Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0093
M. Danjuma, S. Mohammed, M. Karkarna
The aim of this study is to assess agroforestry practices in Northwestern Nigeria with a view to bringing to light some salient features of the system for maximising benefits and improving livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the study area. A total of one hundred and sixty six smallholder farmers were sampled using random technique from five hundred and fifty farmers’ listed by the contact forum in the study area. Questionnaire was administered to the one hundred and sixty six smallholder farmers with a view to examining the level of farmers’ participation in agroforestry in six villages namely Kabobi and Garki in Katsina State, Bulangu and Abonabo in Jigawa State, Bobo in Zamfara State and Gulma in Kebbi State. Interview was also conducted with ten farmers in Bulangu, Kabobi and Gulma to provide explanations on the limitation to acceptance of agroforestry innovations in the study area. Data collected with the questionnaire was analysed using simple percentage and frequency in order to measure dispersion among sampled farmers. Data collected from the interview was coded, transcribed and presented in textual form in the paper. Result of the study revealed that seven agroforestry systems (alley cropping, boarder line planting, scattered planting, woodlot, apiculture, orchard and home garden) were practiced in the area. Orchard and home garden were not practiced in Kabobi, the northern most of the villages. It also indicated farmers’ level of participation for the seven identified technologies as follows: Alley cropping (25.63%), boarder line planting (16.25%), scattered trees on farmland (36.25%), woodlot (1.25%), orchard (1.88%), apiculture (8.75%) and home gardens (10.00%). The key factors limiting acceptance of innovations include: l) lack of tree seedling (25.00%), land tenure issues (17.50%), long tree gestation period of indigenous species (50.63%) and insect attack (06.88%). This study recommended that farmers should be educated more on agroforestry technologies through mass media programmes and ICT.
{"title":"Farmers’ Participation in Agroforestry System in Northwestern Nigeria","authors":"M. Danjuma, S. Mohammed, M. Karkarna","doi":"10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0093","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to assess agroforestry practices in Northwestern Nigeria with a view to bringing to light some salient features of the system for maximising benefits and improving livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the study area. A total of one hundred and sixty six smallholder farmers were sampled using random technique from five hundred and fifty farmers’ listed by the contact forum in the study area. Questionnaire was administered to the one hundred and sixty six smallholder farmers with a view to examining the level of farmers’ participation in agroforestry in six villages namely Kabobi and Garki in Katsina State, Bulangu and Abonabo in Jigawa State, Bobo in Zamfara State and Gulma in Kebbi State. Interview was also conducted with ten farmers in Bulangu, Kabobi and Gulma to provide explanations on the limitation to acceptance of agroforestry innovations in the study area. Data collected with the questionnaire was analysed using simple percentage and frequency in order to measure dispersion among sampled farmers. Data collected from the interview was coded, transcribed and presented in textual form in the paper. Result of the study revealed that seven agroforestry systems (alley cropping, boarder line planting, scattered planting, woodlot, apiculture, orchard and home garden) were practiced in the area. Orchard and home garden were not practiced in Kabobi, the northern most of the villages. It also indicated farmers’ level of participation for the seven identified technologies as follows: Alley cropping (25.63%), boarder line planting (16.25%), scattered trees on farmland (36.25%), woodlot (1.25%), orchard (1.88%), apiculture (8.75%) and home gardens (10.00%). The key factors limiting acceptance of innovations include: l) lack of tree seedling (25.00%), land tenure issues (17.50%), long tree gestation period of indigenous species (50.63%) and insect attack (06.88%). This study recommended that farmers should be educated more on agroforestry technologies through mass media programmes and ICT.","PeriodicalId":11240,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 23, 2018","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88941058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.22581/MUET1982.1804.13
Sumit Kumar, Dileep Kumar, R. Memon, Majid Ali Wassan, S. A. Mir
In this paper, energy and exergy analysis has been conducted on a subcritical coal fired power plant of Wisconsin Power and Light Company, USA to investigate the steam cycle energy and exergy efficiency. The cycle is analyzed by developing a mathematical model using its operating and design parameters. The analysis is performed using EES (Engineering Equation Solver). The energy analysis shows that major share of energy loss occurs in condenser i.e. 72% of total cycle energy loss, whereas, exergy analysis shows that 83.09% total exergy destruction of cycle occurs in boiler.Furthermore, the simulation results are compared with actual with an absolute error of 3.1%. Additionally, the parametric study is performed to examine the effects of various operating parameters such as main steam pressure and temperature, condenser pressure, terminal and drain cooler temperature difference on net power output, energy andexergy efficiency of cycle. The parametric study shows that the plant has maximum energy and exergy efficiencies at steam pressure of 2500psi, condenser pressure of 1.0psi and main steam temperature of 1100oF. Furthermore, these parameters do not seem to change energy and exergy efficiencies significantly.
{"title":"Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Coal Fired Power Plant","authors":"Sumit Kumar, Dileep Kumar, R. Memon, Majid Ali Wassan, S. A. Mir","doi":"10.22581/MUET1982.1804.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/MUET1982.1804.13","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, energy and exergy analysis has been conducted on a subcritical coal fired power plant of Wisconsin Power and Light Company, USA to investigate the steam cycle energy and exergy efficiency. The cycle is analyzed by developing a mathematical model using its operating and design parameters. The analysis is performed using EES (Engineering Equation Solver). The energy analysis shows that major share of energy loss occurs in condenser i.e. 72% of total cycle energy loss, whereas, exergy analysis shows that 83.09% total exergy destruction of cycle occurs in boiler.Furthermore, the simulation results are compared with actual with an absolute error of 3.1%. Additionally, the parametric study is performed to examine the effects of various operating parameters such as main steam pressure and temperature, condenser pressure, terminal and drain cooler temperature difference on net power output, energy andexergy efficiency of cycle. The parametric study shows that the plant has maximum energy and exergy efficiencies at steam pressure of 2500psi, condenser pressure of 1.0psi and main steam temperature of 1100oF. Furthermore, these parameters do not seem to change energy and exergy efficiencies significantly.","PeriodicalId":11240,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 23, 2018","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78999448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.22581/MUET1982.1804.09
Shaheena Noor, Vali Uddin
Identifying activities of daily living is an important area of research with applications in smart-homes and healthcare for elderly people. It is challenging due to reasons like human self-occlusion, complex natural environment and the human behavior when performing a complicated task. From psychological studies, we know that human gaze is closely linked with the thought process and we tend to “look” at the objects before acting on them. Hence, we have used the object information present in gaze images as the context and formed the basis for activity prediction. Our system is based on HMM (Hidden Markov Models) and trained using ANN (Artificial Neural Network). We begin with extracting motion information from TPV (Third Person Vision) streams and object information from FPV (First Person Vision) cameras. The advantage of having FPV is that the object information forms the context of the scene. When context is included as input to the HMM for activity recognition, the precision increases. For testing, we used two standard datasets from TUM (Technische Universitaet Muenchen) and GTEA Gaze+ (Georgia Tech Egocentric Activities). In the first round, we trained our ANNs only with activity information and in the second round added the object information as well. We saw a significant increase in the precision (and accuracy) of predicted activities from 55.21% (respectively 85.25%) to 77.61% (respectively 93.5%). This confirmed our initial hypothesis that including the focus of attention of the actor in the form of object seen in FPV can help in predicting activities better.
{"title":"First Person Vision for Activity Prediction Using Probabilistic Modeling","authors":"Shaheena Noor, Vali Uddin","doi":"10.22581/MUET1982.1804.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/MUET1982.1804.09","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying activities of daily living is an important area of research with applications in smart-homes and healthcare for elderly people. It is challenging due to reasons like human self-occlusion, complex natural environment and the human behavior when performing a complicated task. From psychological studies, we know that human gaze is closely linked with the thought process and we tend to “look” at the objects before acting on them. Hence, we have used the object information present in gaze images as the context and formed the basis for activity prediction. Our system is based on HMM (Hidden Markov Models) and trained using ANN (Artificial Neural Network). We begin with extracting motion information from TPV (Third Person Vision) streams and object information from FPV (First Person Vision) cameras. The advantage of having FPV is that the object information forms the context of the scene. When context is included as input to the HMM for activity recognition, the precision increases. For testing, we used two standard datasets from TUM (Technische Universitaet Muenchen) and GTEA Gaze+ (Georgia Tech Egocentric Activities). In the first round, we trained our ANNs only with activity information and in the second round added the object information as well. We saw a significant increase in the precision (and accuracy) of predicted activities from 55.21% (respectively 85.25%) to 77.61% (respectively 93.5%). This confirmed our initial hypothesis that including the focus of attention of the actor in the form of object seen in FPV can help in predicting activities better.","PeriodicalId":11240,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 23, 2018","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90089729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.22581/MUET1982.1804.11
S. A. Khoso, M. Abro, M. H. Agheem
Liberation size plays a significant role to select a correct and successful concentration method for natural iron ores. This paper aims to evaluate the liberation size of two newly discovered iron ores, namely Zard Koh and Kulli Koh, existing in Chagai region of Pakistan. Zard Koh iron ore is mainly composed of maghemite along with the pyrite, chlorite, grossular and admontite as gangue minerals, whereas, Kulli Koh iron ore is comprised of hematite mostly with quartz, dravite and kaolinite as the gangue minerals. The representative samples of ores were pulverized and sieved to different size fractions. The liberation size of iron bearing minerals and gangues was investigated by analyzing the different size fractions of each ore using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) attached with EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscope). The XRF results revealed that the most probable liberation size of Zard Koh and Kulli Koh ores is most likely existing at -75+45 and -150+106 m, respectively. In order to confirm this liberation size, further evidences were collected using SEM and EDS examinations. It is interesting to note that the results obtained from SEM and EDS were quite in agreement with XRF results.
{"title":"Evaluation of Mesh of Liberation of Zard Koh and Kulli Koh Iron Ores of Pakistan","authors":"S. A. Khoso, M. Abro, M. H. Agheem","doi":"10.22581/MUET1982.1804.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/MUET1982.1804.11","url":null,"abstract":"Liberation size plays a significant role to select a correct and successful concentration method for natural iron ores. This paper aims to evaluate the liberation size of two newly discovered iron ores, namely Zard Koh and Kulli Koh, existing in Chagai region of Pakistan. Zard Koh iron ore is mainly composed of maghemite along with the pyrite, chlorite, grossular and admontite as gangue minerals, whereas, Kulli Koh iron ore is comprised of hematite mostly with quartz, dravite and kaolinite as the gangue minerals. The representative samples of ores were pulverized and sieved to different size fractions. The liberation size of iron bearing minerals and gangues was investigated by analyzing the different size fractions of each ore using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) attached with EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscope). The XRF results revealed that the most probable liberation size of Zard Koh and Kulli Koh ores is most likely existing at -75+45 and -150+106 m, respectively. In order to confirm this liberation size, further evidences were collected using SEM and EDS examinations. It is interesting to note that the results obtained from SEM and EDS were quite in agreement with XRF results.","PeriodicalId":11240,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 23, 2018","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86586310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R ewind to 31st December 1973, the UK is experiencing an energy crisis. The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Arab oil states have imposed an oil embargo, causing a stock market crash. The coal miners are on strike in defiance of their low wages. Coal supplies are diminishing and tonight the lights go out. Commercial businesses will only be allowed to consume electricity three days a week. The UK is at its most vulnerable. What is the next move?
{"title":"Is the UK in Hot Water","authors":"","doi":"10.1144/geosci2018-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geosci2018-014","url":null,"abstract":"R ewind to 31st December 1973, the UK is experiencing an energy crisis. The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Arab oil states have imposed an oil embargo, causing a stock market crash. The coal miners are on strike in defiance of their low wages. Coal supplies are diminishing and tonight the lights go out. Commercial businesses will only be allowed to consume electricity three days a week. The UK is at its most vulnerable. What is the next move?","PeriodicalId":11240,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 23, 2018","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79049114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Collaborative effort is required in DSD (Distributed Software Development) in order to develop software in manageable components. Immense effort is taking place due to the cultural, geographical and temporal distances among project teams in Pakistani Software Industry to this end. The purpose of this study is to propose a solution during DSD that will help the distributed teams in coordinating their activities. Our solution enhances the management associated activities and assists in optimal usage of team coordination in dispersed settings. The method that we used is single case study type, which involved distributed software business to assess the usefulness and efficiency related to Pakistan’s DSD industries, and has shown strong tendency of participants towards the effectiveness of proposed team coordination framework. Results indicate that the predictable solution will look up the group management, which is considered as a vigorous issue of Pakistani DSD industry. Furthermore, it will assist in resolving the problems of team coordination in distributed situation. One of the most significant current discussion about the proposed solution suggested that it helps in human communication methods team coordination in a distributed environment.
{"title":"Introducing Team Coordination Framework to Support Globally Distributed Teams for Pakistani Software Industry","authors":"Zartasha Gul, Y. Hafeez, Amber Sarwar Hashmi, Sadia Ali, Naila Iqbal","doi":"10.22581/MUET1982.1804.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/MUET1982.1804.18","url":null,"abstract":"Collaborative effort is required in DSD (Distributed Software Development) in order to develop software in manageable components. Immense effort is taking place due to the cultural, geographical and temporal distances among project teams in Pakistani Software Industry to this end. The purpose of this study is to propose a solution during DSD that will help the distributed teams in coordinating their activities. Our solution enhances the management associated activities and assists in optimal usage of team coordination in dispersed settings. The method that we used is single case study type, which involved distributed software business to assess the usefulness and efficiency related to Pakistan’s DSD industries, and has shown strong tendency of participants towards the effectiveness of proposed team coordination framework. Results indicate that the predictable solution will look up the group management, which is considered as a vigorous issue of Pakistani DSD industry. Furthermore, it will assist in resolving the problems of team coordination in distributed situation. One of the most significant current discussion about the proposed solution suggested that it helps in human communication methods team coordination in a distributed environment.","PeriodicalId":11240,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 23, 2018","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81443709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dance On a Volcano: Bagana, Papua New Guinea","authors":"","doi":"10.1144/geosci2018-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geosci2018-015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11240,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 23, 2018","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79881610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0075
O. Akinsiku, N. Ajala
The continuous domination of the Nigeria construction industry by men remains an issue of concern to construction stakeholders as females in the Nigerian construction industry continue to be largely underrepresented. The objective of this study was to investigate the barriers to females' involvement in the Nigerian construction industry with a view to suggesting strategies that will assist to bridge this barrier. The survey reviewed literature on the level of female participation, the perceptions about women, the opportunities available to females and strategies of increasing the number of female participation in the industry. The instrument for data collection was obtained by the use of a survey questionnaire as well as the reviews of extant literature. The sampling method employed is stratified random sampling. The questionnaires were administered to built environment practitioners in consulting and contracting establishment in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. The findings revealed that the barriers which influence female under-representation in the Nigerian construction industry include; the male-dominated structure of the construction industry, family commitments such as marriage and childbirth, masculine nature of the job, long working hours. The strategies recommended to bridge this barrier include the formulation of employment policies which prevent sexism, educating young women about the industry, providing better working conditions and flexible working policies for women, provision of incentives in order to attract more women into the Nigerian construction industry.
{"title":"An Investigation of Barriers to Females’ Involvement in the Nigeria Construction Industry","authors":"O. Akinsiku, N. Ajala","doi":"10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0075","url":null,"abstract":"The continuous domination of the Nigeria construction industry by men remains an issue of concern to construction stakeholders as females in the Nigerian construction industry continue to be largely underrepresented. The objective of this study was to investigate the barriers to females' involvement in the Nigerian construction industry with a view to suggesting strategies that will assist to bridge this barrier. The survey reviewed literature on the level of female participation, the perceptions about women, the opportunities available to females and strategies of increasing the number of female participation in the industry. The instrument for data collection was obtained by the use of a survey questionnaire as well as the reviews of extant literature. The sampling method employed is stratified random sampling. The questionnaires were administered to built environment practitioners in consulting and contracting establishment in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. The findings revealed that the barriers which influence female under-representation in the Nigerian construction industry include; the male-dominated structure of the construction industry, family commitments such as marriage and childbirth, masculine nature of the job, long working hours. The strategies recommended to bridge this barrier include the formulation of employment policies which prevent sexism, educating young women about the industry, providing better working conditions and flexible working policies for women, provision of incentives in order to attract more women into the Nigerian construction industry.","PeriodicalId":11240,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 23, 2018","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85912180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0071
P. C. Ogbonna, E. N. Kalu, O. Nwankwo
Farmers are constrained to farming on lands adjoined to sources of pollution without considering the health implications of consuming crops grown on such lands. The main route of entry of heavy metals in human body is via ingestion of food contaminated with heavy metals. Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it. This, therefore, necessitated the determination of heavy metals in sawdust, distribution in soil and accumulation in plants at Ahiaeke timber market in Umuahia, Abia State. The study assessed metals (chromium [Cr], zinc [Zn], cadmium [Cd], and copper [Cu]) in sawdust particles, their distribution in soil and accumulation in plants. The highest concentration of Zn (51.00±1.84 mg/kg) and Cr (0.170±0.014 mg/kg) was observed at the sawdust dump 2, Cu (8.24±0.60 mg/kg) was highest at sawdust dump 1 while Cd (4.72±0.071 mg/kg) was highest at sawdust dump 3. The values of the highest concentration of Zn (119.7±7.02 mg/kg), Cu (75.85±4.80 mg/kg) and Cd (22.39±3.30 mg/kg) in soil were observed in 0-10 cm depth at the distance of 20 m. The values of Zn (119.7±7.02 mg/kg) and Cd (22.39±3.30 mg/kg) in soil is above the maximum permitted levels of 60 mg/kg (Zn) and 0.1 mg/kg (Cd) established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The highest concentration of Zn (34.70±7.05 mg/kg), Cu (5.34±0.11 mg/kg) and Cd (2.94±0.515) in plants was assimilated by Centrosema pubescence. The level of Cd in plants is well above the permissible limit (PL) 0.3 mg/kg set by FAO/WHO for vegetables and herbs. Consumption of such contaminated C. pubescence can be a route of entry of Cd in grazing animals’ vis-à-vis the people who depend on such herbivores for protein.
{"title":"Determination of Heavy Metals in Sawdust Particles, Distribution in Soil and Accumulation in Plants at Ahiaeke Timber Market in Umuahia, Nigeria","authors":"P. C. Ogbonna, E. N. Kalu, O. Nwankwo","doi":"10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0071","url":null,"abstract":"Farmers are constrained to farming on lands adjoined to sources of pollution without considering the health implications of consuming crops grown on such lands. The main route of entry of heavy metals in human body is via ingestion of food contaminated with heavy metals. Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it. This, therefore, necessitated the determination of heavy metals in sawdust, distribution in soil and accumulation in plants at Ahiaeke timber market in Umuahia, Abia State. The study assessed metals (chromium [Cr], zinc [Zn], cadmium [Cd], and copper [Cu]) in sawdust particles, their distribution in soil and accumulation in plants. The highest concentration of Zn (51.00±1.84 mg/kg) and Cr (0.170±0.014 mg/kg) was observed at the sawdust dump 2, Cu (8.24±0.60 mg/kg) was highest at sawdust dump 1 while Cd (4.72±0.071 mg/kg) was highest at sawdust dump 3. The values of the highest concentration of Zn (119.7±7.02 mg/kg), Cu (75.85±4.80 mg/kg) and Cd (22.39±3.30 mg/kg) in soil were observed in 0-10 cm depth at the distance of 20 m. The values of Zn (119.7±7.02 mg/kg) and Cd (22.39±3.30 mg/kg) in soil is above the maximum permitted levels of 60 mg/kg (Zn) and 0.1 mg/kg (Cd) established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The highest concentration of Zn (34.70±7.05 mg/kg), Cu (5.34±0.11 mg/kg) and Cd (2.94±0.515) in plants was assimilated by Centrosema pubescence. The level of Cd in plants is well above the permissible limit (PL) 0.3 mg/kg set by FAO/WHO for vegetables and herbs. Consumption of such contaminated C. pubescence can be a route of entry of Cd in grazing animals’ vis-à-vis the people who depend on such herbivores for protein.","PeriodicalId":11240,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 23, 2018","volume":"557 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88340430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Langbauer Clemens, H. Herbert, Mukhamedzianova Albina
The demand for environmentally friendly and efficient oil and gas production, especially in unconventional reservoirs, is continuously increasing. Conventional hydraulic fracturing jobs use numerous different harmful (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016) chemicals to stabilize the fracturing fluid and to maintain its proppant caring capacity. The Bio-Enhanced Energy Recovery (BEER®) fracturing technology is a new technology for clean and efficient energy recovery in tight oil and shale gas reservoirs using biological substances, without the use of environmentally harmful chemicals. This paper shows the potential of the BEER® technology in a tight gas sandstone reservoir with the help of the 3D simulator GOHFER® and laboratory tests. The technology itself consists of two essential parts. On the one hand, a biological hydraulic fracturing fluid to create the fracture and to carry the proppants is just a mixture of a few harmless components. On the other hand, special proppants, based on silicon dioxide, are applied to keep the fracture open. Experiments and lab tests have shown the high potential of the fluid. Fluid rheology, caring capacity, breaking behavior and other relevant properties are examined. The investigations of the proppants result in a very high compressive strength, narrow size range, perfect sphericity at a much lower price, compared to the common commercially available products. Based on those results by the usage of the simulator GOHFER®, the fracturing job efficiency of the BEER® technology is comparable to the performance of the standard fracturing technology. Reservoir properties, the treatment job design, the 3D fracture geometry and post-treatment production enhancement are investigated. A sensitivity analysis of gross fracture length, propped cut-off fracture length, and fracture conductivity confirms the significant potential of this technology. The results presented here indicate that the proposed technology is indeed suitable for performing environmentally friendly and clean hydraulic fracturing jobs, resulting in higher production rates at much lower costs than the conventional technology.
对环保和高效油气生产的需求正在不断增加，尤其是在非常规油藏中。传统的水力压裂作业使用了许多不同的有害化学物质(美国环境保护署，2016年)来稳定压裂液并保持支撑剂的承载能力。Bio-Enhanced Energy Recovery (BEER®)压裂技术是一项利用生物物质在致密油和页岩气储层中清洁高效地回收能源的新技术，不使用对环境有害的化学物质。本文借助GOHFER®3D模拟器和实验室测试，展示了BEER®技术在致密砂岩气藏中的潜力。这项技术本身由两个基本部分组成。一方面，用于制造裂缝和携带支撑剂的生物水力压裂液只是几种无害成分的混合物。另一方面，基于二氧化硅的特殊支撑剂被应用于保持裂缝打开。实验和实验室测试表明，这种液体具有很高的潜力。考察了流体流变学、承载能力、断裂行为和其他相关性质。研究结果表明，与市面上常见的支撑剂相比，该支撑剂具有非常高的抗压强度、较小的尺寸范围、完美的球形度和更低的价格。基于模拟GOHFER®的结果，BEER®技术的压裂作业效率与标准压裂技术的性能相当。研究了储层性质、处理作业设计、三维裂缝几何形状和处理后的增产效果。对总裂缝长度、支撑截止裂缝长度和裂缝导流能力的敏感性分析证实了该技术的巨大潜力。研究结果表明，该技术确实适用于环境友好、清洁的水力压裂作业，与传统技术相比，能够以更低的成本实现更高的产量。
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