Sukrut Shridhar Kulkarni, Marliana Bt Mohammad, Sharifah Nooraini Bt Syed Tahir, Frankie Kia Yong Tan, M. Supu
This paper establishes the approach to strategize the appropriate sequencing and monetization of the green field development through performing situational analysis for the complex offshore facilities to recognize new hydrocarbon molecules. As prudent operator for the complex network its crucial to pursue strategic ideas and innovative concepts to optimize supply demand balance, fulfill contractual obligations to optimize resources to maximize value creation, whilst protecting investment decisions for hydrocarbon monetization for the green field development. It is therefore necessary to implement successful business plans with appropriate sequencing of new fields by robust assessment to decipher the pain points to achieve optimal solution by gaining better understanding of network characteristic, supply distribution and operating envelope for line ups of new green field development. Situational Analysis for the complex offshore system is defined as robust investigation of the surrounding facts/realities to scrutinize the unique features in terms of capabilities, risks, uncertainty, opportunity, and exposures. The approach followed in the paper is the creation of mathematical model for the network/infrastructure embedded with business rules and deployment for evaluation and optimization. This approach is to timely deliver the management decisions for developing sequencing strategy, establishing priority of supply guidelines and allocation principles. This paper describes that a state of art approach which was followed by developing end to end network model by simulation engineers with close collaboration with strategic planning, portfolio optimization and including operations in single platform. The simulation model was further validated and deployed to analyze current network impediments in terms of technical and commercial allocation principles. The modelling approach was kept straightforward and scalable to allow for the future development if any. Analytics of the modelling could assist in gauging the potentials for enhancing system capacity by implementing appropriate reforms to optimize evacuation strategies. Obstacles across system architecture could be estimated and its reconfiguration was planned by means of variations in operating philosophy, alterations in the network assembly with appropriate debottlenecking recommendation. The allocation principles applied during business plans consider the commercial element on initial basis, before instead the physical and technical constraints were evaluated. The results of the allocation were then simulated and reallocated back to relevant demand center with relevant technical constraints of the network. This enabled team to identify the gap for supply/demand and propose solution to address the gap at an enterprise level to be substantial, to build a case whereby monetization of green fields will be necessary. Above methodology describes how by developing an end to end mathematical model that
{"title":"Situational Analysis of Complex Offshore Network for Strategizing Sequence for Green Field Development","authors":"Sukrut Shridhar Kulkarni, Marliana Bt Mohammad, Sharifah Nooraini Bt Syed Tahir, Frankie Kia Yong Tan, M. Supu","doi":"10.2118/200933-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200933-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper establishes the approach to strategize the appropriate sequencing and monetization of the green field development through performing situational analysis for the complex offshore facilities to recognize new hydrocarbon molecules. As prudent operator for the complex network its crucial to pursue strategic ideas and innovative concepts to optimize supply demand balance, fulfill contractual obligations to optimize resources to maximize value creation, whilst protecting investment decisions for hydrocarbon monetization for the green field development. It is therefore necessary to implement successful business plans with appropriate sequencing of new fields by robust assessment to decipher the pain points to achieve optimal solution by gaining better understanding of network characteristic, supply distribution and operating envelope for line ups of new green field development.\u0000 Situational Analysis for the complex offshore system is defined as robust investigation of the surrounding facts/realities to scrutinize the unique features in terms of capabilities, risks, uncertainty, opportunity, and exposures. The approach followed in the paper is the creation of mathematical model for the network/infrastructure embedded with business rules and deployment for evaluation and optimization. This approach is to timely deliver the management decisions for developing sequencing strategy, establishing priority of supply guidelines and allocation principles.\u0000 This paper describes that a state of art approach which was followed by developing end to end network model by simulation engineers with close collaboration with strategic planning, portfolio optimization and including operations in single platform. The simulation model was further validated and deployed to analyze current network impediments in terms of technical and commercial allocation principles. The modelling approach was kept straightforward and scalable to allow for the future development if any. Analytics of the modelling could assist in gauging the potentials for enhancing system capacity by implementing appropriate reforms to optimize evacuation strategies. Obstacles across system architecture could be estimated and its reconfiguration was planned by means of variations in operating philosophy, alterations in the network assembly with appropriate debottlenecking recommendation.\u0000 The allocation principles applied during business plans consider the commercial element on initial basis, before instead the physical and technical constraints were evaluated. The results of the allocation were then simulated and reallocated back to relevant demand center with relevant technical constraints of the network. This enabled team to identify the gap for supply/demand and propose solution to address the gap at an enterprise level to be substantial, to build a case whereby monetization of green fields will be necessary.\u0000 Above methodology describes how by developing an end to end mathematical model that","PeriodicalId":11142,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, June 30, 2021","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89372433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geological storage of CO2 in saline aquifers is recognized as a favorable technique that could deliver a significant decrease in CO2 emissions over the short to medium-term. However, the major risk is the possibility of leakage and injection limitation due to pore pressure. This research investigates the three major mechanisms of CO2 trapping to determine which method safely captures the most CO2, interrogates the pore pressure effect on storage, and compares traditional core flooding methods for CO2 storage with CO2 drainage which is more practical in the aquifer. A core flooding set up was built to replicate reservoir conditions of the Anadarko Basin in Texas, USA. The research involved three reservoir pay zone rocks obtained from depths of about 7687ft that were pieced together to undergo core flooding at 4400psi-5200psi and a temperature of 168°F. In the first study conducted the core was flooded with supercritical CO2 and brine of salinity 4000ppm to generate relative permeability curves to represent drainage and imbibition. For the duration of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th studies the core saturated with brine is flooded with CO2 at pressures of 4400psi, 4800psi, and 5200psi. Parameters like the volume of CO2 captured, connate water volumes, differential pressure, Ph of produced water, trapping efficiency, relative permeability, and fractional flow curves are noted. After scrutinizing the result it is observed that the highest volume of CO2 is captured by solubility trapping followed by structural trapping and residual trapping in that order. From this research, it can be concluded that CO2 trapping, at least for these reservoir rocks, is not affected by pore pressure. Also contrary to most practices CO2 storage is best replaced in the laboratory using drainage experiments instead of the widely used relative permeability approach.
{"title":"Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Drainage in Saline Aquifer","authors":"E. Ennin","doi":"10.2118/200911-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200911-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Geological storage of CO2 in saline aquifers is recognized as a favorable technique that could deliver a significant decrease in CO2 emissions over the short to medium-term. However, the major risk is the possibility of leakage and injection limitation due to pore pressure. This research investigates the three major mechanisms of CO2 trapping to determine which method safely captures the most CO2, interrogates the pore pressure effect on storage, and compares traditional core flooding methods for CO2 storage with CO2 drainage which is more practical in the aquifer.\u0000 A core flooding set up was built to replicate reservoir conditions of the Anadarko Basin in Texas, USA. The research involved three reservoir pay zone rocks obtained from depths of about 7687ft that were pieced together to undergo core flooding at 4400psi-5200psi and a temperature of 168°F. In the first study conducted the core was flooded with supercritical CO2 and brine of salinity 4000ppm to generate relative permeability curves to represent drainage and imbibition. For the duration of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th studies the core saturated with brine is flooded with CO2 at pressures of 4400psi, 4800psi, and 5200psi. Parameters like the volume of CO2 captured, connate water volumes, differential pressure, Ph of produced water, trapping efficiency, relative permeability, and fractional flow curves are noted.\u0000 After scrutinizing the result it is observed that the highest volume of CO2 is captured by solubility trapping followed by structural trapping and residual trapping in that order. From this research, it can be concluded that CO2 trapping, at least for these reservoir rocks, is not affected by pore pressure. Also contrary to most practices CO2 storage is best replaced in the laboratory using drainage experiments instead of the widely used relative permeability approach.","PeriodicalId":11142,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, June 30, 2021","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88587113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acid treatments are commonly used in the oilfield to remove inorganic scale or to stimulate formatio ns. These treatments typically consist of using hydrochloric acid (HCl), acetic acid, formic acid, or chelating agents. At elevated temperatures, these acids are highly corrosive and can cause severe damage to tubulars as well as downhole equipment. To reduce damage from these acids, corrosion inhibitors are added to the treatment solution. Corrosion inhibitors used in the oil and gas industry are typically quaternary amines or sulfur-containing compounds. These compounds adsorb to the surface of the metal, thereby reducing contact between the metal surface and the corrosive substance. However, these corrosion inhibitors are damaging to the environment and harmful to human health. Alternative new environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitors are also either toxic to the human body or face performance limitations at higher temperature field applications. To develop new environmentally friendly and non-toxic corrosion inhibitors for high-temperature applications, 15 edible seeds were tested as alternative sources of corrosion inhibitors. In order to determine the inhibition effect of 15 different seeds, N-80 and S13Cr coupons were exposed to 15 wt.% HCl solutions at temperatures between 77-250°F with 2 wt.% of grounded seed added for 6 hours. In addition, a control solution containing no corrosion inhibitor was used to establish a corrosion rate for a base case. This paper will show the results of such seeds and attempt to provide an awareness of natural seeds extract for use as corrosion inhibitors in conjunction with well acid treatments. It was noted that out of the 15 seeds, seeds 1 and 2 were found to perform the best at these conditions, exhibiting more than 90% corrosion inhibition efficiency. Seed 4 was observed to perform the worst, exhibiting only 16.8% inhibition efficiency. At 150°F, 2 wt.% of seeds 1 and 2 were tested with seed 1 achieving a corrosion rate of 0.00253 lb/ft2 while seed 2 was unable to provide sufficient inhibition with a corrosion rate of 0.153 lb/ft2. The control solution was found to have a corrosion rate of 0.371 lb/ft2 over the 6 hours at 150°F. Seed 1 was further tested at 200°F with the addition of corrosion inhibitor intensifiers and resulted in a corrosion rate of 0.00087 lb/ft2, while at 250°F, a corrosion rate of 0.00811 lb/ft2 was observed. The tests using S13Cr also showed that seed 1 worked well as a corrosion inhibitor for CRAs. The thermal degradation of seed 1 was also examined using NMR. These results show a new naturally occurring, green, non-toxic, high-temperature applicable corrosion inhibitor that can be developed from edible seeds.
{"title":"Seed Extracts as Natural, Green, Non-Toxic Corrosion Inhibitors","authors":"J. H. Ng, Tariq Almubarak, H. Nasr-El-Din","doi":"10.2118/200935-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200935-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Acid treatments are commonly used in the oilfield to remove inorganic scale or to stimulate formatio ns. These treatments typically consist of using hydrochloric acid (HCl), acetic acid, formic acid, or chelating agents. At elevated temperatures, these acids are highly corrosive and can cause severe damage to tubulars as well as downhole equipment. To reduce damage from these acids, corrosion inhibitors are added to the treatment solution.\u0000 Corrosion inhibitors used in the oil and gas industry are typically quaternary amines or sulfur-containing compounds. These compounds adsorb to the surface of the metal, thereby reducing contact between the metal surface and the corrosive substance. However, these corrosion inhibitors are damaging to the environment and harmful to human health. Alternative new environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitors are also either toxic to the human body or face performance limitations at higher temperature field applications. To develop new environmentally friendly and non-toxic corrosion inhibitors for high-temperature applications, 15 edible seeds were tested as alternative sources of corrosion inhibitors.\u0000 In order to determine the inhibition effect of 15 different seeds, N-80 and S13Cr coupons were exposed to 15 wt.% HCl solutions at temperatures between 77-250°F with 2 wt.% of grounded seed added for 6 hours. In addition, a control solution containing no corrosion inhibitor was used to establish a corrosion rate for a base case.\u0000 This paper will show the results of such seeds and attempt to provide an awareness of natural seeds extract for use as corrosion inhibitors in conjunction with well acid treatments. It was noted that out of the 15 seeds, seeds 1 and 2 were found to perform the best at these conditions, exhibiting more than 90% corrosion inhibition efficiency. Seed 4 was observed to perform the worst, exhibiting only 16.8% inhibition efficiency. At 150°F, 2 wt.% of seeds 1 and 2 were tested with seed 1 achieving a corrosion rate of 0.00253 lb/ft2 while seed 2 was unable to provide sufficient inhibition with a corrosion rate of 0.153 lb/ft2. The control solution was found to have a corrosion rate of 0.371 lb/ft2 over the 6 hours at 150°F. Seed 1 was further tested at 200°F with the addition of corrosion inhibitor intensifiers and resulted in a corrosion rate of 0.00087 lb/ft2, while at 250°F, a corrosion rate of 0.00811 lb/ft2 was observed. The tests using S13Cr also showed that seed 1 worked well as a corrosion inhibitor for CRAs. The thermal degradation of seed 1 was also examined using NMR.\u0000 These results show a new naturally occurring, green, non-toxic, high-temperature applicable corrosion inhibitor that can be developed from edible seeds.","PeriodicalId":11142,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, June 30, 2021","volume":"207 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85629591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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