Current Opinion in Neurobiology最新文献

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The different roles of learning recent and accumulative statistics 学习近期统计数据和累积统计数据的不同作用

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103072

Aviel Sulem , Merav Ahissar

We perceive key aspects of familiar environments almost immediately, while perception in unfamiliar environments is slower. In this review, we examine the distinct roles of recent versus accumulative long-term exposure in enabling this efficiency. Accumulative statistics underlie the formation of stable categories (e.g. syllables in our native language), whereas recent events bias our online predictions toward the current context. Typically developing individuals place greater weight on recent events than single earlier events, but also weight accumulative statistics. However, individuals with developmental atypicalities show atypical patterns of statistical learning: individuals with dyslexia tend to assign less weight to long-term statistics, which affects their long-term categories. By contrast, autistics utilize long-term statistics like neurotypicals, but are slower in updating their priors and motor plans by recent events, which reduces their flexibility. These observations suggest that the dynamics of statistical learning impact the strengths and weaknesses of people's social and cognitive skill acquisition.

我们对熟悉环境的关键方面的感知几乎是立即的，而对不熟悉环境的感知则要慢一些。在这篇综述中，我们研究了近期与累积长期暴露在实现这种效率中的不同作用。累积的统计数据是稳定类别形成的基础（例如，我们母语中的音节），而最近的事件使我们的在线预测偏向于当前上下文。一般来说，发展中的个体更重视最近发生的事件，而不是单一的早期事件，但也重视累积的统计数据。然而，具有发育非典型性的个体表现出非典型性的统计学习模式：患有阅读障碍的个体倾向于不太重视长期统计，这影响了他们的长期分类。相比之下，自闭症患者像神经正常者一样利用长期的统计数据，但通过最近的事件更新他们的先验和运动计划的速度较慢，这降低了他们的灵活性。这些观察结果表明，统计学习的动态影响人们的社会和认知技能习得的优势和劣势。

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Aggression across sexes from a contextual- and circuit-based perspective 从上下文和电路为基础的角度来看，跨性别的攻击

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103071

Catherine E. Schretter

Often referred to as a ‘fight,’ survival involves intense competition over resources. Threat displays and high-intensity attacks are just a few of the aggressive actions exhibited during these contests. Certain motor programs are species-specific, like the vibration of a rattlesnake tail. However, conserved behavioral features are found across species, which appear to be mirrored within the brain. Further parallels have been found across sexes between aggression-promoting contexts and the underlying neuronal circuits. Unraveling the complex web of conserved and variable circuit mechanisms has been considerably advanced by the generation of brain-wiring diagrams in adult female and male Drosophila melanogaster. Here, I will summarize current research, primarily in Drosophila, on how contexts, sensory cues, and internal states regulate aggression across sexes.

生存通常被称为“战斗”，涉及对资源的激烈竞争。威胁展示和高强度攻击只是这些比赛中表现出的一些攻击性行为。某些运动程序是物种特有的，比如响尾蛇尾巴的振动。然而，保守的行为特征是跨物种发现的，这似乎反映在大脑中。进一步的相似之处被发现存在于促进攻击的环境和潜在的神经回路之间。通过在成年雌性和雄性黑腹果蝇中生成大脑线路图，揭示了保守和可变电路机制的复杂网络已经取得了相当大的进展。在这里，我将总结当前的研究，主要是在果蝇中，关于环境、感觉线索和内部状态如何调节性别间的攻击。

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Aromatase and its role in shaping sex-differentiated brain networks 芳香化酶及其在性别分化脑网络形成中的作用

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103066

Nicholas S. Bourdon , Sarah Y. Dickinson , Joseph F. Bergan

Steroid hormone signaling drives sex-differentiated brain development and function, with the social behavior network (SBN) as a primary site of these differences. Aromatase, densely expressed in the SBN, is essential for estrogen production in the brain, shaping brain organization during development and dynamically regulating neural function and behavior throughout life. This review explores how aromatase-dependent mechanisms establish sex differences at multiple anatomical levels, from gene expression and cellular morphology to brain-wide differences in the connectivity of neural circuits. These structural differences, in cooperation with dynamic estrogen signaling, are thought to mediate sex-differences in social behavior. Advancing our understanding of how aromatase-dependent sex differences shape brain function will require grounding both new and existing findings within the heterogeneous and interconnected circuitry of the SBN.

类固醇激素信号驱动脑发育和功能的性别分化，社会行为网络（SBN）是这些差异的主要位点。芳香酶在SBN中密集表达，在大脑中产生雌激素，在发育过程中塑造大脑组织，并在一生中动态调节神经功能和行为。这篇综述探讨了芳香酶依赖机制如何在多个解剖学水平上建立性别差异，从基因表达和细胞形态到神经回路连通性的全脑差异。这些结构上的差异，加上动态雌激素信号，被认为介导了社会行为中的性别差异。推进我们对芳香酶依赖的性别差异如何影响大脑功能的理解，将需要在SBN的异质性和相互联系的电路中建立新的和现有的发现。

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Renal interoception: form, function, and open questions 肾内感觉：形式、功能和开放性问题

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103067

Rose Z. Hill

The kidneys filter the blood and balance fluid and electrolytes to keep the composition of the internal environment within the narrow parameters essential for life. A perturbation to the internal state, such as a sudden loss of blood or dehydration, engages autonomic efferent and neuroendocrine pathways to adjust kidney function rapidly and robustly. The mechanisms of these multiorgan pathways are extensively studied. By contrast, the roles of sensory afferent nerves in regulating renal function are just beginning to be understood. In this review, we examine recent advances in understanding the morphology, identity, and functions of the renal sensory nerves that form the first node in the interoceptive pathways that update the kidney on its own internal state. We end by highlighting open questions in the field, influenced by recent work in other areas of interoception neuroscience, and the outstanding gaps in our knowledge of kidney biology.

肾脏过滤血液，平衡液体和电解质，使体内环境的组成保持在生命所必需的狭窄参数内。内部状态的扰动，如突然失血或脱水，参与自主神经传出和神经内分泌途径，以快速而有力地调节肾功能。这些多器官通路的机制被广泛研究。相比之下，感觉传入神经在调节肾功能中的作用才刚刚开始被理解。在这篇综述中，我们研究了在理解肾感觉神经的形态、身份和功能方面的最新进展。肾感觉神经是更新肾脏自身内部状态的感觉通路中的第一个节点。最后，我们强调了该领域的开放性问题，受到近期内感受神经科学其他领域工作的影响，以及我们在肾脏生物学知识方面的突出差距。

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Cardiac vagal motor neurons 心脏迷走神经运动神经元

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103068

Yoko Brigitte Wang , Sandy E. Saunders , John N. Campbell , Carie R. Boychuk

Since their discovery five decades ago, cardiac vagal motor neurons (CVNs) have been studied for their roles in autonomic control of cardiac function. However, it is only within the past decade that our understanding of CVNs has rapidly progressed. Driven by technological advances in neuroscience, novel findings are revealing genetic markers of CVN’s subpopulation in the nucleus ambiguus (CVN^NA), resolving controversial roles of CVN in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (CVN^DMV), and dissecting the complexity of CVN-related neural circuitry. The roles of CVNs have also expanded in the mechanisms of disease pathophysiology beyond the typical autonomic disorders, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting CVNs. In this review, we discuss recent advances in CVNs subtypes, neural circuits, and roles in cardiometabolic disease and mental health-related disorders pathophysiology. We also present current challenges and a prospective outlook on the field.

自50年前发现心脏迷走神经运动神经元（CVNs）以来，人们一直在研究其在心功能自主控制中的作用。然而，只有在过去的十年里，我们对CVNs的理解才迅速发展。在神经科学技术进步的推动下，新发现揭示了模糊性核（CVNNA）中CVN亚群的遗传标记，解决了CVN在迷走神经背运动核（CVNDMV）中的争议作用，并剖析了CVN相关神经回路的复杂性。CVNs的作用也在疾病病理生理机制中扩展，超出了典型的自主神经紊乱，突出了靶向CVNs的治疗潜力。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了CVNs亚型、神经回路以及在心脏代谢疾病和精神健康相关疾病病理生理学中的作用的最新进展。我们还提出了当前的挑战和对该领域的前景展望。

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Ready or not: Neural mechanisms regulating female sexual behavior 准备好了没有：调节女性性行为的神经机制

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103069

Inês C. Dias , Nicolas Gutierrez-Castellanos , Constanze Lenschow , Susana Q. Lima

Female sexual behavior is essential for reproduction and species survival. It is orchestrated by hormonal and neuronal mechanisms that coordinate sexual maturation, reproductive cycle, and the copulatory sequence, preparing the female for pregnancy. These mechanisms synchronize behavioral receptivity with reproductive capacity, ensuring that copulation occurs during optimal reproductive windows while actively suppressing sexual behavior outside fertile periods.

This review explores recent advances in neural mechanisms that integrate sensory, hormonal, and social cues in the female brain. We examine the main phases of sexual behavior: appetitive, consummatory, and refractory, focusing on the neural basis of sexual rejection during non-fertile periods. We also discuss studies using intersectional genetics and neural activity analysis to uncover the circuits underlying sexual receptivity and recent findings on how the female brain processes male ejaculation to trigger the refractory period. Altogether, this review sheds light on the orchestration of mating and reproductive readiness in female mice.

雌性的性行为对繁殖和物种生存至关重要。它是由荷尔蒙和神经机制精心策划的，协调性成熟、生殖周期和交配顺序，为雌性怀孕做准备。这些机制使行为接受能力与生殖能力同步，确保在最佳生殖窗口发生交配，同时积极抑制育龄期以外的性行为。这篇综述探讨了在女性大脑中整合感觉、激素和社会线索的神经机制的最新进展。我们研究了性行为的主要阶段：食欲、圆满和难治性，重点关注非排卵期性排斥的神经基础。我们还讨论了使用交叉遗传学和神经活动分析的研究，以揭示潜在的性接受性回路，以及关于女性大脑如何处理男性射精以触发不应期的最新发现。总之，这篇综述揭示了雌性小鼠交配和生殖准备的编排。

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Novel insights into the mechanisms of growth cone dynamics during axon pathfinding 轴突寻径过程中生长锥动力学机制的新见解

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103073

Isabel Pérez-Ferrer, Eloísa Herrera

The growth cone (GC), a highly specialized and dynamic structure located at the tip of neuronal axons, plays a pivotal role in directing axon elongation and guidance during the formation of neural circuits. The GC's extraordinary ability to navigate toward target cells in a constantly changing environment relies on intricate mechanisms that operate at multiple levels, including cytoskeletal dynamics, activation of membrane proteins, transcriptional regulation, and local protein translation. These processes are finely coordinated, enabling neurons to respond rapidly to external cues, reach their intended targets, and establish functional connections. Dysregulation of these mechanisms can lead to errors in neuronal wiring, potentially contributing to nervous system disorders. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the regulatory mechanisms that orchestrate GC remodeling during axon pathfinding, with a focus on cytoskeletal components, membrane proteins sensing external cues, transcription factors influencing axonal decisions, and local protein synthesis within the GC.

生长锥（growth cone， GC）是一种高度特化的动态结构，位于神经元轴突尖端，在神经回路形成过程中对轴突的伸长和引导起着关键作用。GC在不断变化的环境中导航到靶细胞的非凡能力依赖于在多个层面上运作的复杂机制，包括细胞骨架动力学、膜蛋白激活、转录调节和局部蛋白质翻译。这些过程是精细协调的，使神经元能够快速响应外部信号，达到预期目标，并建立功能连接。这些机制的失调会导致神经元连接错误，可能导致神经系统紊乱。本文综述了在轴突寻路过程中协调GC重塑的调控机制方面的最新进展，重点关注细胞骨架成分、膜蛋白感知外部信号、影响轴突决策的转录因子以及GC内局部蛋白质合成。

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Interactions between homeostatic plasticity and statistical learning: A role for inhibition 稳态可塑性与统计学习之间的相互作用：抑制的作用

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103065

Elisa Galliano , Tara Keck

Statistical learning, sensory-driven unsupervised learning of repeating patterns, must coexist with ongoing homeostatic plasticity that is responsible for the necessary balance of activity in the brain; however, the mechanisms that facilitate these interactions are not clear. While models of both statistical learning, a form of associative plasticity, and homeostatic plasticity have primarily focused on excitatory cells and their synaptic changes, inhibition may play a key role in facilitating the balance between homeostatic plasticity and statistical learning. Here, we review the inhibitory synaptic, cellular, and network mechanisms underlying homeostatic and associative plasticity in rodents and propose a model in which localized inhibition, provided by diverse interneuron types, supports both statistical learning and homeostatic plasticity, as well as the interactions between them.

统计学习，重复模式的感觉驱动的无监督学习，必须与负责大脑活动必要平衡的持续稳态可塑性共存；然而，促进这些相互作用的机制尚不清楚。虽然统计学习（联想可塑性的一种形式）和稳态可塑性的模型主要关注兴奋性细胞及其突触变化，但抑制可能在促进稳态可塑性和统计学习之间的平衡中发挥关键作用。在此，我们回顾了抑制突触、细胞和网络机制在啮齿动物体内的稳态和联想可塑性，并提出了一个模型，在这个模型中，由不同的中间神经元类型提供的局部抑制支持统计学习和稳态可塑性，以及它们之间的相互作用。

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Microbial regulation of interoception 内感受的微生物调控

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103064

Madhav Subramanian , Christoph A. Thaiss

Interoceptive pathways communicate between the body and the brain to coordinate behavioral responses to changes in the internal milieu. An important contributor to the internal milieu of the body is the gastrointestinal microbiome. Here, we conceptualize the role of the microbiome and microbiome-derived metabolites in interoceptive processes that enable homeostasis maintenance. We highlight four key features that make the microbiome a valuable sensory source for interoceptive processes: its capacity to engage canonical sensory pathways, dynamic responsiveness to environmental perturbations, diurnal oscillations aligned with host circadian rhythms, and the selective gating of sensory information through the intestinal barrier. We further explore how microbiome-derived sensory information contributes to homeostasis, imparts valence to events and cues, and serves as a substrate for memory. Collectively, we present a framework for understanding interoceptive dysfunction through the lens of microbiome–host interactions.

内感受通路在身体和大脑之间进行沟通，以协调对内部环境变化的行为反应。对人体内部环境有重要贡献的是胃肠道微生物群。在这里，我们概念化微生物组和微生物组衍生代谢物在维持体内平衡的内感受过程中的作用。我们强调了使微生物群成为内感受过程有价值的感觉来源的四个关键特征：它参与规范感觉通路的能力，对环境扰动的动态响应，与宿主昼夜节律一致的昼夜振荡，以及通过肠道屏障的感觉信息的选择性门控。我们进一步探讨微生物组衍生的感觉信息如何有助于体内平衡，赋予事件和线索的价值，并作为记忆的基础。总的来说，我们提出了一个通过微生物群-宿主相互作用来理解内感受功能障碍的框架。

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Microglia in early brain development: A window of opportunity 早期大脑发育中的小胶质细胞：一个机会之窗

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.103062

Clarissa Catale , Sonia Garel

Microglia, brain-resident macrophages, are increasingly recognized for their roles in early brain development, particularly during the prenatal and early postnatal periods. These cells enter the brain during embryogenesis, long before other glial populations fully emerge, and actively shape neural circuits while responding to environmental cues. During this critical window, microglia exhibit a remarkable diversity of states, some resembling those seen in neurodegeneration, suggesting that microglia use shared pathways across life stages. Here, we review emerging insights into how microglial states regulate early neurodevelopment and how their functional diversity influences brain physiology under both normal and immune-challenged conditions. Understanding these state–function relationships not only advances our knowledge of neurodevelopment but also informs potential therapeutic strategies for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.

小胶质细胞是一种驻留在大脑中的巨噬细胞，它在大脑早期发育，特别是产前和产后早期的发育中所起的作用越来越被人们所认识。这些细胞在胚胎形成过程中进入大脑，远早于其他神经胶质细胞群完全出现，并在响应环境信号时积极塑造神经回路。在这个关键的窗口期，小胶质细胞表现出显著的状态多样性，有些类似于神经退行性变，这表明小胶质细胞在生命的各个阶段使用共享的通路。在这里，我们回顾了关于小胶质细胞状态如何调节早期神经发育以及它们的功能多样性如何在正常和免疫挑战条件下影响大脑生理的新见解。了解这些状态-功能关系不仅提高了我们对神经发育的认识，而且为神经发育和神经退行性疾病的潜在治疗策略提供了信息。

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