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Analytical Modelling of Gas Hydrates in Porous Media 多孔介质中天然气水合物的解析建模
Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.4043/31645-ms
H. Rabbani, Muhammad Saad Khan, M. Qureshi, Mohammad Sohel Rahman, T. Seers, B. Lal
A mathematical model is presented to predict the formation of gas hydrates in porous media under various boundary conditions. The new mathematical modeling framework is based on coupling the analytical pore network approach (APNA) and equation proposed by De La Fuente et al. [1]. Further, we also integrate thermodynamic models to capture the phase boundary at which the formation of gas hydrates takes place. The proposed analytical framework is a set of equations that are computationally inexpensive to solve, allowing us to predict the formation of gas hydrates in complex porous media. Complete governing equations are provided, and the method is described in detail to permit readers to replicate all results. To demonstrate the formation of hydrates in porous media, we analyzed the saturation of hydrates in porous media with different properties. Our model shows that the hydrate formation rate is positively related to the porous media's pore size. The hydrates were found to be preferably formed in the porous media composed of relatively larger pores, which could be attributed to the weak capillary forces resisting the formation of hydrates in porous media. The novelty of the new analytical model is the ability to predict the gas hydrates formation in porous media in a reasonable time using standard engineering computers. Furthermore, the model can aid in the estimation of natural gas hydrate reservoirs, which offer the avenue for effective methane recovery from the vast natural gas hydrate reserves in continental margins.
提出了一种预测不同边界条件下多孔介质中天然气水合物形成的数学模型。新的数学建模框架是基于耦合解析孔网络方法(APNA)和De La Fuente等人[1]提出的方程。此外,我们还整合了热力学模型来捕捉天然气水合物形成的相边界。所提出的分析框架是一组计算成本低廉的方程,使我们能够预测复杂多孔介质中天然气水合物的形成。提供了完整的控制方程,并详细描述了该方法,以允许读者复制所有结果。为了证明多孔介质中水合物的形成,我们分析了不同性质多孔介质中水合物的饱和度。我们的模型表明,水合物的形成速率与多孔介质的孔径呈正相关。在孔隙较大的多孔介质中,水合物更容易形成,这可能是由于毛细管力较弱,阻碍了多孔介质中水合物的形成。新分析模型的新颖之处在于,它能够使用标准工程计算机在合理的时间内预测多孔介质中天然气水合物的形成。此外,该模型还可以帮助估算天然气水合物储层,为从大陆边缘巨大的天然气水合物储量中有效开采甲烷提供途径。
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引用次数: 0
Newly-Developed Visualized Reservoir Characterization While Drilling Technology Improves Understanding of Complex Channel Sand, Assists EOR in a Mature Oilfield in Bo Hai Bay 随钻可视化储层表征新技术提高了对渤海湾成熟油田复杂通道砂体的认识,有助于提高采收率
Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.4043/31440-ms
Bin Yang, M. Nie, Hong Shen, Yu Guo Li, Nian Da Xu, Huan Zhang, Cheng De Niu
PLxx oilfield is a mature oilfield which has been developed by horizontal wells for several years with water-injection production style. It features with shallow, complex, high challenging unconsolidated channel sand with lateral property variation due to pinch out, stacking or lamination. The thickness of pay zone changes from couple of to ten more meters which brings much high challenge to reservoir delineation while drilling and horizontal well placement execution. The oilfield locates at a faulted belt of Bo Hai Bay among which some small faults may happen. But it's difficult to be identified because of the low S/N ratio incurs from the shallow gas effect on the seismic data. Moreover, uneven flowing zone units exist within sandstone package due to dynamic reservoir production, uncertainty of lateral sand connections and possible inter-well interventions. As such, this makes the oil-water distribution more complicated and the oil-water contact isn't uniform in the sand package. In order to furtherly understand the complex channel sand, place the wellbore in the favorable sweet spot and enhance the oil recovery, a newly-developed visualized reservoir characterization while drilling integrated technology associated with RSS(rotary steerable system), HSVP(high speed data transmission system), RTC(remote transmission connection through Internet) and OSC(operation support center) was employed to optimize the operation efficiency during a three-wells drilling campaign in this oilfield. This newly-developed reservoir characterization technique is the industry innovative fully 9 components measuring azimuthal Electro-Magnetic propagation tool in one single sub. It provides not only the conventional propagation resistivity but also the geo-signal responses in a very quick, flexible way. In one of the case, the unique "Dual-diagonal orthogonal T-R antenna design" ensures the DOI (depth of investigation) as deep as 6.8meters. The reservoir boundaries such as the top, the bottom or the oil-water contact were distinctly characterized and the horizontal drainage section was precisely navigated within the profitable pay zone. The post-well reservoir characterization result is comparable with the seismic profile and very helpful to understand the dynamic reservoir flowing zone unit. The excellent performance is also reflected in the oil production; the initial oil production was increased from 40 m3/day to 69m3/day which is 75% higher than expected. Minimum 25% of oil recovery will be enhanced as forecast.
PLxx油田是一个经过多年水平井开发的成熟油田,采用注水开采方式。它的特点是浅、复杂、高挑战性的松散河道砂,由于夹出、堆积或层压,其横向性质会发生变化。产层厚度从几米到十几米不等,这给钻井和水平井布置过程中的储层圈定带来了很大的挑战。油田位于渤海湾断裂带,其中可能发生一些小断裂。但由于浅层气体对地震资料的影响导致信噪比较低,难以识别。此外,由于动态油藏生产、横向砂岩连接的不确定性以及可能的井间干预,砂岩包体中存在不均匀流动带单元。因此,这使得油水分布更加复杂,油水在砂包中接触不均匀。为了进一步了解复杂的通道砂层,将井筒置于有利的甜点位置并提高采收率,新开发的随钻可视化油藏描述集成技术与RSS(旋转导向系统)、HSVP(高速数据传输系统)、采用RTC(Internet远程传输连接)和OSC(作业支持中心)技术,优化了该油田三口井钻井作业的作业效率。这项新开发的储层表征技术是业内创新的全9分量方位电磁传播测量工具,它不仅可以提供常规的传播电阻率,还可以非常快速、灵活地提供地质信号响应。在其中一个案例中,独特的“双对角正交T-R天线设计”确保了DOI(调查深度)达到6.8米。对上、下、油水界面等储层边界进行了清晰的识别,并在有利产层内精确定位了水平排水段。井后储层表征结果与地震剖面相当,有助于了解储层动态流动带单元。优异的性能还体现在采油上;最初的产油量从40立方米/天增加到69立方米/天,比预期高出75%。正如预测的那样,原油采收率将至少提高25%。
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引用次数: 0
Noise Logging Application for Well Integrity Evaluation: A Case Study in Peninsular Malaysia 噪声测井在井完整性评价中的应用:以马来西亚半岛为例
Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.4043/31401-ms
L. J. Saw, Hanalim Linda, Tolioe Amelio William
Field-X was first discovered in 1979, comprising of saturated oil reservoirs with several shallower non-associated gas reservoirs. Field-X is currently producing from several oil producers. X8 well was recently drilled, completed, and produce from A and B reservoirs. However, 5 months later, the oil rate has been reduced by half with gas oil ratio (GOR) increased up to 5 times. Consequently, the well had to be shut-in due to reservoir management plan (RMP) violation. X9 well was drilled and completed, but 5 years later the well started experiencing the sustained production casing pressure (PCP) and was forced to shut-in in the following year with the locked-in potential of both A and B reservoirs. To diagnose the root cause of high GOR (HGOR) in X8 well and sustained PCP in X9 well, the Spectral Noise Log (SNL) was deployed. The main advantage of utilizing SNL is its capability of detecting fluid movement behind tubing and casing. High differential pressure creates lots of fluid movement, which generates higher noise amplitude. Meanwhile, smaller pores or leaks generate higher frequency noise that can be easily picked up by SNL. SNL tool was run in flowing condition for X8 well and the results indicated the HGOR zones were mainly contributed by the shallower B05 sand which was flowing through the leaked 4-1/2″ liner packer. Temperature deflections also indicated that the liner packer seal was leaking and B05 reservoir was contributing to the production. The liner packer leak and B05 reservoir flow would not have been detected by conventional production logging tools as the flow was happening beyond the tubing and casing. For X9 well, SNL was run in the wellbore whilst pumping water via annulus, through the leaks and flowing back up the tubing. Three tubing leaks were successfully detected from the SNL run, whereas previous conventional noise log only managed to detect 2 leaks. It is possible that the third small leak was very small, hence the conventional tool was unable to detect it. X8 well successfully back online with 8.4% rate increase than last production with GOR reduced back to initial GOR and X9 well successfully back online as per last production rate. The liner packers which are not permanent barriers for reservoir isolation and allocation can be validated, moreover, verifying that tubing leakage is mainly contributed by tubing joints, which can be used as the main input in tubing materials selection in the future. Well integrity issues can cause significant loss of production, oil spill or worst case, even loss of lives. Proper selection in data acquisition tools helps to accurately diagnose well integrity issues that can be swiftly addressed. In the low oil price environment, skimming down on data acquisition costs may not uncover the true underlying well issues or reservoir issues, but might jeopardize future projects to be undertaken in years to come.
x油田于1979年首次被发现,包括饱和油藏和几个浅层非伴生气藏。Field-X目前正在与几家石油生产商合作。X8井最近在A和B储层钻完井并开始生产。然而,5个月后,出油率降低了一半,气油比(GOR)提高了5倍。因此,由于违反了油藏管理计划(RMP),该井不得不关井。X9井已经钻完井,但5年后,该井开始出现持续的生产套管压力(PCP),并在第二年被迫关闭,A和B储层都具有锁定潜力。为了诊断X8井高GOR (HGOR)和X9井持续PCP的根本原因,使用了频谱噪声测井(SNL)。利用SNL的主要优点是能够检测油管和套管后面的流体运动。高压差造成大量流体运动,产生较大的噪声幅值。同时,较小的孔隙或泄漏会产生更高频率的噪声,这些噪声很容易被SNL拾取。在X8井的流动状态下下入SNL工具,结果表明,HGOR层主要是由流过泄漏的4-1/2″尾管封隔器的浅层B05砂造成的。温度偏差也表明尾管封隔器密封泄漏,B05储层影响了产量。常规的生产测井工具无法检测到尾管封隔器泄漏和B05油藏流动,因为流动发生在油管和套管之外。对于X9井,SNL在井筒中下入,同时将水通过环空泵入,穿过泄漏并沿油管回流。SNL下入成功检测到3处油管泄漏,而之前的常规噪声测井只能检测到2处泄漏。有可能第三个小泄漏非常小,因此常规工具无法检测到它。X8井成功恢复生产,产量比上次增加8.4%,GOR降至初始GOR, X9井按上次产量成功恢复生产。验证了尾管封隔器不是油藏隔离和配置的永久屏障,验证了油管泄漏主要是由油管接头造成的,这可以作为今后油管材料选择的主要依据。油井完整性问题可能会造成重大的生产损失、石油泄漏,甚至在最坏的情况下,造成人员伤亡。正确选择数据采集工具有助于准确诊断井的完整性问题,并迅速解决问题。在低油价环境下,降低数据采集成本可能无法发现真正潜在的井或油藏问题,但可能会危及未来几年的项目。
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引用次数: 0
Verticalized Sonic Measurements in Deviated Wellbore for Accurate Velocity Modelling and Seismic Well Tie in Offshore Malaysia 马来西亚海上斜井中垂直声波测量的精确速度建模和地震井连接
Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.4043/31641-ms
Elijah Lip Heng How, A. Donald, P. Bettinelli, P. Chongrueanglap, Woi Loon Hooi, Anniza Ai Mei Soh
Vertical seismic profile (VSP) or checkshot surveys are useful measurements to obtain accurate time-depth pairs for time-depth conversion in seismic exploration. However, in deviated wells, the standard geometry correction for rig-source VSPs will not provide reliable time-depth profiles because of ray bending, anisotropy, and lateral velocity variation effects. The accuracy of the time-depth profile can be improved by using model-based correction or vertical incidence VSP simulation with transversely isotropic (TI) data from an advanced sonic measurement. Elastic anisotropy parameters derived from sonic combined with VSP time-depth information are shown to accurately place a deviated wellbore within the reservoir to improve the drainage and productivity of a reservoir in offshore Malaysia. For rig-source VSP in a deviated well, the source-receiver travel path is not a vertical straight line, but an oblique, refracted path. The seismic waves from the source travel along straight paths within a layer of constant velocity. On entering another layer, they undergo refraction and the direction of travel changes. The pseudo-vertical incidence VSP is simulated with a velocity model to accurately calculate the vertical traveltime. This deviated well passes through various layers of overburden before reaching the target reservoirs. Observations from the dipole shear anisotropy, formation dip, and using dispersion analysis, indicate that these shales can be considered transversely isotropic with a vertical axis of symmetry. A single well probabilistic inversion was used to solve for the five anisotropic constants by combining the sonic measurements and prior elastic anisotropy relationships. This advanced model-based correction was the optimal solution to improve the accuracy of checkshot time-depth velocity data in combination with the anisotropic velocity model. Isotropic model-based correction showed a 6-ms time difference compared with standard VSP geometry correction. However, the sonic data in the overburden formations showed a significant amount of layering that gave rise to significant uncertainty in the existing velocity model and thus the position of the top reservoir. The anisotropic parameters were determined at sonic scale for the shale directly overlaying the reservoir. The upscaled anisotropic velocity model showed that an 18-ms time difference with standard VSP geometry correction changed the depth of the reservoir up to 45 m. The new model now placed the reservoir at the correct position and can be used with more confidence for development purposes.
在地震勘探中,垂直地震剖面(VSP)或方格测量是获得精确时深对进行时深转换的有效方法。然而,在斜井中,由于射线弯曲、各向异性和横向速度变化的影响,钻机源vsp的标准几何校正不能提供可靠的时间-深度剖面。利用基于模型的校正或利用先进声波测量的横向各向同性(TI)数据进行垂直入射VSP模拟,可以提高时间-深度剖面的精度。根据声波和VSP时间-深度信息得出的弹性各向异性参数可以准确定位储层内的斜井,从而改善马来西亚近海油藏的排水和产能。对于斜井中的钻机源VSP,源-接收器的行程路径不是垂直的直线,而是倾斜的折射路径。震源发出的地震波在等速层内沿直线传播。在进入另一层时,它们发生折射,运动方向发生改变。利用速度模型对拟垂直入射VSP进行了模拟,以准确计算垂直走时。这口斜井在到达目标储层之前要穿过不同的覆盖层。从偶极剪切各向异性、地层倾角和色散分析的观察结果表明,这些页岩可以被认为具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性。利用单井概率反演方法,结合声波测量和先验弹性各向异性关系,求解了5个各向异性常数。这种先进的基于模型的校正方法是结合各向异性速度模型提高检射时间-深度速度数据精度的最佳方案。与标准VSP几何校正相比,基于各向同性模型的校正时间相差6 ms。然而,上覆地层的声波数据显示了大量的分层,这给现有的速度模型带来了很大的不确定性,从而导致了顶部储层的位置。在声波尺度上确定了直接上覆储层的页岩各向异性参数。升级后的各向异性速度模型表明,在标准VSP几何校正下,18 ms的时差可使储层深度改变45 m。新模型现在将储层定位在正确的位置,可以更有信心地用于开发目的。
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引用次数: 0
Fish Anchor Testing in the Swan River 天鹅河鱼锚测试
Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.4043/31423-ms
M. Hossain, Youngho Kim
OTC-28901-MS proposed the novel dynamically installed "fish" anchor in 2018, adopting a geometry taken from nature, for potential economic and safer tethering of floating facilities in deep water. Every cross section of the fish anchor shaft is elliptical, leading to very low drag resistance during free fall through the water column, and also low resistance in penetrating the seabed sediments. The padeye is fitted on the widest part of the shaft to mobilise the maximum resistance area under operational loading. The fish anchor embedment depth during dynamic installation, and capacity under both monotonic and cyclic operational loading in calcareous silt were assessed through centrifuge model tests and large deformation finite element analyses. During dynamic installation, the normalised tip embedment depth of the fish anchor was typically three times that for the torpedo anchors and 50% greater than that for the OMNI-Max anchors. Under operational loading, the fish anchor dove deeper, reaching penetrations 20 to 60% greater than achieved during installation. By contrast the torpedo anchors (for all mooring mudline inclinations) and the OMNI-Max anchors (apart from a single test with mooring mudline inclination of 0°) pulled out directly without diving, reflecting insufficient free-fall penetration in calcareous soil. This paper provides a follow up reporting the performance of the fish anchor through field tests in the Swan River, Perth. A 1/15th scale model fish anchor was fabricated with dry weight being 0.304 kN. The anchor was tested at five different locations. At two shallow water locations (water depths 1.1 and 1.9 m, respectively), the tests were performed from the Burswood and Maylands jetty. At relatively deeper water depths of 2.91∼4.73 m, the tests were performed from a barge. The riverbed soils consisted of clay, silty clay, silt and sandy silt. The impact velocities were 5.9∼11.7 m/s. The normalised tip embedment depths were even greater compared to those achieved from centrifuge tests in calcareous silt. Under operational monotonic loadings, the fish anchor dove, as opposed to pull out of the riverbed, for mooring angles ≤ 37∼47°. Interestingly, in contrast to non-diving torpedo and suction caisson anchors, the diving fish anchor resulted non-elliptical failure envelopes, which have been expressed mathematically. The ultimate capacity was 3.5∼15 times the weight of the anchor submerged in water for taught and catenary moorings.
OTC-28901-MS于2018年提出了新型动态安装的“鱼”锚,采用取自大自然的几何形状,用于深水浮式设施的潜在经济和更安全的系绳。鱼锚轴的每个横截面都是椭圆形的,因此在自由落体通过水柱时阻力很小,在穿透海底沉积物时阻力也很小。挡板安装在轴的最宽部分,以在操作负载下调动最大阻力区域。通过离心模型试验和大变形有限元分析,评估了钙质淤泥中动态安装时的鱼锚嵌入深度以及单调和循环运行荷载下的承载力。在动态安装过程中,鱼锚的归一化尖端嵌入深度通常是鱼雷锚的三倍,比OMNI-Max锚大50%。在工作载荷下,鱼锚潜得更深,穿透深度比安装时提高了20%至60%。相比之下,鱼雷锚(所有系泊泥线倾角)和OMNI-Max锚(除系泊泥线倾角为0°的单一试验外)直接拉出而没有潜水,反映出在钙质土壤中自由落体穿透能力不足。本文通过对珀斯斯旺河的现场试验,对鱼锚的性能进行了跟踪报道。制作1/15比例鱼锚模型,干重0.304 kN。锚在五个不同的地点进行了测试。在两个浅水区(水深分别为1.1米和1.9米),测试在Burswood和Maylands码头进行。在相对较深的水深(2.91 ~ 4.73 m),从驳船上进行了试验。河床土主要由粘土、粉质粘土、粉砂质粉土和砂质粉土组成。撞击速度为5.9 ~ 11.7 m/s。与在钙质淤泥中进行离心试验获得的结果相比,归一化尖端嵌入深度甚至更大。在操作单调负荷下,鱼锚俯冲,而不是拉出河床,为系泊角度≤37 ~ 47°。有趣的是,与非潜水型鱼雷和吸力沉箱锚相比,潜水型鱼锚的失效包膜是非椭圆的,并已用数学方法表示。用于教学系泊和悬链系泊的最大承载能力是水下锚重量的3.5 ~ 15倍。
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引用次数: 0
Remote Operations and Digital Transformation: A Solution for Business Continuity During Covid-19 Pandemic 远程操作和数字化转型:Covid-19大流行期间业务连续性的解决方案
Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.4043/31336-ms
Tossapol Tongkum, Khamawat Siritheerasas, Feras Abu Jafar, Chulakorn Yosakrai, A. Abbasgholipour
Mubadala Petroleum conducts a fast-paced drilling program in the Gulf of Thailand, where rapid response resolutions are often required. This paper demonstrates the Remote Operation (RO) approach, which is an integrated approach comprised of people, software, network, and technology to transform operations, and moves analytical activities to safer office-based environments (Figure 1). The approach provides a high level of performance, leveraging global domain expertise, real-time collaboration, data visualization techniques, and intelligent planning within the restrictive context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Figure 1 Remote Operation relevant function RO is the ability to operate a system at a distance. This is an adopted innovation and technology in the oil and gas industry, which is a completely new way of working. The principal concept for introducing the RO approach was to reduce the Personnel on Board (POB) and the HSE exposure, which was particularly relevant during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The approach relied on leading-edge digital technology, as the RO was required to handle real-time directional drilling (DD), measurements, and logging while drilling (MLWD). During the implementation, the crew was trained in multi-skilling related to the DD/MLWD function, while working with the necessity of digital technology. Digital transformation is emerging as a driver of sweeping change in the world around us. Today, the Oil and Gas industry has redefined its boundaries through automation and digitalization. The potential benefits of going digital are clear, including increased productivity, safer operations, and significant cost savings. This exercise, it allowed us to reduce the POB on-site by 40% while maintaining both drilling efficiency and service quality. The drilling data can be monitored in real-time. The Remote Operation Center (ROC) has the capacity to execution and montor directional drilling, formation evaluation, programming, and dumping data from various tools. An experienced crew were assigned to the RO team ensuring competencies and familiarity with drilling operation in specific field characterization. This transformation supported our business continuity objectives by reducing the number of people traveling offshore during the COVID-19 pandemic while allowing us to achieve all our drilling performance objectives. In this new environment, following the turmoil of pandemics, this exercise indicates an opportunity to make fundamental improvements to the way business is conducted using the Remote Operations approach. RO takes a significant step towards the future for highly traditional industry. Preparing the industry toward the future may prove to be the most important outcome of the application of RO during the COVID-19 pandemic. The application of RO during the COVID pandemic has confirmed the possibility of more permanent improvements and increased resilience against future pandemics and other challenging events,
Mubadala石油公司在泰国湾进行了一个快节奏的钻井项目,在那里经常需要快速的响应决议。本文展示了远程操作(RO)方法,该方法是一种由人员、软件、网络和技术组成的集成方法,用于转变运营,并将分析活动转移到更安全的基于办公室的环境中(图1)。该方法提供了高水平的性能,利用全球领域专业知识、实时协作、数据可视化技术以及在COVID-19大流行的限制性背景下的智能规划。图1远程操作相关功能RO是指远程操作系统的能力。这是油气行业采用的一项创新技术,是一种全新的工作方式。引入RO方法的主要概念是减少船上人员(POB)和HSE风险,这在COVID-19大流行爆发期间尤为重要。该方法依赖于先进的数字技术,因为RO需要处理实时定向钻井(DD)、测量和随钻测井(MLWD)。在实施过程中,工作人员接受了与DD/MLWD功能相关的多技能培训,同时需要使用数字技术。数字化转型正在成为我们周围世界彻底变革的驱动力。如今,油气行业通过自动化和数字化重新定义了自己的界限。数字化的潜在好处是显而易见的,包括提高生产率、更安全的操作和显著的成本节约。通过这项作业,我们在保持钻井效率和服务质量的同时,将现场POB降低了40%。可以实时监测钻井数据。远程操作中心(ROC)具有执行和监控定向钻井、地层评估、规划和从各种工具转储数据的能力。一个经验丰富的工作人员被分配到RO团队,以确保在特定领域的钻井作业能力和熟悉度。这一转变通过减少COVID-19大流行期间的海上人员数量来支持我们的业务连续性目标,同时使我们能够实现所有钻井性能目标。在这种新环境中,在大流行病动荡之后,这项工作表明有机会从根本上改进利用远程操作方法开展业务的方式。RO为高度传统的行业的未来迈出了重要的一步。为行业的未来做好准备可能是在COVID-19大流行期间应用RO的最重要成果。在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,RO的应用证实了更持久的改善和增强抵御未来大流行和其他具有挑战性事件的能力的可能性,以及在正常时期更有效的新工作方式。
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引用次数: 1
Pilot Test of Deep Profile Controlling and Sweep Improvement Based on Plugging Agent Location Optimization in Offshore Oilfield 基于堵剂位置优化的海上油田深部调剖及波及改进中试
Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.4043/31519-ms
Hongfu Shi, Kuiqian Ma, Cunliang Chen, Fei Shi, Xiaodong Han
After the reservoir enters the medium-high water-cut period, due to the heterogeneity of the reservoir, the difference of fluid mobility, and the difference in injection and production, large water flow channels are gradually formed in the formation, which result in fixed streamline in the formation, and the inefficient or ineffective water circulation. Ineffective injection water circulation severely inhibits water flooding effect. Conventional tapping measures can’t change the problem of ineffective water circulation. However, the profile control technology changes the flow direction of subsequent injected water by plugging the high permeability layer or large pores, improving the water injection profile, and increasing the formation water retention rate, so as to expand the swept volume. Therefore, profile controlling technology has always been an important method water control and oil stabilization technologies for the reservoirs with thief zones. The success or failure of profile control measures depends to a large extent on thief zones identification and its description, sensitivity analysis of plugging agent performance, scientific and reasonable profile control decision-making and optimization, in addition to selection of candidate wells, optimization of construction parameters, effect prediction and effect evaluation.
储层进入中高含水期后,由于储层的非均质性、流体流动性的差异以及注采的差异,在地层中逐渐形成较大的水流通道,导致地层流线固定,水循环效率低下或无效。注水循环不良严重抑制了水驱效果。常规的抽水措施无法改变水循环不畅的问题。而调剖技术通过封堵高渗层或大孔隙,改善注水剖面,提高地层保水率,改变后续注入水的流动方向,从而扩大波及体积。因此,调剖技术一直是含贼层油藏的重要治水稳油技术。除候选井的选择、施工参数的优化、效果预测和效果评价外,调剖措施的成败在很大程度上取决于贼层的识别和描述、堵剂性能的敏感性分析、科学合理的调剖决策和优化。
{"title":"Pilot Test of Deep Profile Controlling and Sweep Improvement Based on Plugging Agent Location Optimization in Offshore Oilfield","authors":"Hongfu Shi, Kuiqian Ma, Cunliang Chen, Fei Shi, Xiaodong Han","doi":"10.4043/31519-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31519-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 After the reservoir enters the medium-high water-cut period, due to the heterogeneity of the reservoir, the difference of fluid mobility, and the difference in injection and production, large water flow channels are gradually formed in the formation, which result in fixed streamline in the formation, and the inefficient or ineffective water circulation. Ineffective injection water circulation severely inhibits water flooding effect. Conventional tapping measures can’t change the problem of ineffective water circulation. However, the profile control technology changes the flow direction of subsequent injected water by plugging the high permeability layer or large pores, improving the water injection profile, and increasing the formation water retention rate, so as to expand the swept volume. Therefore, profile controlling technology has always been an important method water control and oil stabilization technologies for the reservoirs with thief zones.\u0000 The success or failure of profile control measures depends to a large extent on thief zones identification and its description, sensitivity analysis of plugging agent performance, scientific and reasonable profile control decision-making and optimization, in addition to selection of candidate wells, optimization of construction parameters, effect prediction and effect evaluation.","PeriodicalId":11081,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 23, 2022","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83785883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Weathering Uncertainties in Oil & Gas: Challenges and Design Optimization of High Contaminant Gas Field 油气风化的不确定性:高污染气田的挑战与设计优化
Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.4043/31379-ms
Norlela Mustaffa, Rohaizad M Norpiah, Dyg Amalina Azzyati Awang Bakar, Qurratuaini M Nazori, Muliadi Agus
Typically, for a high volume, low condensate-gas ratio offshore gas production field having high content of carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), mercury and solid particulates having to meet Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) inlet specification would require an enormous facility exceeding the largest available floatover vessel capacity. Aside from an enormous and complex processing facility, it would also require a large emergency disposal system and sour service pipeline material to cater for start-up and process excursion scenarios. In order to obtain a commercially attractive solution while meeting technical integrity and designing for operational excellence in mind, several innovative design approaches were implemented. The scope of this paper will cover major optimization implemented at gas treatment system, emergency blowdown system, export gas pipeline, and venting system at receiving platform.
通常,对于体积大、凝析气比低的海上油气田,由于二氧化碳(CO2)、硫化氢(H2S)、汞和固体颗粒含量高,必须满足液化天然气(LNG)进口规范,这将需要一个超过最大可用浮式船容量的巨大设施。除了庞大而复杂的处理设施外,还需要一个大型应急处置系统和酸液服务管道材料,以满足启动和过程偏移的需求。为了获得商业上有吸引力的解决方案,同时满足技术完整性和卓越运营的设计,实施了几种创新的设计方法。本文主要对燃气处理系统、应急排污系统、输气管道、接收平台排气系统进行优化。
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引用次数: 1
Predictive Modelling of Carbon Dioxide Injectivity Using SVR-Hybrid 基于SVR-Hybrid的二氧化碳注入率预测模型
Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.4043/31472-ms
Mutia Kharunisa Mardhatillah, M. A. Md Yusof, A. Sa'id, Iqmal Irsyad Mohammad Fuad, Yen Adams Sokama- Neuyam, Nur Asyraf Md Akhir
Southeast Asia is increasingly gaining attention as a promising geological site for permanent CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers. During CO2 injection into saline reservoirs, the reaction between injected CO2, the resident formation brine, and the reservoir rock could cause injectivity change due to salt precipitation, mineral dissolution, and fine particles migration. The underlying mechanisms have been extensively studied, both experimentally and numerically and the governing parameters have been identified and studied. However, the current models that have been widely adopted to investigate reactive transport and its impact on CO2 injectivity have fundamental limitations when applied to solve small, high dimensional, and non-linear data. The objective of this study is to develop efficient and robust predictive models using support vector regression (SVR) integrated with hyperparameter tuning optimization algorithms, including genetic algorithm (GA). To develop the model, 44 datasets are used to predict the CO2 injectivity change with its influencing variables such as brine salinity, injection flow rate, particle size, and particle concentration. The performance for each model is analyzed and compared with previous models by determination of coefficient (R2), adjusted determination of coefficient (R¯2), average absolute percentage error (AAPE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The model with the highest R2 is selected as the predictive model for CO2 injectivity impairment during CO2 sequestration in a saline aquifer. The results revealed that both SVR and GA-SVR are able to capture the precise correlation between measured and predicted data. However, the GA-SVR model slightly outperformed the SVR model by a higher R2 value of 0.9923 compared to SVR with R2 value of 0.9918. Based on SHAP value analysis, brine salinity had the highest impact on CO2 injectivity change, followed by injection flow rate, particle concentration, and jamming ratio. It was also found that hybridization of genetic algorithm with support vector regression does improve the model performance contrary to single algorithm and contributes to the determination of the most impactful factors that induce CO2 injectivity change. The proposed model can be upscaled and integrated into field-scale models to improve the optimization of CO2 injectivity in deep saline reservoirs.
东南亚作为一个有希望永久封存深层含盐含水层二氧化碳的地质地点正日益受到关注。在向含盐储层注入二氧化碳的过程中,注入的二氧化碳与常驻地层卤水和储层岩石之间的反应会引起盐沉淀、矿物溶解和细颗粒运移等引起注入能力的变化。潜在的机制已经得到了广泛的研究,包括实验和数值,并确定和研究了控制参数。然而,目前被广泛用于研究反应输运及其对CO2注入的影响的模型在用于解决小、高维和非线性数据时存在根本性的局限性。本研究的目的是利用支持向量回归(SVR)与包括遗传算法(GA)在内的超参数调谐优化算法相结合,建立高效、鲁棒的预测模型。为了建立该模型,利用44个数据集预测了CO2注入率的变化及其影响变量,如盐水盐度、注入流量、粒径和颗粒浓度。通过系数确定(R2)、调整系数确定(R¯2)、平均绝对百分比误差(AAPE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)对每个模型的性能进行分析,并与之前的模型进行比较。选择R2最高的模型作为盐层CO2固存过程中CO2注入能力损害的预测模型。结果表明,SVR和GA-SVR都能准确地捕捉到实测数据与预测数据之间的相关性。然而,GA-SVR模型的R2值为0.9923,略优于SVR模型,其R2值为0.9918。基于SHAP值分析,盐水盐度对CO2注入能力变化的影响最大,其次是注入流量、颗粒浓度和堵塞比。研究还发现,与单一算法相比,遗传算法与支持向量回归的杂交确实提高了模型的性能,并有助于确定引起CO2注入率变化的最具影响因素。该模型可扩展并集成到油田模型中,以改善深层含盐油藏CO2注入能力的优化。
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引用次数: 1
Performance Evaluation of W Shape Dynamic Inter-Array Cable Configuration for Floating Offshore Wind Turbine 海上浮式风力机W型动态间阵电缆结构性能评价
Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.4043/31344-ms
L. Shi, Wanzhe Yang, Kai Chen, Guojun Yu, Canwei Jin, Lingxiao Ni, B. Jing, Zhendi Hu
Floating wind farms has been a global trend in utilizing offshore wind resources. With the development of floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT), dynamic inter-array cable would be required to connect between floating structures. W shape is a kind of dynamic cable configuration that shape the cable floating in midwater and connect between floating platforms. This paper tends to look into W shape dynamic cable configuration performance in extreme environmental conditions. The sensitivity of buoyancy and cable length is evaluated, which provides information for future development of such kind of configuration.
浮动风电场是利用海上风力资源的全球趋势。随着浮式海上风力发电机组的发展,需要采用动态阵间电缆进行浮式结构间的连接。W型是一种动态电缆结构,它使浮在水中的电缆形成形状,并在浮平台之间连接。本文旨在研究W型动态电缆在极端环境条件下的结构性能。评价了浮力和索长的敏感性,为今后该类结构的发展提供了参考。
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引用次数: 1
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