Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins are the predominant commercial products used to manufacture wet-strengthened paper products for grades requiring wet-strength permanence. Since their development in the late 1950s, the first generation (G1) resins have proven to be one of the most cost-effective technologies available to provide wet strength to paper. Throughout the past three decades, regulatory directives and sustainability initiatives from various organizations have driven the development of cleaner and safer PAE resins and paper products. Early efforts in this area focused on improving worker safety and reducing the impact of PAE resins on the environment. These efforts led to the development of resins containing significantly reduced levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), potentially carcinogenic byproducts formed during the manufacturing process of PAE resins. As the levels of these byproducts decreased, the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) profile of PAE resins and paper products improved. Recent initiatives from major retailers are focusing on product ingredient transparency and quality, thus encouraging the development of safer product formulations while maintaining performance. PAE resin research over the past 20 years has been directed toward regulatory requirements to improve consumer safety and minimize exposure to potentially carcinogenic materials found in various paper products. One of the best known regulatory requirements is the recommendations of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), which defines the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD that can be extracted by water from various food contact grades of paper. These criteria led to the development of third generation (G3) products that contain very low levels of 1,3-DCP (typically <10 parts per million in the as-received/delivered resin). This paper outlines the PAE resin chemical contributors to adsorbable organic halogens and 3-MCPD in paper and provides recommendations for the use of each PAE resin product generation (G1, G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3).
{"title":"Regulatory and sustainability initiatives lead to improved polyaminopolyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet-strength resins and paper products","authors":"M. T. Crisp, Richard J. Riehle","doi":"10.32964/TJ17.09.519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ17.09.519","url":null,"abstract":"Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins are the predominant commercial products used to manufacture wet-strengthened paper products for grades requiring wet-strength permanence. Since their development in the late 1950s, the first generation (G1) resins have proven to be one of the most cost-effective technologies available to provide wet strength to paper. Throughout the past three decades, regulatory directives and sustainability initiatives from various organizations have driven the development of cleaner and safer PAE resins and paper products. Early efforts in this area focused on improving worker safety and reducing the impact of PAE resins on the environment. These efforts led to the development of resins containing significantly reduced levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), potentially carcinogenic byproducts formed during the manufacturing process of PAE resins. As the levels of these byproducts decreased, the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) profile of PAE resins and paper products improved. Recent initiatives from major retailers are focusing on product ingredient transparency and quality, thus encouraging the development of safer product formulations while maintaining performance. PAE resin research over the past 20 years has been directed toward regulatory requirements to improve consumer safety and minimize exposure to potentially carcinogenic materials found in various paper products. One of the best known regulatory requirements is the recommendations of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), which defines the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD that can be extracted by water from various food contact grades of paper. These criteria led to the development of third generation (G3) products that contain very low levels of 1,3-DCP (typically <10 parts per million in the as-received/delivered resin). This paper outlines the PAE resin chemical contributors to adsorbable organic halogens and 3-MCPD in paper and provides recommendations for the use of each PAE resin product generation (G1, G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3).","PeriodicalId":11015,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 24, 2018","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79009569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When pulp and minerals are co-processed in aqueous suspension, the mineral acts as a grinding aid, facilitating the cost-effective production of fibrils. Furthermore, this processing allows the utilization of robust industrial milling equipment. There are 40000 dry metric tons of mineral/microfbrillated (MFC) cellulose composite production capacity in operation across three continents. These mineral/MFC products have been cleared by the FDA for use as a dry and wet strength agent in coated and uncoated food contact paper and paperboard applications. We have previously reported that use of these mineral/MFC composite materials in fiber-based applications allows generally improved wet and dry mechanical properties with concomitant opportunities for cost savings, property improvements, or grade developments and that the materials can be prepared using a range of fibers and minerals. Here, we: (1) report the development of new products that offer improved performance, (2) compare the performance of these new materials with that of a range of other nanocellulosic material types, (3) illustrate the performance of these new materials in reinforcement (paper and board) and viscosification applications, and (4) discuss product form requirements for different applications.
{"title":"Mineral/microfibrillated cellulose composite materials: High performance products, applications, and product forms","authors":"D. Skuse, Mark Windebank, T. Motsi, G. Tellier","doi":"10.32964/TJ17.09.507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ17.09.507","url":null,"abstract":"When pulp and minerals are co-processed in aqueous suspension, the mineral acts as a grinding aid, facilitating the cost-effective production of fibrils. Furthermore, this processing allows the utilization of robust industrial milling equipment. There are 40000 dry metric tons of mineral/microfbrillated (MFC) cellulose composite production capacity in operation across three continents. These mineral/MFC products have been cleared by the FDA for use as a dry and wet strength agent in coated and uncoated food contact paper and paperboard applications. We have previously reported that use of these mineral/MFC composite materials in fiber-based applications allows generally improved wet and dry mechanical properties with concomitant opportunities for cost savings, property improvements, or grade developments and that the materials can be prepared using a range of fibers and minerals. Here, we: (1) report the development of new products that offer improved performance, (2) compare the performance of these new materials with that of a range of other nanocellulosic material types, (3) illustrate the performance of these new materials in reinforcement (paper and board) and viscosification applications, and (4) discuss product form requirements for different applications.","PeriodicalId":11015,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 24, 2018","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88481855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wet pressing in papermaking removes water by pressure applied over time, but some of the expelled water may return to the web in an action called “rewet.” This water, and the other remaining water, must be removed by drying. To understand the underlying factors of rewet, we have developed a mathematical model of it comprised of a time-dependent term that accounts for water flow from the felt to paper and a time-independent term that accounts for splitting of interfacial water between the felt and paper. Our model is consistent with measurements from the literature and can be used to understand how paper properties, press operation, and felt design can minimize rewet.
{"title":"Rewet in wet pressing of paper","authors":"J. D. Mcdonald, R. Kerekes","doi":"10.32964/TJ17.09.479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ17.09.479","url":null,"abstract":"Wet pressing in papermaking removes water by pressure applied over time, but some of the expelled water may return to the web in an action called “rewet.” This water, and the other remaining water, must be removed by drying. To understand the underlying factors of rewet, we have developed a mathematical model of it comprised of a time-dependent term that accounts for water flow from the felt to paper and a time-independent term that accounts for splitting of interfacial water between the felt and paper. Our model is consistent with measurements from the literature and can be used to understand how paper properties, press operation, and felt design can minimize rewet.","PeriodicalId":11015,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 24, 2018","volume":"203 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83424026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gary Geoffroy, Gregory Thomas Werkheiser, M. Coffin, K. King, T. Frosell
Technological advances are enabling the completion phase of well construction to evolve from interpreting surface-measured pressure and load charts to more direct communication for determining downhole activity and wellbore conditions. Bi-directional acoustic telemetry provides a method for communicating with downhole tools in real-time, where commands can be given to trigger an operational activity in lieu of traditional mechanical means, such as dropping a ball and building pressure, and in addition receive feedback that the activity has occurred. While current completion methods have been successful using pressure and applied mechanical loads to actuate tools, there are certain scenarios where operations are difficult to execute and it can be challenging to confirm that a piece of equipment has functioned as desired. There are environmental conditions, such as high deviations and s-shaped wellbore geometry, which can be prohibitive to tasks such as getting an activating ball to gravitate to bottom and land on its seat. Using bi-directional acoustic telemetry can eliminate the need for these manual manipulations. The aforementioned scenario has long been an issue for wells requiring sand control where the completion design might dictate deploying screens into an openhole horizontal wellbore section, performing a gravel pack for wellbore stability, and reducing the production of fines. With the growth of Extended Reach Drilling (ERD), this problem has become more common. This paper discusses adoption of proven bi-directional acoustic telemetry as a method to reduce completion time and remove some of the uncertainty in completing a well. The signal can be transmitted through the drillpipe by use of repeaters that allow for communication to extended depths. When setting a packer, receipt of the command at the hydrostatically operated setting tool triggers the setting tool to function. As a result, the packer at the top of the lower completion sets and the screens become anchored at the desired location. Bi-directional communication allows for confirmation at the surface that the signal was received and the tool properly triggered. This telemetry can further be used during the gravel packing operations to get near real-time temperature and pressure readings from washpipe gauges housed within the screen assembly. The example documented in this paper is a novel method of deploying a gravel pack system with a bi-directional, acoustic through pipe telemetry within completion tools now in development. This method provides a platform for real-time control and monitoring in the completion environment.
{"title":"Two-Way Acoustic Telemetry for Completion Installation, Control, and Monitoring","authors":"Gary Geoffroy, Gregory Thomas Werkheiser, M. Coffin, K. King, T. Frosell","doi":"10.2118/191439-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191439-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Technological advances are enabling the completion phase of well construction to evolve from interpreting surface-measured pressure and load charts to more direct communication for determining downhole activity and wellbore conditions. Bi-directional acoustic telemetry provides a method for communicating with downhole tools in real-time, where commands can be given to trigger an operational activity in lieu of traditional mechanical means, such as dropping a ball and building pressure, and in addition receive feedback that the activity has occurred.\u0000 While current completion methods have been successful using pressure and applied mechanical loads to actuate tools, there are certain scenarios where operations are difficult to execute and it can be challenging to confirm that a piece of equipment has functioned as desired. There are environmental conditions, such as high deviations and s-shaped wellbore geometry, which can be prohibitive to tasks such as getting an activating ball to gravitate to bottom and land on its seat. Using bi-directional acoustic telemetry can eliminate the need for these manual manipulations.\u0000 The aforementioned scenario has long been an issue for wells requiring sand control where the completion design might dictate deploying screens into an openhole horizontal wellbore section, performing a gravel pack for wellbore stability, and reducing the production of fines. With the growth of Extended Reach Drilling (ERD), this problem has become more common. This paper discusses adoption of proven bi-directional acoustic telemetry as a method to reduce completion time and remove some of the uncertainty in completing a well. The signal can be transmitted through the drillpipe by use of repeaters that allow for communication to extended depths. When setting a packer, receipt of the command at the hydrostatically operated setting tool triggers the setting tool to function. As a result, the packer at the top of the lower completion sets and the screens become anchored at the desired location. Bi-directional communication allows for confirmation at the surface that the signal was received and the tool properly triggered. This telemetry can further be used during the gravel packing operations to get near real-time temperature and pressure readings from washpipe gauges housed within the screen assembly.\u0000 The example documented in this paper is a novel method of deploying a gravel pack system with a bi-directional, acoustic through pipe telemetry within completion tools now in development. This method provides a platform for real-time control and monitoring in the completion environment.","PeriodicalId":11015,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 24, 2018","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87570116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John A. Cameron, K. Zaki, Colin Jones, Antonio Lazo
A probabilistic flux and erosion model and workflow has been constructed to estimate the inflow through sand screen on a foot by foot basis along the wellbore using the completion details, production rate, and reservoir and bottom hole flowing pressures. The model is then calibrated & history matched using well data from pressure transient analyses, well test and production logs as available. Extensive laboratory testing coupled with computational flow dynamics modelling provided the algorithms for a number of different screen types to relate flux and sand production to the expected service life for any given future production profile. This allows the well's planned production profile to be optimized by balancing risk, rate and reserves recovery.
{"title":"Enhanced Flux Management for Sand Control Completions","authors":"John A. Cameron, K. Zaki, Colin Jones, Antonio Lazo","doi":"10.2118/191598-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191598-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A probabilistic flux and erosion model and workflow has been constructed to estimate the inflow through sand screen on a foot by foot basis along the wellbore using the completion details, production rate, and reservoir and bottom hole flowing pressures. The model is then calibrated & history matched using well data from pressure transient analyses, well test and production logs as available. Extensive laboratory testing coupled with computational flow dynamics modelling provided the algorithms for a number of different screen types to relate flux and sand production to the expected service life for any given future production profile. This allows the well's planned production profile to be optimized by balancing risk, rate and reserves recovery.","PeriodicalId":11015,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 24, 2018","volume":"886 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83656044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides the validation test results of preheat sequence applied to induction motors at two Test Facilities and offshore application for operation in the Gulf of Mexico. Although the objective of preheating Induction Motors (IM) is to lower the viscosity of the lubricant oil by 2 orders of magnitude (from 1000 cP to 10cP) for extending Electric Sumersible Pump (ESP) run life, this paper is exclusively focused on motor preheating results. The motor is energized with low voltage at a frequency of 120Hz maintaining the voltage low enough in order to keep the supplied shaft torque under the system's breakaway torque; thus the shaft never spins. The Medium Voltage Drive (MVD) is a Variable Frequency Drive output power determines heat rate that is adjusted to obtain temperature slope of 1°F/min specified by the project. The motor is modeled electrically and magnetically through Finite Element Analisys (FEA) to estimate its power losses; the motor internal temperatures can be predicted by the Motor-CAD (Computer-Aided Design) thermal model which is calibrated by winding resistance change and skin tempeperature measurement. The systems for validation were: First test facilities: 1500hp Induction Motor coupled to a pump and driven with a 2500hp MVDSecond test facilities: 1500hp Induction Motor coupled to a dyno and driven with a 2500hp MVD.Offshore: Five 1500hp ESPs driven with 2500hp MVD each. The results at first and second test facilities and offshore in the Gulf of Mexico demonstrate the preheat sequence can be successfully implemented in the field by using existing MVD with little software changes in order to apply low voltage at 120Hz without spinning the rotor. The stator current and induced current on the rotor make motor internal temperature (including lubricant oil) to rise achieving different temperature slopes. Temperature slopes vary in function of applied motor current (there was no need of overpassing motor nominal current on any test), motor thermal capacity, initial motor temperature, and external temperature. All tested motors are very similar and was found that Keeping heating power at around 34kW, winding temperature rise can be achieved at a rate of 1.52°F/min at an initial temperature of 38°F and 1.2°F/min at an initial temperature of 148°F. Temperature rise rate at the motor air gap (actually filled with oil) and bearings location can also be predicted by the motor thermal model. The required preheating time is previously calculated to reach less than 10cP viscosity of lubricant oil to guarantee safe startup without the occurrence of bearing spin; otherwise bearing friction torque overcomes the T-ring retaining torque causing bearing(s) damage. When the need of preheating the induction motor of electric submersible pumps installed in deepwater applications was identified, there was no clear means to make it possible. This was the first time that concept was applied and successfully implemented in the field. A s
{"title":"Using Medium Voltage Drive MVD for Preheating the Induction Motor IM of Electric Submersible Pump ESP to Extend its Deepwater Run Life","authors":"M. Rojas, Andrew Merlino, R. Martinez, Yong Li","doi":"10.2118/191522-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191522-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper provides the validation test results of preheat sequence applied to induction motors at two Test Facilities and offshore application for operation in the Gulf of Mexico.\u0000 Although the objective of preheating Induction Motors (IM) is to lower the viscosity of the lubricant oil by 2 orders of magnitude (from 1000 cP to 10cP) for extending Electric Sumersible Pump (ESP) run life, this paper is exclusively focused on motor preheating results.\u0000 The motor is energized with low voltage at a frequency of 120Hz maintaining the voltage low enough in order to keep the supplied shaft torque under the system's breakaway torque; thus the shaft never spins. The Medium Voltage Drive (MVD) is a Variable Frequency Drive output power determines heat rate that is adjusted to obtain temperature slope of 1°F/min specified by the project.\u0000 The motor is modeled electrically and magnetically through Finite Element Analisys (FEA) to estimate its power losses; the motor internal temperatures can be predicted by the Motor-CAD (Computer-Aided Design) thermal model which is calibrated by winding resistance change and skin tempeperature measurement.\u0000 The systems for validation were: First test facilities: 1500hp Induction Motor coupled to a pump and driven with a 2500hp MVDSecond test facilities: 1500hp Induction Motor coupled to a dyno and driven with a 2500hp MVD.Offshore: Five 1500hp ESPs driven with 2500hp MVD each.\u0000 The results at first and second test facilities and offshore in the Gulf of Mexico demonstrate the preheat sequence can be successfully implemented in the field by using existing MVD with little software changes in order to apply low voltage at 120Hz without spinning the rotor. The stator current and induced current on the rotor make motor internal temperature (including lubricant oil) to rise achieving different temperature slopes. Temperature slopes vary in function of applied motor current (there was no need of overpassing motor nominal current on any test), motor thermal capacity, initial motor temperature, and external temperature.\u0000 All tested motors are very similar and was found that Keeping heating power at around 34kW, winding temperature rise can be achieved at a rate of 1.52°F/min at an initial temperature of 38°F and 1.2°F/min at an initial temperature of 148°F. Temperature rise rate at the motor air gap (actually filled with oil) and bearings location can also be predicted by the motor thermal model.\u0000 The required preheating time is previously calculated to reach less than 10cP viscosity of lubricant oil to guarantee safe startup without the occurrence of bearing spin; otherwise bearing friction torque overcomes the T-ring retaining torque causing bearing(s) damage.\u0000 When the need of preheating the induction motor of electric submersible pumps installed in deepwater applications was identified, there was no clear means to make it possible. This was the first time that concept was applied and successfully implemented in the field.\u0000 A s","PeriodicalId":11015,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 24, 2018","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77025379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Pankaj, J. Morrell, T. Pope, Matt Maguire, D. Gray, Michael Smith, J. Greenwald, F. Ajisafe, James Li, L. Fan, Wei Zheng, T. Judd
The objective of this study is to understand the impact of key completion designs such as proppant and fluid volumes, cluster spacing, number of clusters, and fluid and proppant types on production in the Wolfcamp formation. Selected completion designs from the horizontal well study were used in a multi-well pad under different well spacing and stacking scenarios to understand the fracture geometry to minimize fracture interference and optimize production. Over the course of the study, which has been conducted since 2015, hydraulic fracture heat maps for the different completion designs were innovatively created to provide comparative analysis and directional insights for optimized well completion and well spacing designs in the multi-layered Wolfcamp formation. An integrated model was built with 3D seismic, petrophysical, geomechanical, core, and image log interpretation. The integrated model was used for complex fracture modeling and calibrated with microseismic data and production history match for multiple horizontal wellbores in the upper and middle Wolfcamp. Sensitivity analysis on various hydraulic fracture and completion designs were done to evaluate the fracture geometries, and the fracture footprint and its effect on production performance for both single and multi-well scenarios. Cluster spacing, number of clusters, fracturing fluid type, proppant types, proppant schedules, stimulation sequencing, etc. were some of the parameters evaluated in a well-scale modeling. High-tier completion designs were then translated into a multi-well pad under different well spacing and stacking scenarios for production optimization. Inter- and intra-well stress shadows honoring a realistic time sequence were also incorporated in the hydraulic fracture model. Fracture heat maps collapsing the complete wellbore hydraulic fracture geometries and their properties were created to represent the distribution of productive surface area for all the sensitivity cases. These heat maps were also compared to the observed microseismic data heat map for calibration purposes. Numerous fracture heat maps created from the sensitivity scenarios allowed evaluating the most effective completion design to optimize well completion, spacing, stacking and stimulation sequencing strategy. Proppant and fluid volumes as well as cluster spacing showed the highest impact on production performance in a single horizontal well. Increasing fluid and proppant volumes showed an increasing trend in the stimulated area. Decreasing cluster spacing showed an increasing trend in near-wellbore contact and fracture complexity. The number of clusters was shown to have minimal impact on production performance. Incorporating a stress shadow between wells representative of a zipper operation provides better coverage around the wellbore and allows for tighter well spacing. Heat maps created from microseismic data were in good agreement with the heat maps from the modeling of the different complet
{"title":"Introducing Hydraulic Fracture Heat Maps: Deriving Completion Changes to Increase Production in the Wolfcamp Formation","authors":"P. Pankaj, J. Morrell, T. Pope, Matt Maguire, D. Gray, Michael Smith, J. Greenwald, F. Ajisafe, James Li, L. Fan, Wei Zheng, T. Judd","doi":"10.2118/191442-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191442-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The objective of this study is to understand the impact of key completion designs such as proppant and fluid volumes, cluster spacing, number of clusters, and fluid and proppant types on production in the Wolfcamp formation. Selected completion designs from the horizontal well study were used in a multi-well pad under different well spacing and stacking scenarios to understand the fracture geometry to minimize fracture interference and optimize production. Over the course of the study, which has been conducted since 2015, hydraulic fracture heat maps for the different completion designs were innovatively created to provide comparative analysis and directional insights for optimized well completion and well spacing designs in the multi-layered Wolfcamp formation.\u0000 An integrated model was built with 3D seismic, petrophysical, geomechanical, core, and image log interpretation. The integrated model was used for complex fracture modeling and calibrated with microseismic data and production history match for multiple horizontal wellbores in the upper and middle Wolfcamp. Sensitivity analysis on various hydraulic fracture and completion designs were done to evaluate the fracture geometries, and the fracture footprint and its effect on production performance for both single and multi-well scenarios. Cluster spacing, number of clusters, fracturing fluid type, proppant types, proppant schedules, stimulation sequencing, etc. were some of the parameters evaluated in a well-scale modeling. High-tier completion designs were then translated into a multi-well pad under different well spacing and stacking scenarios for production optimization. Inter- and intra-well stress shadows honoring a realistic time sequence were also incorporated in the hydraulic fracture model. Fracture heat maps collapsing the complete wellbore hydraulic fracture geometries and their properties were created to represent the distribution of productive surface area for all the sensitivity cases. These heat maps were also compared to the observed microseismic data heat map for calibration purposes.\u0000 Numerous fracture heat maps created from the sensitivity scenarios allowed evaluating the most effective completion design to optimize well completion, spacing, stacking and stimulation sequencing strategy. Proppant and fluid volumes as well as cluster spacing showed the highest impact on production performance in a single horizontal well. Increasing fluid and proppant volumes showed an increasing trend in the stimulated area. Decreasing cluster spacing showed an increasing trend in near-wellbore contact and fracture complexity. The number of clusters was shown to have minimal impact on production performance. Incorporating a stress shadow between wells representative of a zipper operation provides better coverage around the wellbore and allows for tighter well spacing. Heat maps created from microseismic data were in good agreement with the heat maps from the modeling of the different complet","PeriodicalId":11015,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 24, 2018","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74676764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Deep Dry Utica, also known as the Extensional Utica, is a newly recognized shale play in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The most developed part of the dry gas Utica shale, in Monroe County, OH, is an inexact analogue as it shares limited characteristics with the Deep Dry Utica to its east. Unconventional workflows based on analogue plays often rely on the statistical significance of trends, impossible to exploit when each data point in a new play is unique, and results are unrepeatable. With only the data from a handful wells in the public domain, and a few wells being drilled by operators where the data is still private, understanding the reservoir and geologic complexity of the Deep Dry Utica has eluded most operators. The play has seen early successes and failures, with wells exceeding initial production rates (IP) of 60 MMcf/day and wells so difficult to drill that they were unable to be completed due to financial limitations. Thus, structurally complex shale plays like the Deep Dry Utica with limited data require a new methodology to rapidly move from delineation to development mode. With a limited heterogeneous data set, subsurface modeling and data analytics in conjunction with analogue analysis allow operators to rapidly understand performance indicators, optimize location selection, well spacing, horizontal drilling and completion designs. This paper describes the modeling and analytics-based workflow utilized to unlock commercial viability of the Deep Dry Utica, making the play commercially competitive with Marcellus Shale development. The workflow described in this paper utilizes earth modeling, reservoir and completion modeling and contemporary data analytics techniques to accelerate development. The workflow is demonstrated in a case study from the Deep Dry Utica in Pennsylvania, moving from delineation to commercial development, with less than a dozen data points across 500,000 thousand acres.
{"title":"Modeling and Data Analytics Workflow From Delineation to Development: A Case Study Utilizing Limited Data in the Extensional Deep Dry Utica Shale Play of Pennsylvania","authors":"A. Passman","doi":"10.2118/191468-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191468-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Deep Dry Utica, also known as the Extensional Utica, is a newly recognized shale play in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The most developed part of the dry gas Utica shale, in Monroe County, OH, is an inexact analogue as it shares limited characteristics with the Deep Dry Utica to its east. Unconventional workflows based on analogue plays often rely on the statistical significance of trends, impossible to exploit when each data point in a new play is unique, and results are unrepeatable. With only the data from a handful wells in the public domain, and a few wells being drilled by operators where the data is still private, understanding the reservoir and geologic complexity of the Deep Dry Utica has eluded most operators. The play has seen early successes and failures, with wells exceeding initial production rates (IP) of 60 MMcf/day and wells so difficult to drill that they were unable to be completed due to financial limitations. Thus, structurally complex shale plays like the Deep Dry Utica with limited data require a new methodology to rapidly move from delineation to development mode. With a limited heterogeneous data set, subsurface modeling and data analytics in conjunction with analogue analysis allow operators to rapidly understand performance indicators, optimize location selection, well spacing, horizontal drilling and completion designs.\u0000 This paper describes the modeling and analytics-based workflow utilized to unlock commercial viability of the Deep Dry Utica, making the play commercially competitive with Marcellus Shale development. The workflow described in this paper utilizes earth modeling, reservoir and completion modeling and contemporary data analytics techniques to accelerate development. The workflow is demonstrated in a case study from the Deep Dry Utica in Pennsylvania, moving from delineation to commercial development, with less than a dozen data points across 500,000 thousand acres.","PeriodicalId":11015,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 24, 2018","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79817636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soumyadeep Ghosh, A. Chawathé, Sophany Thach, Harold C. Linnemeyer, E. Tao, V. Dwarakanath, A. Ambastha, G. P. Arachchilage
Co-solvents are used with surfactants in modern chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) formulations to avoid formation of viscous microemulsion phases (and reduce costs) in porous media. Modeling the effect of co-solvents on phase behavior is critical to CEOR reservoir simulations. The state-of-the-art is to use HLD (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Difference) with a modified form of NAC (Net Average Curvature) as an Equation of State (EoS) to model microemulsion phase behavior. In this paper, we use an alternative EoS flash algorithm and couple it with an alcohol partitioning model to predict physical phase behavior. In this paper, we show that the net curvature equation in NAC is not valid for overall compositions away from typical experimental conditions, specifically in Type I and II systems. Alternatively, we use experimental evidence to correlate the harmonic average of oil and brine solubilization ratios to HLD. We use the average solubilization ratio equation with boundary conditions that allow for microemulsion phase type regions to be well defined, thus making the flash calculations robust. To model the co-solvent effect, we couple the newly developed average solubilization theory (AST) based EoS with the Prouvost-Pope-Rouse model to capture co-solvent partitioning across oil, brine and microemulsion phases. The resulting AST theory allows for a HLD based EoS to predict physical two-phase regions with no discontinuity in phase behavior thereby making it a more robust alternative to HLD-NAC. We used 80 phase behavior experiments over a wide range of hydrocarbons and temperatures to validate our approach. The coefficient of determination between the actual experimental data and the predicted model output was found to be above 0.9.
{"title":"An Equation of State to Model Microemulsion Phase Behavior in Presence of Co-Solvents Using Average Solubilization Theory","authors":"Soumyadeep Ghosh, A. Chawathé, Sophany Thach, Harold C. Linnemeyer, E. Tao, V. Dwarakanath, A. Ambastha, G. P. Arachchilage","doi":"10.2118/191530-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191530-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Co-solvents are used with surfactants in modern chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) formulations to avoid formation of viscous microemulsion phases (and reduce costs) in porous media. Modeling the effect of co-solvents on phase behavior is critical to CEOR reservoir simulations. The state-of-the-art is to use HLD (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Difference) with a modified form of NAC (Net Average Curvature) as an Equation of State (EoS) to model microemulsion phase behavior. In this paper, we use an alternative EoS flash algorithm and couple it with an alcohol partitioning model to predict physical phase behavior.\u0000 In this paper, we show that the net curvature equation in NAC is not valid for overall compositions away from typical experimental conditions, specifically in Type I and II systems. Alternatively, we use experimental evidence to correlate the harmonic average of oil and brine solubilization ratios to HLD. We use the average solubilization ratio equation with boundary conditions that allow for microemulsion phase type regions to be well defined, thus making the flash calculations robust. To model the co-solvent effect, we couple the newly developed average solubilization theory (AST) based EoS with the Prouvost-Pope-Rouse model to capture co-solvent partitioning across oil, brine and microemulsion phases. The resulting AST theory allows for a HLD based EoS to predict physical two-phase regions with no discontinuity in phase behavior thereby making it a more robust alternative to HLD-NAC. We used 80 phase behavior experiments over a wide range of hydrocarbons and temperatures to validate our approach. The coefficient of determination between the actual experimental data and the predicted model output was found to be above 0.9.","PeriodicalId":11015,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 24, 2018","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77203298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural fractures are a crucial factor in determining fracture and well spacing in horizontal wells. Their attributes affect the created fracture network and thereby the well producivity and EUR. However, information about the properties of natural fractures is seldom available. In this study, we used a detailed core description from the Hydraulic Fracture Test Site (HFTS), funded by the DOE and an industry consortium, to obtain in-situ natural fracture distribution data. The data was used as input into a hydraulic fracturing simulator to model fracture growth in the presence of natural fractures. The results obtained were then compared with field observations of cores taken from a slant infill well drilled into the hydraulically fractured rock. The core taken from the slant well located adjacent to the hydraulically fractured well is used to characterize the natural fractures (density and orientation). A two-dimensional discrete fracture network (DFN) is generated based on the core description. Nine coring operations are simulated on the created DFN to generate synthetic core descriptions. Attributes (length and density) of natural fractures are calibrated to match the results obtained from simulated coring operations with real core data. Multi-stage hydraulic fracturing simulations are performed using the calibrated DFN, and the results are presented in this paper. The core analysis identified three different types of fractures: hydraulic fractures, intact natural fractures, and natural fractures activated by hydraulic fractures. The density and orientations obtained from the core description provide valuable insights on the complex fracture growth behavior. The number of created fractures (propped and unpropped) far exceeds the number of perforations. This indicates the formation of complex fracture networks likely caused by the interaction of the hydraulic fracture with natural fractures and bed boundaries during propagation. A heel-side bias of fluid and proppant distribution within a stage was also observed. The effect of inter-stage stress shadowing on fracture growth could also be inferred.
{"title":"Formation of Complex Fracture Networks in the Wolfcamp Shale: Calibrating Model Predictions with Core Measurements from the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site","authors":"Kaustubh Shrivastava, Jongsoo Hwang, M. Sharma","doi":"10.2118/191630-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191630-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Natural fractures are a crucial factor in determining fracture and well spacing in horizontal wells. Their attributes affect the created fracture network and thereby the well producivity and EUR. However, information about the properties of natural fractures is seldom available. In this study, we used a detailed core description from the Hydraulic Fracture Test Site (HFTS), funded by the DOE and an industry consortium, to obtain in-situ natural fracture distribution data. The data was used as input into a hydraulic fracturing simulator to model fracture growth in the presence of natural fractures. The results obtained were then compared with field observations of cores taken from a slant infill well drilled into the hydraulically fractured rock.\u0000 The core taken from the slant well located adjacent to the hydraulically fractured well is used to characterize the natural fractures (density and orientation). A two-dimensional discrete fracture network (DFN) is generated based on the core description. Nine coring operations are simulated on the created DFN to generate synthetic core descriptions. Attributes (length and density) of natural fractures are calibrated to match the results obtained from simulated coring operations with real core data. Multi-stage hydraulic fracturing simulations are performed using the calibrated DFN, and the results are presented in this paper.\u0000 The core analysis identified three different types of fractures: hydraulic fractures, intact natural fractures, and natural fractures activated by hydraulic fractures. The density and orientations obtained from the core description provide valuable insights on the complex fracture growth behavior. The number of created fractures (propped and unpropped) far exceeds the number of perforations. This indicates the formation of complex fracture networks likely caused by the interaction of the hydraulic fracture with natural fractures and bed boundaries during propagation. A heel-side bias of fluid and proppant distribution within a stage was also observed. The effect of inter-stage stress shadowing on fracture growth could also be inferred.","PeriodicalId":11015,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 24, 2018","volume":"237 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85678445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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