike basic sensory feature maps, which drift over time, experience-driven bursting patterns in L2/3 remain stable over long periods. Notably, these bursting representations are holistic, as single-featured component stimuli rarely elicit such activity. We propose that these holistic bursting neurons (HB neurons) in L2/3 play a crucial role in integrating sensory experiences, generating durable, sparse, and reliable representations that may serve as building blocks of long-term memory in the complexity of the real-world.
{"title":"Burst firing represents learned composite stimuli in primary sensory cortices","authors":"Hongbo Jia , Meng Wang , Janelle M.P. Pakan , Sunny C. Li , Xiaowei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The primary cortical areas of each sensory modality occupy a significant portion of the mammalian neocortex. Beyond mapping basic sensory features, such as visual object orientation or sound frequency, these regions may play a broader role in sensory processing. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of sensory representations through a unique neuronal firing mode called bursting, with a particular focus on layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons. While maps of single-feature inputs are preserved in primary sensory cortices, individual L2/3 pyramidal neurons receive heterogeneous inputs from multiple basic features. The co-activation of these inputs can induce bursting, forming sparse yet persistent representations of composite sensory stimuli. Unlike basic sensory feature maps, which drift over time, experience-driven bursting patterns in L2/3 remain stable over long periods. Notably, these bursting representations are holistic, as single-featured component stimuli rarely elicit such activity. We propose that these holistic bursting neurons (HB neurons) in L2/3 play a crucial role in integrating sensory experiences, generating durable, sparse, and reliable representations that may serve as building blocks of long-term memory in the complexity of the real-world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10999,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103039"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103058
Hans-Rudolf Berthoud , Heike Münzberg , Christopher D. Morrison , Winfried L. Neuhuber
There is increasing interest in interoceptive mechanisms as a key player in mental health. The vagus nerve is an important pathway of communication between the body and the brain, and recent advances in neurobiological techniques have enabled the identification of function-specific populations of vagal sensory neurons. Here we briefly review this progress, focusing on vagal innervation of the gut and its involvement in ingestive behavior, metabolic regulation, and immune defense. While we have learned much about the organization of the peripheral interface of the sensory vagal system, dissemination of information within the brain is still poorly understood. Yet, a deeper understanding of the brain's integration of vagal input will be necessary for the informed development of neuromodulation therapies for various diseases linked to interoception.
{"title":"Gut-brain communication: Functional anatomy of vagal afferents","authors":"Hans-Rudolf Berthoud , Heike Münzberg , Christopher D. Morrison , Winfried L. Neuhuber","doi":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is increasing interest in interoceptive mechanisms as a key player in mental health. The vagus nerve is an important pathway of communication between the body and the brain, and recent advances in neurobiological techniques have enabled the identification of function-specific populations of vagal sensory neurons. Here we briefly review this progress, focusing on vagal innervation of the gut and its involvement in ingestive behavior, metabolic regulation, and immune defense. While we have learned much about the organization of the peripheral interface of the sensory vagal system, dissemination of information within the brain is still poorly understood. Yet, a deeper understanding of the brain's integration of vagal input will be necessary for the informed development of neuromodulation therapies for various diseases linked to interoception.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10999,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103058"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-07DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103056
Elisa B. Frankel , Peri T. Kurshan
Synapses are specialized junctions that facilitate communication between neurons and their target cells, playing pivotal roles in neuronal signaling, circuit wiring, and neural activity. Research using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans has been instrumental in characterizing nervous system connectivity and uncovering the underlying genetic basis of synapse assembly, refinement, and remodeling in vivo. Recent advancements in C. elegans gene editing, microscopy, single-cell transcriptome profiling, and computational analysis have significantly advanced the field, enabling mechanistic insights into synapse formation and regulation during development and neural activity. In this review, we describe our current understanding of synapse formation, organization, and refinement based on insights gleaned from C. elegans, highlighting recent discoveries and discussing open questions and future directions.
{"title":"Principles of synaptogenesis: Insights from Caenorhabditis elegans","authors":"Elisa B. Frankel , Peri T. Kurshan","doi":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synapses are specialized junctions that facilitate communication between neurons and their target cells, playing pivotal roles in neuronal signaling, circuit wiring, and neural activity. Research using the model organism <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> has been instrumental in characterizing nervous system connectivity and uncovering the underlying genetic basis of synapse assembly, refinement, and remodeling <em>in vivo</em>. Recent advancements in <em>C. elegans</em> gene editing, microscopy, single-cell transcriptome profiling, and computational analysis have significantly advanced the field, enabling mechanistic insights into synapse formation and regulation during development and neural activity. In this review, we describe our current understanding of synapse formation, organization, and refinement based on insights gleaned from <em>C. elegans</em>, highlighting recent discoveries and discussing open questions and future directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10999,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103056"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-24DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103052
Jiawei Shen , Tian Xue
Perceiving and responding to environmental cues underpins survival and cognition. Light, emerging as one of the most ancient and powerful signals, has shaped life on Earth for billions of years. In mammals, light information is primarily detected by retinal photoreceptors: rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. While rods and cones enable image-forming vision, evolution has preserved and extended evolutionarily ancient yet critical non-image-forming visual functions, including circadian photoentrainment, pupillary light reflexes, and light-mediated modulation of metabolism, mood, and neurodevelopment. Although non-image-forming visual functions have been partially characterized in humans and model organisms, our understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms by which light orchestrates diverse behavior remains fragmented. The discovery of ipRGCs, combined with recent advances in systems neuroscience tools, has yielded critical breakthroughs in three domains: (1) light information encoding within photoreceptors, (2) systematic mapping of retinofugal pathways, and (3) central mechanisms of light-regulated physiological functions. These advances have progressively unraveled causal relationships between non-image-forming visual functions and their underlying eye-brain circuitry. This review summarizes groundbreaking progress in the three domains discussed above, highlighting key unresolved questions in the field.
{"title":"Neural-circuit architecture underlying non-image-forming visual functions","authors":"Jiawei Shen , Tian Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perceiving and responding to environmental cues underpins survival and cognition. Light, emerging as one of the most ancient and powerful signals, has shaped life on Earth for billions of years. In mammals, light information is primarily detected by retinal photoreceptors: rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. While rods and cones enable image-forming vision, evolution has preserved and extended evolutionarily ancient yet critical non-image-forming visual functions, including circadian photoentrainment, pupillary light reflexes, and light-mediated modulation of metabolism, mood, and neurodevelopment. Although non-image-forming visual functions have been partially characterized in humans and model organisms, our understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms by which light orchestrates diverse behavior remains fragmented. The discovery of ipRGCs, combined with recent advances in systems neuroscience tools, has yielded critical breakthroughs in three domains: (1) light information encoding within photoreceptors, (2) systematic mapping of retinofugal pathways, and (3) central mechanisms of light-regulated physiological functions. These advances have progressively unraveled causal relationships between non-image-forming visual functions and their underlying eye-brain circuitry. This review summarizes groundbreaking progress in the three domains discussed above, highlighting key unresolved questions in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10999,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103052"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-24DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103054
Erin Wosnitzka, Lisa Gambarotto, Vassiliki Nikoletopoulou
Post-mitotic and highly polarized neurons are dependent on the fitness of their synapses, which are often found a long distance away from the soma. How the synaptic proteome is maintained, dynamically reshaped, and continuously turned over is a topic of intense investigation. Autophagy, a highly conserved, lysosome-mediated degradation pathway has emerged as a vital component of long-term neuronal maintenance, and now more specifically of synaptic homeostasis. Here, we review the most recent findings on how autophagy undergoes both dynamic and local regulation at the synapse, and how it contributes to pre- and post-synaptic proteostasis and function. We also discuss the insights and open questions that this new evidence brings.
{"title":"Macroautophagy at the service of synapses","authors":"Erin Wosnitzka, Lisa Gambarotto, Vassiliki Nikoletopoulou","doi":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conb.2025.103054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Post-mitotic and highly polarized neurons are dependent on the fitness of their synapses, which are often found a long distance away from the soma. How the synaptic proteome is maintained, dynamically reshaped, and continuously turned over is a topic of intense investigation. Autophagy, a highly conserved, lysosome-mediated degradation pathway has emerged as a vital component of long-term neuronal maintenance, and now more specifically of synaptic homeostasis. Here, we review the most recent findings on how autophagy undergoes both dynamic and local regulation at the synapse, and how it contributes to pre- and post-synaptic proteostasis and function. We also discuss the insights and open questions that this new evidence brings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10999,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103054"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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