Christoffer Nilsen-Aas, J. Muren, Håvard Skjerve, Jacob Qvist, Rasmus Engebretsen, Helio Alves, Melqui Santos, Sandro Pereira, L. G. Pereira
This paper describes a live fatigue prediction methodology comprising measured motion response, maritime environment and process data for a Floating Production Storage and Offloading vessel (FPSO) moored in 700m water depth offshore Brazil. The measured data is utilized to improve traditional time domain dynamic analysis models, along with Machine Learning (ML) techniques. The resul of this is significant reduction in uncertainties, enabling live riser fatigue predictions and providing a basis for life extension and improved accuracy of riser and vessel response analysis. The methodology consists of using a combination of autonomous and online motion response sensors directly installed on the riser and interfacing FPSO structures. The measured environmental data, FPSO and riser response data are utilized in a ML environment to build more realistic riser response and fatigue prediction models. As FPSO heading is important for vessel dynamics, especially roll, and the vessel dynamics are a key factor in the riser dynamics at this field, the first focus was directed towards predicting vessel heading relative to swell. The heading model developed by ML showed good agreement and was used as a key tool in a traditional fatigue analysis using OrcaFlex & BFLEX. This analysis was based on historical sea states from the last two years (from EU's Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service). The results show that the fatigue analysis from the design phase is conservative and life time extension is achievable. As the fully instrumented measurement campaign ended after 4 months, the work focused on utilizing all the captured data to give improved insight and develop both traditional simulation and ML-models. For future fatigue predictions based on the developed "fatigue counter", the ambition is to maintain good accuracy with less instrumentation. In the present phase, FPSO and riser response data from a 4-month campaign have been used to establish a ‘correlation’ between riser behavior, environmental data and FPSO heading and motion. Calibration of a traditional numerical model is performed using measurement data along with a direct ‘waves to fatigue’ prediction based on modern ML techniques. This illustrates enabling technologies based on combination of data streams from multiple data sources and superior data accessibility. The correlations established between different field data allow the development of a "live" riser fatigue model presenting results in online dashboards as an integrated part of the riser Integrity Management (IM) system. All relevant stakeholders are provided with necessary information to ensure safe and extended operation of critical elements of the FPSO. The paper illustrates the power and applicability of modern numerical techniques, made possible by combining data from 6 different streaming data sources, ranging from satellites to clamp-on motion sensors.
{"title":"Flexible Riser Fatigue Counter Developed from Field Measurements and Machine Learning Techniques","authors":"Christoffer Nilsen-Aas, J. Muren, Håvard Skjerve, Jacob Qvist, Rasmus Engebretsen, Helio Alves, Melqui Santos, Sandro Pereira, L. G. Pereira","doi":"10.4043/29531-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29531-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes a live fatigue prediction methodology comprising measured motion response, maritime environment and process data for a Floating Production Storage and Offloading vessel (FPSO) moored in 700m water depth offshore Brazil. The measured data is utilized to improve traditional time domain dynamic analysis models, along with Machine Learning (ML) techniques. The resul of this is significant reduction in uncertainties, enabling live riser fatigue predictions and providing a basis for life extension and improved accuracy of riser and vessel response analysis.\u0000 The methodology consists of using a combination of autonomous and online motion response sensors directly installed on the riser and interfacing FPSO structures. The measured environmental data, FPSO and riser response data are utilized in a ML environment to build more realistic riser response and fatigue prediction models. As FPSO heading is important for vessel dynamics, especially roll, and the vessel dynamics are a key factor in the riser dynamics at this field, the first focus was directed towards predicting vessel heading relative to swell. The heading model developed by ML showed good agreement and was used as a key tool in a traditional fatigue analysis using OrcaFlex & BFLEX. This analysis was based on historical sea states from the last two years (from EU's Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service). The results show that the fatigue analysis from the design phase is conservative and life time extension is achievable.\u0000 As the fully instrumented measurement campaign ended after 4 months, the work focused on utilizing all the captured data to give improved insight and develop both traditional simulation and ML-models. For future fatigue predictions based on the developed \"fatigue counter\", the ambition is to maintain good accuracy with less instrumentation.\u0000 In the present phase, FPSO and riser response data from a 4-month campaign have been used to establish a ‘correlation’ between riser behavior, environmental data and FPSO heading and motion. Calibration of a traditional numerical model is performed using measurement data along with a direct ‘waves to fatigue’ prediction based on modern ML techniques. This illustrates enabling technologies based on combination of data streams from multiple data sources and superior data accessibility.\u0000 The correlations established between different field data allow the development of a \"live\" riser fatigue model presenting results in online dashboards as an integrated part of the riser Integrity Management (IM) system. All relevant stakeholders are provided with necessary information to ensure safe and extended operation of critical elements of the FPSO.\u0000 The paper illustrates the power and applicability of modern numerical techniques, made possible by combining data from 6 different streaming data sources, ranging from satellites to clamp-on motion sensors.","PeriodicalId":11149,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, May 06, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75634437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Hageman, P. Aalberts, R. Leeuwenburgh, N. Grasso
Mooring systems remain an important component of an overall field development. There are numerous sources in literature describing challenges with mooring systems as well as potential solutions. The goal of this paper is to present a number of new technologies which can be applied jointly in an integrated framework to monitor integrity of subsea mooring components. The paper will cover (1) direct tension measurements using Vibrating Wire Gauges, (2) warning systems based on anomaly detections from GPS measurements and (3) mooring line force estimation method and fatigue using time-domain simulation methods. Vibrating Wire Gauges are a potential alternative to the use of in-line load cells or inclinometers for measuring mooring line tensions. These sensors have a proven track record in the Geotechnical Industry. A sensor dedicated for the offshore industry has been developed. The main benefit of this type of sensor is the ease of retrofitting in an offshore environment. Long-term stability tests and dynamic tests were executed and will be presented. Procedures for installation and maintenance were developed. GPS measurements have widely been used in the industry to identify mooring failures. Post-processing methods of these measurements range from application of watch circles to Artificial Neural Networks. However, there remain important challenges with performance of these warning systems under the influence of environmental loads. The authors will show a basic concept which can overcome these limitations. High accuracy floater position and motion measurements can be used in combination with a numerical model to determine mooring line forces in the field. This approach combines the numerical models used in the design with onboard integrity and maintenance procedures. The technical and organisational challenges of such approach are discussed. An onboard system able to capture system drift is used to update the numerical model and correct for deterioration of the mooring system over time. In-service measurements have been used to demonstrate and validate the concept. The methodology has been implemented and installed on an offshore asset which will become active in Q1 2019. A number of industry solutions for mooring line integrity methods have been compared. All presented solutions have a role in the total mooring subsea integrity management program. Integration of these components together or supplemented with numerical analysis can be used to develop an overall mooring subsea integrity management plan and philosophy.
{"title":"Integrity Management of Mooring Systems","authors":"R. Hageman, P. Aalberts, R. Leeuwenburgh, N. Grasso","doi":"10.4043/29560-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29560-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mooring systems remain an important component of an overall field development. There are numerous sources in literature describing challenges with mooring systems as well as potential solutions.\u0000 The goal of this paper is to present a number of new technologies which can be applied jointly in an integrated framework to monitor integrity of subsea mooring components. The paper will cover (1) direct tension measurements using Vibrating Wire Gauges, (2) warning systems based on anomaly detections from GPS measurements and (3) mooring line force estimation method and fatigue using time-domain simulation methods.\u0000 Vibrating Wire Gauges are a potential alternative to the use of in-line load cells or inclinometers for measuring mooring line tensions. These sensors have a proven track record in the Geotechnical Industry. A sensor dedicated for the offshore industry has been developed. The main benefit of this type of sensor is the ease of retrofitting in an offshore environment. Long-term stability tests and dynamic tests were executed and will be presented. Procedures for installation and maintenance were developed.\u0000 GPS measurements have widely been used in the industry to identify mooring failures. Post-processing methods of these measurements range from application of watch circles to Artificial Neural Networks. However, there remain important challenges with performance of these warning systems under the influence of environmental loads. The authors will show a basic concept which can overcome these limitations.\u0000 High accuracy floater position and motion measurements can be used in combination with a numerical model to determine mooring line forces in the field. This approach combines the numerical models used in the design with onboard integrity and maintenance procedures. The technical and organisational challenges of such approach are discussed. An onboard system able to capture system drift is used to update the numerical model and correct for deterioration of the mooring system over time. In-service measurements have been used to demonstrate and validate the concept. The methodology has been implemented and installed on an offshore asset which will become active in Q1 2019.\u0000 A number of industry solutions for mooring line integrity methods have been compared. All presented solutions have a role in the total mooring subsea integrity management program. Integration of these components together or supplemented with numerical analysis can be used to develop an overall mooring subsea integrity management plan and philosophy.","PeriodicalId":11149,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, May 06, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79329869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vortex-induced-vibration (VIV) is an important consideration while drilling at sites with moderate to high current speeds. Planning for drilling operations often includes determination of limits on maximum drilling riser motion amplitude using model simulations. These limits can then be used to raise alarms in the field by comparing motions measured in the field using one or more motion sensors. The determination of such alarm limits is challenging as VIV is a highly nonlinear process, and small changes in the speed or shape of current profile can result in quite different VIV fatigue results for drilling risers, especially in deep water depths. We use feed-forward neural network, which is a powerful machine learning algorithm, to develop a classifier for distinguishing damaging and non-damaging VIV events. The neural network uses acceleration and angular rate data from only three motions sensors located on the upper flex joint, the lower flex joint and the BOP stack. To train the neural network, riser motions and fatigue damage data are generated from SHEAR7 runs on the model of the drilling riser. Thousands of current profiles measured from a current mooring at a deepwater site (water depth > 6,000 ft) are used as inputs to SHEAR7 model in order to capture full variability in VIV response from the actual field environment. Results show that the neural network classifier almost always predicts damaging and non-damaging VIV correctly. The precision, recall, and F1 score (a combination of precision and recall) for the neural network classifier are all close to 100%. A high precision, recall, and F1 score for a classifier implies that it has no false positives and no false negatives. Here, a false negative is defined as the situation when damaging VIV occurred but was identified as a non-damaging VIV event and an alarm is not raised. False positive is the situation when an alarm is raised for damaging VIV when the event was actually not so damaging. On the other hand, the baseline "constant" classifier of conservatively chosen limits (from the same data) for upper and lower flex joint angles results in very low precision and F1 scores, implying too many false positives. While the baseline classifier does not predict any false negatives, it is very expensive because of too many false positives. Furthermore, it carries the risk of being ignored by users due to too many false alarms. This work demonstrates that machine learning techniques can accurately predict damaging VIV events in the field using minimal number of sensors. Such accurate predictions were not possible using traditional methods.
{"title":"Elimination of False Positives in VIV Identification Using Machine Learning","authors":"P. Agarwal, K. Bhalla, R. Campbell","doi":"10.4043/29503-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29503-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Vortex-induced-vibration (VIV) is an important consideration while drilling at sites with moderate to high current speeds. Planning for drilling operations often includes determination of limits on maximum drilling riser motion amplitude using model simulations. These limits can then be used to raise alarms in the field by comparing motions measured in the field using one or more motion sensors. The determination of such alarm limits is challenging as VIV is a highly nonlinear process, and small changes in the speed or shape of current profile can result in quite different VIV fatigue results for drilling risers, especially in deep water depths.\u0000 We use feed-forward neural network, which is a powerful machine learning algorithm, to develop a classifier for distinguishing damaging and non-damaging VIV events. The neural network uses acceleration and angular rate data from only three motions sensors located on the upper flex joint, the lower flex joint and the BOP stack. To train the neural network, riser motions and fatigue damage data are generated from SHEAR7 runs on the model of the drilling riser. Thousands of current profiles measured from a current mooring at a deepwater site (water depth > 6,000 ft) are used as inputs to SHEAR7 model in order to capture full variability in VIV response from the actual field environment.\u0000 Results show that the neural network classifier almost always predicts damaging and non-damaging VIV correctly. The precision, recall, and F1 score (a combination of precision and recall) for the neural network classifier are all close to 100%. A high precision, recall, and F1 score for a classifier implies that it has no false positives and no false negatives. Here, a false negative is defined as the situation when damaging VIV occurred but was identified as a non-damaging VIV event and an alarm is not raised. False positive is the situation when an alarm is raised for damaging VIV when the event was actually not so damaging.\u0000 On the other hand, the baseline \"constant\" classifier of conservatively chosen limits (from the same data) for upper and lower flex joint angles results in very low precision and F1 scores, implying too many false positives. While the baseline classifier does not predict any false negatives, it is very expensive because of too many false positives. Furthermore, it carries the risk of being ignored by users due to too many false alarms.\u0000 This work demonstrates that machine learning techniques can accurately predict damaging VIV events in the field using minimal number of sensors. Such accurate predictions were not possible using traditional methods.","PeriodicalId":11149,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, May 06, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81150105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design of mooring systems in West of Africa is often dominated by squall events. These are episodes of rapidly increasing wind speeds accompanied with sudden and significant wind direction changes. The response of weathervaning systems (offloading tankers moored to an export system or turret moored FPSO’s) to such transient and violent environments is very complex and the subject of an on-going joint industry project. One important parameter in numerical simulations of weathervaning units to squall events is the yaw motion damping model. There is quite a large body of references and insights in yaw damping under steady environmental conditions but hardly any when it comes to responses in squall owing to the transient nature of the event and to its complexity. Field measurements of the yaw motions of a turret moored unit offshore Angola with concurrent on-board wind measurements are presented. Both quantities are sampled at 1-minute intervals. Time series of aft and fore drafts are also available on a daily basis. These measurements span one decade. A systematic scan of the wind speed time series has been performed to identify, based on the World Meteorological Organization definition, all squall events passing through the asset. The main particulars of the turret-moored FPSO are described along with its station-keeping system and the associated horizontal slow drift motion response time scales. Systematic analysis of measured yaw motions and velocities has been performed seeking correlations with the hull loading condition at the time of the squall event, its heading prior to the squall and the squall maximum speed and direction range. The main objective of these analyses is to provide factual information that can be used to firm up the yaw damping models used for mooring analyses in squall-prone areas.
{"title":"Turret-Moored FPSO Yaw Motions in a Squall-Prone Region","authors":"M. Naciri, Murthy Chitrapu","doi":"10.4043/29234-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29234-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The design of mooring systems in West of Africa is often dominated by squall events. These are episodes of rapidly increasing wind speeds accompanied with sudden and significant wind direction changes. The response of weathervaning systems (offloading tankers moored to an export system or turret moored FPSO’s) to such transient and violent environments is very complex and the subject of an on-going joint industry project. One important parameter in numerical simulations of weathervaning units to squall events is the yaw motion damping model. There is quite a large body of references and insights in yaw damping under steady environmental conditions but hardly any when it comes to responses in squall owing to the transient nature of the event and to its complexity.\u0000 Field measurements of the yaw motions of a turret moored unit offshore Angola with concurrent on-board wind measurements are presented. Both quantities are sampled at 1-minute intervals. Time series of aft and fore drafts are also available on a daily basis. These measurements span one decade. A systematic scan of the wind speed time series has been performed to identify, based on the World Meteorological Organization definition, all squall events passing through the asset. The main particulars of the turret-moored FPSO are described along with its station-keeping system and the associated horizontal slow drift motion response time scales.\u0000 Systematic analysis of measured yaw motions and velocities has been performed seeking correlations with the hull loading condition at the time of the squall event, its heading prior to the squall and the squall maximum speed and direction range. The main objective of these analyses is to provide factual information that can be used to firm up the yaw damping models used for mooring analyses in squall-prone areas.","PeriodicalId":11149,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, May 06, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74069586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Having a resilient break-even price is essential for deep-water development projects due to all the technical uncertainties inherent to the O&G business and, because of the oil price volatility, especially in recent times. To cope with this permanent threat, the Libra Consortium envisaged, structured and implemented a consortium corporate program called Libra@35. The programs’ main objective is to reduce the projects break-even prices to US$ 35/bbl, by improving the recovery factor and /or reducing costs. This paper describes the Libra@35 methodology and procedures, explaining how the program has helped Libra optimize its projects on a continuous basis through a structured and rigorous methodology. Additionally, it presents the beneficial results and impacts achieved to date. To finalize, the paper discloses the Consortium's future objectives for this successful Program and how it is structured to assist in shaping Libra's projects of tomorrow.
{"title":"Libra@35 - Bringing the Project Break Even to US$ 35/bbl","authors":"Osmond Coelho Junior, Ana Luiza Silva Costa, Luísa Gontijo Bisinoto, Mariane Duarte Guimarães","doi":"10.4043/29336-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29336-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Having a resilient break-even price is essential for deep-water development projects due to all the technical uncertainties inherent to the O&G business and, because of the oil price volatility, especially in recent times. To cope with this permanent threat, the Libra Consortium envisaged, structured and implemented a consortium corporate program called Libra@35. The programs’ main objective is to reduce the projects break-even prices to US$ 35/bbl, by improving the recovery factor and /or reducing costs. This paper describes the Libra@35 methodology and procedures, explaining how the program has helped Libra optimize its projects on a continuous basis through a structured and rigorous methodology. Additionally, it presents the beneficial results and impacts achieved to date. To finalize, the paper discloses the Consortium's future objectives for this successful Program and how it is structured to assist in shaping Libra's projects of tomorrow.","PeriodicalId":11149,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, May 06, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82576691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jongsoo Hwang, Prateek Bhardwaj, M. Sharma, S. Sathyamoorthy, K. Amaning, A. Singh
This study explains the large injectivity changes observed in the field, how to remedy it, and how to ensure fracture containment in channel sand reservoirs. The case study field is located offshore Ghana and is a channel sand reservoir. Water injection was initiated for pressure maintenance and waterflooding under fracturing conditions. The injection wells are designed to ensure high and sustainable injection rates while maintaining the integrity of the cap rock. The injection bottom-hole pressure (BHP) was history-matched to investigate the impact of stress profiles, reservoir shapes, injection water quality, poroelastic and thermally induced stress changes. The injectivity decline was found to be a result of changes in stresses caused by the channel boundaries and, to a lesser extent, near-wellbore formation damage. The rapid increase in pore pressure and the resulting decrease in injectivity is unique to these kinds of channel sands. Once the origin of the decreasing injectivity was identified, remedial actions were recommended and predictions for future injectivity were made ensuring containment of fractures.
{"title":"Water Injection Well Performance and Fracture Propagation in a Channel Sand Reservoir: An Offshore Ghana Case Study","authors":"Jongsoo Hwang, Prateek Bhardwaj, M. Sharma, S. Sathyamoorthy, K. Amaning, A. Singh","doi":"10.4043/29311-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29311-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study explains the large injectivity changes observed in the field, how to remedy it, and how to ensure fracture containment in channel sand reservoirs. The case study field is located offshore Ghana and is a channel sand reservoir. Water injection was initiated for pressure maintenance and waterflooding under fracturing conditions. The injection wells are designed to ensure high and sustainable injection rates while maintaining the integrity of the cap rock.\u0000 The injection bottom-hole pressure (BHP) was history-matched to investigate the impact of stress profiles, reservoir shapes, injection water quality, poroelastic and thermally induced stress changes. The injectivity decline was found to be a result of changes in stresses caused by the channel boundaries and, to a lesser extent, near-wellbore formation damage. The rapid increase in pore pressure and the resulting decrease in injectivity is unique to these kinds of channel sands. Once the origin of the decreasing injectivity was identified, remedial actions were recommended and predictions for future injectivity were made ensuring containment of fractures.","PeriodicalId":11149,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, May 06, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80136955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenbo Gao, Mingchun Wang, Wenxiong Chen, Xin Zhou, Y. Mao
Recently, the western part of Bohai has obtained significant commercial oil discoveries in Guantao group for the first time. The old seismic data is wide, but the bandwidth is narrow. The new data bandwidth is large, but the coverage is small. Besides, the impedance difference of sand and mudstone is small. The traditional impedance inversion can't distinguish them effectively. It's very important for the next evaluation to get seismic data that can reflect reservoir effectively. We propose to use geophysical technology to fuse high-frequency and low frequency information of new data into old data. First, the reflection coefficient of the drilling bypass is extracted. Second combined it's high frequency information with the low frequency information of the reflection coefficient which is calculated by the drilled wells. After that, the fusion coefficient is used as the sample information to invert the frequency attributes of the old data. Finally, the high frequency, the low frequency information of frequency inversion and the intermediate frequency information of the old data are fused to obtain the broadband inversion data. In the new and old seismic data superposition area, the frequency band characteristics of the comparison inversion data and the new data are found to be quite similar. Frequency band features are also very similar. It shows that the inversion data are true and reliable. Comparison between drilled wells and the inversion data, compared to the old seismic data, the inversion data of the Guantao formation reservoir thickness is more than 8m can be effectively reflected, and the old seismic data have seismic response when the reservoir thickness is more than 15m, and the response of some reservoirs is not obvious. The seismic resolution of the inversion data is improved effectively. To sum up, the frequency division attribute inversion based on seismic well fusion can effectively improve the bandwidth of the difference data in the rear area of seismic data, and improve the resolution of seismic data.
{"title":"Accurate Frequency Division Inversion Based on Seismic-Well Fusion in Seismic Data Superposition Area","authors":"Wenbo Gao, Mingchun Wang, Wenxiong Chen, Xin Zhou, Y. Mao","doi":"10.4043/29382-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29382-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Recently, the western part of Bohai has obtained significant commercial oil discoveries in Guantao group for the first time. The old seismic data is wide, but the bandwidth is narrow. The new data bandwidth is large, but the coverage is small. Besides, the impedance difference of sand and mudstone is small. The traditional impedance inversion can't distinguish them effectively. It's very important for the next evaluation to get seismic data that can reflect reservoir effectively.\u0000 We propose to use geophysical technology to fuse high-frequency and low frequency information of new data into old data. First, the reflection coefficient of the drilling bypass is extracted. Second combined it's high frequency information with the low frequency information of the reflection coefficient which is calculated by the drilled wells. After that, the fusion coefficient is used as the sample information to invert the frequency attributes of the old data. Finally, the high frequency, the low frequency information of frequency inversion and the intermediate frequency information of the old data are fused to obtain the broadband inversion data.\u0000 In the new and old seismic data superposition area, the frequency band characteristics of the comparison inversion data and the new data are found to be quite similar. Frequency band features are also very similar. It shows that the inversion data are true and reliable. Comparison between drilled wells and the inversion data, compared to the old seismic data, the inversion data of the Guantao formation reservoir thickness is more than 8m can be effectively reflected, and the old seismic data have seismic response when the reservoir thickness is more than 15m, and the response of some reservoirs is not obvious. The seismic resolution of the inversion data is improved effectively. To sum up, the frequency division attribute inversion based on seismic well fusion can effectively improve the bandwidth of the difference data in the rear area of seismic data, and improve the resolution of seismic data.","PeriodicalId":11149,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, May 06, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78005370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Laborie, Ole Christian Røed, Geir Engdahl, Audrey Camp
Oil & Gas data currently exists within a world of data silos. Lack of data is not the challenge. A wide variety of data is collected, including sensor values, P&IDs, ERP, and depth-based trajectories. Rather, the challenge pertains to data usefulness. The root of the problem is a combination of factors, including poor data infrastructure, incompatible operational data systems, and restricted data access. All this translates to a low maturity of digitalization across the Oil & Gas industry. To date, digitalization efforts have been limited to pilot projects, proofs of concept and case studies, with no large-scale operationalized projects. Aker BP, one of Europe's largest independent Oil & Gas companies, has broken through the typical roadblocks by deploying an industrial data platform across all five of its operational assets. The platform aggregates and processes data from sensors and contextualizes it, structuring it in relation to process diagrams, production information, 3D-models, and event data (maintenance, incidents). Everything linked in the real world is also linked in the platform. This has dramatically reduced the cost of integration and maintenance, while simultaneously enabling scalability, speed of development, and data openness throughout the Aker BP organization. The data platform handles live and historical data for close to 200,000 sensors, with a peak transfer of 800,000 data points per second. Internal and external experts are able to apply state-of-the-art algorithms to visualize and solve critical business problems. A range of third-party applications and data scientists also use the 1+ trillion data points in the platform to create value and support Aker BP's strategy for day-to-day operations and long-term digital transformation. To realize the promise of digitalization, unlocking the value of data must be made a priority within the Oil & Gas industry. This paper will describe the implementation of the industrial data platform, explaining how data streamed from many, disparate, underlying systems is contextualized in the data platform to provide a holistic view of all processes and operations, thus creating a foundational digital twin for each asset, ready to empower machine learning applications for optimization and automatization, as well as human-facing applications, such as advanced visualizations and apps for the digital field worker.
{"title":"Extracting Value from Data Using an Industrial Data Platform to Provide a Foundational Digital Twin","authors":"F. Laborie, Ole Christian Røed, Geir Engdahl, Audrey Camp","doi":"10.4043/29576-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29576-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Oil & Gas data currently exists within a world of data silos. Lack of data is not the challenge. A wide variety of data is collected, including sensor values, P&IDs, ERP, and depth-based trajectories. Rather, the challenge pertains to data usefulness. The root of the problem is a combination of factors, including poor data infrastructure, incompatible operational data systems, and restricted data access. All this translates to a low maturity of digitalization across the Oil & Gas industry. To date, digitalization efforts have been limited to pilot projects, proofs of concept and case studies, with no large-scale operationalized projects.\u0000 Aker BP, one of Europe's largest independent Oil & Gas companies, has broken through the typical roadblocks by deploying an industrial data platform across all five of its operational assets. The platform aggregates and processes data from sensors and contextualizes it, structuring it in relation to process diagrams, production information, 3D-models, and event data (maintenance, incidents). Everything linked in the real world is also linked in the platform. This has dramatically reduced the cost of integration and maintenance, while simultaneously enabling scalability, speed of development, and data openness throughout the Aker BP organization. The data platform handles live and historical data for close to 200,000 sensors, with a peak transfer of 800,000 data points per second. Internal and external experts are able to apply state-of-the-art algorithms to visualize and solve critical business problems. A range of third-party applications and data scientists also use the 1+ trillion data points in the platform to create value and support Aker BP's strategy for day-to-day operations and long-term digital transformation.\u0000 To realize the promise of digitalization, unlocking the value of data must be made a priority within the Oil & Gas industry. This paper will describe the implementation of the industrial data platform, explaining how data streamed from many, disparate, underlying systems is contextualized in the data platform to provide a holistic view of all processes and operations, thus creating a foundational digital twin for each asset, ready to empower machine learning applications for optimization and automatization, as well as human-facing applications, such as advanced visualizations and apps for the digital field worker.","PeriodicalId":11149,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, May 06, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75121078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
George Di Cesar Silva, Thomas Fink, Pedro Almeida Bordieri, Mauro Missao Watanabe, M. J. Oliveira
This document presents the application steps of the repair and structural reinforcement system with high-performance polymer and composite material. Without the need to shut-down the offshore platform, this technology is based on ASME and ISO international standards with high safety and applicable in classified areas where hot-work permit is not obtainable. The methods and procedures are applied and carried out exclusively for each application, after a judicious risk assessment. Recently, a 14" super duplex pipe carrying seawater line, operating at 8 bar pressure, on an oil platform located in Ghana showed active leak. In order to carry a conventional repair, (replacement of the problematic section or conventional hot welding) the shut-down of production would be necessary. Furthermore, the conventional method was not applicable due to the potentially explosive atmospheric conditions. Based on Part 4 of the ASME PCC-2 standard, the repair system was engineered to a 10-year lifespan and carried out with absolute safety. The procedure consists of a surface preparation, leak containment and structural reinforcement on the defective area of the pipe. All the steps in the aforementioned procedure were cold-work type and without the need to shut-down, therefore without loss of production. The equations used to calculate the thickness and length of the repair system with composite material, as well as the risk assessment, were in accordance to the referenced standards. The repair system was applied with success without the need to shut-down the production and was considered permanent by ABS. The hardness of the composite, measured after 24 hours, indicates full cure of the repair as predicted by the procedure and quality standards. Therefore, the leak was 100% sealed and the area was structurally reinforced in line with the engineering plan and without any loss of production. The integrity of aging offshore assets is a common global problem due to the constraint of concurrent activities in a production environment. This methodology using composite materials in association with asset integrity management without shutdown production has gained recognition to be a long-term solution. The implementation of the repair and structural reinforcement system with high-performance polymer and composite material provides cost reduction, significant health, safety and environmental advantages as it enables immediate attention for the defect, on top of the benefit to avoid the loss of production.
本文介绍了高性能高分子材料与复合材料修补加固体系的应用步骤。无需关闭海上平台，该技术基于ASME和ISO国际标准，具有高安全性，适用于无法获得热工许可证的分类区域。经过审慎的风险评估后，对每个应用程序专门应用和执行方法和程序。最近，在加纳的一个石油平台上，一根携带海水管线的14英寸超级双管在8 bar压力下工作，出现了主动泄漏。为了进行常规修理，(更换有问题的部分或常规热焊接)，停产是必要的。此外，由于潜在的爆炸性大气条件，传统的方法不适用。基于ASME pc -2标准的第4部分，维修系统的设计寿命为10年，并且绝对安全。该程序包括对管道缺陷区域进行表面处理、密封泄漏和结构加固。上述程序中的所有步骤都是冷加工类型，不需要停机，因此不会造成生产损失。复合材料修复体系厚度和长度的计算公式及风险评估均按照参考标准进行。该修复系统在没有停产的情况下成功应用，并被ABS认为是永久性的。24小时后测量的复合材料硬度表明修复完全固化，符合程序和质量标准的预测。因此，泄漏被100%密封，该区域按照工程计划进行了结构加固，没有造成任何生产损失。由于生产环境中并发活动的限制，老化海上资产的完整性是一个普遍的全球性问题。该方法将复合材料与资产完整性管理相结合，无需停产，已被公认为是一种长期解决方案。采用高性能聚合物和复合材料的修复和结构加固系统可以降低成本，显著的健康、安全和环境优势，因为它可以立即注意到缺陷，在避免生产损失的基础上。
{"title":"Structural Reinforcement and Leak Sealing with Composite Materials","authors":"George Di Cesar Silva, Thomas Fink, Pedro Almeida Bordieri, Mauro Missao Watanabe, M. J. Oliveira","doi":"10.4043/29571-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29571-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This document presents the application steps of the repair and structural reinforcement system with high-performance polymer and composite material. Without the need to shut-down the offshore platform, this technology is based on ASME and ISO international standards with high safety and applicable in classified areas where hot-work permit is not obtainable.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The methods and procedures are applied and carried out exclusively for each application, after a judicious risk assessment. Recently, a 14\" super duplex pipe carrying seawater line, operating at 8 bar pressure, on an oil platform located in Ghana showed active leak. In order to carry a conventional repair, (replacement of the problematic section or conventional hot welding) the shut-down of production would be necessary. Furthermore, the conventional method was not applicable due to the potentially explosive atmospheric conditions. Based on Part 4 of the ASME PCC-2 standard, the repair system was engineered to a 10-year lifespan and carried out with absolute safety. The procedure consists of a surface preparation, leak containment and structural reinforcement on the defective area of the pipe. All the steps in the aforementioned procedure were cold-work type and without the need to shut-down, therefore without loss of production. The equations used to calculate the thickness and length of the repair system with composite material, as well as the risk assessment, were in accordance to the referenced standards.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The repair system was applied with success without the need to shut-down the production and was considered permanent by ABS. The hardness of the composite, measured after 24 hours, indicates full cure of the repair as predicted by the procedure and quality standards. Therefore, the leak was 100% sealed and the area was structurally reinforced in line with the engineering plan and without any loss of production.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The integrity of aging offshore assets is a common global problem due to the constraint of concurrent activities in a production environment. This methodology using composite materials in association with asset integrity management without shutdown production has gained recognition to be a long-term solution. The implementation of the repair and structural reinforcement system with high-performance polymer and composite material provides cost reduction, significant health, safety and environmental advantages as it enables immediate attention for the defect, on top of the benefit to avoid the loss of production.\u0000","PeriodicalId":11149,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, May 06, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77920046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David P. Hodapp, A. Voogt, Wei Ma, B. Cheater, J. Brekke
In early 2014, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) OC-8 Panel was formed to address regulatory acceptance of wind tunnel testing for stability calculations of offshore floating production systems governed by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Initially, this focused on updating the 1988 SNAME T&R Bulletin 5-4 "Guidelines for Wind Tunnel Testing" which has served as a de facto industry standard for nearly 25 years. The update was intended to leverage new technologies and lessons learned to improve the accuracy and repeatability of the results. As time progressed, the focus of the Panel broadened to encompass the empirical ‘building block’ method of wind load estimation (i.e., the basis of the CFR stability calculations) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The need to step back and objectively assess the relative accuracy and repeatability of these estimation methods was recognized in 2016. In response, SNAME OC-8 organized a ‘first-of-its-kind’ comparative wind load study to benchmark the relative accuracy and repeatability of available wind load estimation methods (i.e., empirical ‘building block’ methods, wind tunnel testing, and CFD) for a representative semi-submersible hull. The study resulted in two important outcomes: 1) U.S. regulatory authorities participated in the workshop and expressed support for acceptance of wind tunnel test results pending the publication of a new industry guideline which could assure accuracy/ repeatability, and 2) key stakeholders from operators, engineering companies, classification societies, and regulatory bodies expressed support for the development of a new industry design guideline to broadly address wind load estimation (including the use of CFD) through the engineering design spiral. The present paper summarizes the contributions of the SNAME OC-8 Panel since its inception. High- level findings/ take-aways from the 2017 comparative wind load study are discussed, and unanswered questions of importance are highlighted. The SNAME OC-8 Panel plans to deliver two new industry guidelines to improve the accuracy and repeatability of empirical ‘building block’, wind tunnel, and CFD wind load estimates; the on-going efforts of the Panel and its constituent subcommittees are further outlined in the latter portion of the paper.
{"title":"Advancing the Industry Practice in Offshore Wind Load Estimation - An Overview of On-Going SNAME OC-8 Activities","authors":"David P. Hodapp, A. Voogt, Wei Ma, B. Cheater, J. Brekke","doi":"10.4043/29646-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29646-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In early 2014, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) OC-8 Panel was formed to address regulatory acceptance of wind tunnel testing for stability calculations of offshore floating production systems governed by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Initially, this focused on updating the 1988 SNAME T&R Bulletin 5-4 \"Guidelines for Wind Tunnel Testing\" which has served as a de facto industry standard for nearly 25 years. The update was intended to leverage new technologies and lessons learned to improve the accuracy and repeatability of the results. As time progressed, the focus of the Panel broadened to encompass the empirical ‘building block’ method of wind load estimation (i.e., the basis of the CFR stability calculations) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).\u0000 The need to step back and objectively assess the relative accuracy and repeatability of these estimation methods was recognized in 2016. In response, SNAME OC-8 organized a ‘first-of-its-kind’ comparative wind load study to benchmark the relative accuracy and repeatability of available wind load estimation methods (i.e., empirical ‘building block’ methods, wind tunnel testing, and CFD) for a representative semi-submersible hull. The study resulted in two important outcomes: 1) U.S. regulatory authorities participated in the workshop and expressed support for acceptance of wind tunnel test results pending the publication of a new industry guideline which could assure accuracy/ repeatability, and 2) key stakeholders from operators, engineering companies, classification societies, and regulatory bodies expressed support for the development of a new industry design guideline to broadly address wind load estimation (including the use of CFD) through the engineering design spiral.\u0000 The present paper summarizes the contributions of the SNAME OC-8 Panel since its inception. High- level findings/ take-aways from the 2017 comparative wind load study are discussed, and unanswered questions of importance are highlighted. The SNAME OC-8 Panel plans to deliver two new industry guidelines to improve the accuracy and repeatability of empirical ‘building block’, wind tunnel, and CFD wind load estimates; the on-going efforts of the Panel and its constituent subcommittees are further outlined in the latter portion of the paper.","PeriodicalId":11149,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, May 06, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90275369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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