Barbara Little é uma prolífica autora de publicações na área da Arqueologia Histórica, mais recentemente destacando temas da Arqueologia Pública, com interesse especial na gestão do patrimônio. Professora adjunta no Departamento de Antropologia da Universidade de Maryland, desempenhou também papel importante em decisões acerca da legislação federal norte-americana de proteção ao patrimônio arqueológico. O livro aqui resenhado, publicado em 2007 e premiado no ano seguinte pela Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, apresenta uma importante contribuição ao estudo do passado devido não só à reflexão de cunho mais teórico desenvolvida pela autora, mas também aos exemplos por ela selecionados na forma de estudos de caso, com seus problemas pontuais e eventuais soluções. A narrativa foi dividida em quatro macrosseções, a saber: Quais são as nossas ambições?; Com o que nos importamos?; Um levantamento panorâmico da Arqueologia Histórica; e Arqueologia Histórica como erudição pública. A escolha pelo uso da primeira pessoa do plural nos questionamentos que guiam o texto se deve ao direcionamento claro de suas palavras ao grupo formado pelos arqueólogos, principalmente aqueles preocupados com o período dito “histórico”, mas acredito que a leitura se mostre instigante a qualquer estudioso que tome o passado como objeto construído no presente.
{"title":"WHY THE PAST MATTERS","authors":"Martha Helena Loeblein Becker Morales","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv173f318.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv173f318.13","url":null,"abstract":"Barbara Little é uma prolífica autora de publicações na área da Arqueologia Histórica, mais recentemente destacando temas da Arqueologia Pública, com interesse especial na gestão do patrimônio. Professora adjunta no Departamento de Antropologia da Universidade de Maryland, desempenhou também papel importante em decisões acerca da legislação federal norte-americana de proteção ao patrimônio arqueológico. O livro aqui resenhado, publicado em 2007 e premiado no ano seguinte pela Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, apresenta uma importante contribuição ao estudo do passado devido não só à reflexão de cunho mais teórico desenvolvida pela autora, mas também aos exemplos por ela selecionados na forma de estudos de caso, com seus problemas pontuais e eventuais soluções. A narrativa foi dividida em quatro macrosseções, a saber: Quais são as nossas ambições?; Com o que nos importamos?; Um levantamento panorâmico da Arqueologia Histórica; e Arqueologia Histórica como erudição pública. A escolha pelo uso da primeira pessoa do plural nos questionamentos que guiam o texto se deve ao direcionamento claro de suas palavras ao grupo formado pelos arqueólogos, principalmente aqueles preocupados com o período dito “histórico”, mas acredito que a leitura se mostre instigante a qualquer estudioso que tome o passado como objeto construído no presente.","PeriodicalId":11118,"journal":{"name":"Desert","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42797585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DESERT AND VIRTUE","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv173f318.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv173f318.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11118,"journal":{"name":"Desert","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48431834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DESERT AND MERIT","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv173f318.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv173f318.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11118,"journal":{"name":"Desert","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49373987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DESERT AND THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SELF","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv173f318.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv173f318.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11118,"journal":{"name":"Desert","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45900884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78159
S. Zarekia, M. Akbarzadeh, A. Jamali
Forage production of rangelands differs during different times of grazing season and in the same month of different years. In range management projects, grazing capacity calculated once during the grazing season, which coincides with the maximum production of rangeland species. This may cause more livestock entry into the rangeland during the grazing season, leading to more degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to measure forage production during the months of grazing season over a few years, based on which the long-term grazing capacity of key range species could be estimated. Production variations of the key species, namely Artemisia sieberi, Salsola laricina, and Stipa hohenackeriana were investigated in Khoshkerood-e-Saveh site in growth and grazing season over the course of three years. For this purpose, the production of each species measured in a one-hectare exclosure with one month intervals until the growth dormancy. After air-drying, forage production was analyzed by SAS software. Based on the results, due to the high variability of monthly and annual precipitation in the region, forage production of key range species had significant differences at P ≤5% level. The maximum and minimum mean production (543 and 388 kg/ha) belonged to 2009 and 2008, respectively. According to the production fluctuation in different years, it is recommended that range management plans account for the long-term average of good production.
{"title":"Monthly variation of production of key range species in central arid rangeland, case study: Saveh-Markazi Province, Iran.","authors":"S. Zarekia, M. Akbarzadeh, A. Jamali","doi":"10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78159","url":null,"abstract":"Forage production of rangelands differs during different times of grazing season and in the same month of different years. In range management projects, grazing capacity calculated once during the grazing season, which coincides with the maximum production of rangeland species. This may cause more livestock entry into the rangeland during the grazing season, leading to more degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to measure forage production during the months of grazing season over a few years, based on which the long-term grazing capacity of key range species could be estimated. Production variations of the key species, namely Artemisia sieberi, Salsola laricina, and Stipa hohenackeriana were investigated in Khoshkerood-e-Saveh site in growth and grazing season over the course of three years. For this purpose, the production of each species measured in a one-hectare exclosure with one month intervals until the growth dormancy. After air-drying, forage production was analyzed by SAS software. Based on the results, due to the high variability of monthly and annual precipitation in the region, forage production of key range species had significant differences at P ≤5% level. The maximum and minimum mean production (543 and 388 kg/ha) belonged to 2009 and 2008, respectively. According to the production fluctuation in different years, it is recommended that range management plans account for the long-term average of good production.","PeriodicalId":11118,"journal":{"name":"Desert","volume":"25 1","pages":"7-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45154172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78165
M. Pourkhosravini, A. Mehrabi, Z. Amirjahanshahi
Communication and transportation networks are among the most important infrastructures critically involved in the development of different countries. The structural and tectonic position of Iran causes significant damage to its communication networks every year. Therefore, it is essential to adopt an integrated and flexible approach for assessing seismic risk in terms of available indicators. The differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (DInSAR) technique is among the most effective and suitable techniques for monitoring land surface change. Therefore, this research aimed to estimate the displacement rate caused by the activity of fault lines over the railway tunnels in Hormozgan. The results revealed that the displacement rate was higher in parts with a higher fault density and intersection. Specifically, the amount of displacement due to tectonic activity in the studied area was estimated between 1.2 and 2.7 cm per year. Accordingly, the railway tunnels of Hormozgan are at risk of destruction over time.
{"title":"Monitoring tectonic activity in tunnel walls with radar interferometry: a case study of tunnels of Hormozgan Province, Iran","authors":"M. Pourkhosravini, A. Mehrabi, Z. Amirjahanshahi","doi":"10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78165","url":null,"abstract":"Communication and transportation networks are among the most important infrastructures critically involved in the development of different countries. The structural and tectonic position of Iran causes significant damage to its communication networks every year. Therefore, it is essential to adopt an integrated and flexible approach for assessing seismic risk in terms of available indicators. The differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (DInSAR) technique is among the most effective and suitable techniques for monitoring land surface change. Therefore, this research aimed to estimate the displacement rate caused by the activity of fault lines over the railway tunnels in Hormozgan. The results revealed that the displacement rate was higher in parts with a higher fault density and intersection. Specifically, the amount of displacement due to tectonic activity in the studied area was estimated between 1.2 and 2.7 cm per year. Accordingly, the railway tunnels of Hormozgan are at risk of destruction over time.","PeriodicalId":11118,"journal":{"name":"Desert","volume":"25 1","pages":"53-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48383315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78169
N. Hamzehpour, M. Rahmati, B. Roohzad
Indirect measurement of soil electrical conductivity (EC) has become a major data source in spatial/temporal monitoring of soil salinity. However, in many cases, the weak correlation between direct and indirect measurement of EC has reduced the accuracy and performance of the predicted maps. The objective of this research was to estimate soil EC based on a general linear model via using several soil properties. Through calibration equations, the error involved in such model-based data was calculated and employed in mapping soil EC using kriging with measurement errors (KME) method. The results were then compared with those of ordinary kriging (OK) and co-kriging (CK). Soil samples were taken from the depth of 0-20 cm in 78 points with spatial intervals of 500 m from an area of 40 km2, and they were analyzed for their electrical conductivity (EC) and certain other soil properties. Measured soil EC data (hard data) and auxiliary soil data were further used to develop the semi-variance and cross-semi-variance functions; moreover, soil salinity prediction was done on a grid of 100 m with OK and CK methods. Afterwards, the most optimal EC estimation model was developed using auxiliary soil data and GLM. As predicted values always involve uncertainty, the error involved with the predicted values was calculated and then the calibration equations were adjusted. Lastly, soil salinity was predicted using KME method. Results showed that the OK method had the lowest MSE and RMSE values, 0.65 and 0.8 dS m-1, respectively. Furthermore, among the auxiliary data, pH and silt content resulted in some of the best cross-semi-variance functions, among which, silt had a better performance regarding the spatial prediction of soil EC. The GLM model developed with the calculated error and KME resulted in predictions close to those of OK method (with MSE and RMSE of 0.74 and 0.86 dS m-1, respectively). KME method provided the possibility of merging error resulting from the use of soft data, derived from prediction equations; therefore, it successfully improved the spatial prediction of soil electrical conductivity
{"title":"Spatial prediction of soil electrical conductivity using soil axillary data, soft data derived from general linear model and error measurement.","authors":"N. Hamzehpour, M. Rahmati, B. Roohzad","doi":"10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78169","url":null,"abstract":"Indirect measurement of soil electrical conductivity (EC) has become a major data source in spatial/temporal monitoring of soil salinity. However, in many cases, the weak correlation between direct and indirect measurement of EC has reduced the accuracy and performance of the predicted maps. The objective of this research was to estimate soil EC based on a general linear model via using several soil properties. Through calibration equations, the error involved in such model-based data was calculated and employed in mapping soil EC using kriging with measurement errors (KME) method. The results were then compared with those of ordinary kriging (OK) and co-kriging (CK). Soil samples were taken from the depth of 0-20 cm in 78 points with spatial intervals of 500 m from an area of 40 km2, and they were analyzed for their electrical conductivity (EC) and certain other soil properties. Measured soil EC data (hard data) and auxiliary soil data were further used to develop the semi-variance and cross-semi-variance functions; moreover, soil salinity prediction was done on a grid of 100 m with OK and CK methods. Afterwards, the most optimal EC estimation model was developed using auxiliary soil data and GLM. As predicted values always involve uncertainty, the error involved with the predicted values was calculated and then the calibration equations were adjusted. Lastly, soil salinity was predicted using KME method. Results showed that the OK method had the lowest MSE and RMSE values, 0.65 and 0.8 dS m-1, respectively. Furthermore, among the auxiliary data, pH and silt content resulted in some of the best cross-semi-variance functions, among which, silt had a better performance regarding the spatial prediction of soil EC. The GLM model developed with the calculated error and KME resulted in predictions close to those of OK method (with MSE and RMSE of 0.74 and 0.86 dS m-1, respectively). KME method provided the possibility of merging error resulting from the use of soft data, derived from prediction equations; therefore, it successfully improved the spatial prediction of soil electrical conductivity","PeriodicalId":11118,"journal":{"name":"Desert","volume":"25 1","pages":"87-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44639567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78172
S. Y. Khanghah, H. Azarnivand, Zare Chahoki, M. Jafari, H. Naseri
Rangelands are very diverse, and they spread from low vegetation desert areas to those with more rainfall and more cover In saline and desert areas, there are many restrictions on vegetation establishment, hence the use of amendments. The study area is located south of Nazarabad city in Alborz province, Iran. In this study, different amendments, such as mineral biochar, arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), and acrylic resin polymer (ARP) were utilized at the base of Nitraria schoberi seedlings. Each amendment was used at four levels. A total of 13 treatments (each treatment with 10 replicates) were evaluated. Five soil samples were taken from each treatment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil (pH, EC, C, N, P, K, C/N, bulk density, particle density, pores, moisture, soil texture) for testing. The results showed that on average, more than 60% of the soil texture was clay. Furthermore, the used amendments had different effects on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Biochar increased the carbon and nitrogen content of the soil at all levels. Moreover, AMF increased soil nitrogen and carbon, and ARP reduced soil bulk density and increased soil porosity, moisture, nitrogen, and carbon content. With increasing the level of biochar and ARP, negative effects were observed, and these amendments increased soil acidity and salinity in the study area; however, AMF reduced the soil salinity in the study area.
{"title":"The effect of amendments on the physical and chemical properties of soil in salt-land of Nazarabad, Alborz province.","authors":"S. Y. Khanghah, H. Azarnivand, Zare Chahoki, M. Jafari, H. Naseri","doi":"10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/JDESERT.2020.78172","url":null,"abstract":"Rangelands are very diverse, and they spread from low vegetation desert areas to those with more rainfall and more cover In saline and desert areas, there are many restrictions on vegetation establishment, hence the use of amendments. The study area is located south of Nazarabad city in Alborz province, Iran. In this study, different amendments, such as mineral biochar, arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), and acrylic resin polymer (ARP) were utilized at the base of Nitraria schoberi seedlings. Each amendment was used at four levels. A total of 13 treatments (each treatment with 10 replicates) were evaluated. Five soil samples were taken from each treatment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil (pH, EC, C, N, P, K, C/N, bulk density, particle density, pores, moisture, soil texture) for testing. The results showed that on average, more than 60% of the soil texture was clay. Furthermore, the used amendments had different effects on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Biochar increased the carbon and nitrogen content of the soil at all levels. Moreover, AMF increased soil nitrogen and carbon, and ARP reduced soil bulk density and increased soil porosity, moisture, nitrogen, and carbon content. With increasing the level of biochar and ARP, negative effects were observed, and these amendments increased soil acidity and salinity in the study area; however, AMF reduced the soil salinity in the study area.","PeriodicalId":11118,"journal":{"name":"Desert","volume":"25 1","pages":"123-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41512932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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