Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.1109/DUE.2014.6827773
M. P. Matenda, A. Raji, W. Fritz
This paper demonstrates how it is possible to set up a solar-powered air conditioning system to provide a comfortable environment for the residential buildings in Sub-Saharan Africa. This report discusses solar-powered air conditioners (a solar heat-driven refrigeration system with electricity as a backup). It focuses on the basic components of the system without elaborating on the auxiliary component such as air handling unit, and others components. In addition, this paper describes and develops a model and simulation of the collector to predict the working performance and efficiency of the collector face forweather in Sub-Saharan Africa. The collector used in this report for the experimentations is a vacuum air collector chosen randomly amongst collectors proposed by Integrated Simulation Environment Language (INSEL software). Although evacuated tubular collector is the most widely used in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the applicability of a solar air conditioning system is feasible in Sub-Saharan Africa. Such a system is capable of mitigating the consumption of energy in buildings by using the refrigerant that has low Ozone Depletion Potential andlow Global Warming Potential.
{"title":"Applications of solar air conditioning assisted systems in Sub-Saharan Africa for residential buildings","authors":"M. P. Matenda, A. Raji, W. Fritz","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827773","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates how it is possible to set up a solar-powered air conditioning system to provide a comfortable environment for the residential buildings in Sub-Saharan Africa. This report discusses solar-powered air conditioners (a solar heat-driven refrigeration system with electricity as a backup). It focuses on the basic components of the system without elaborating on the auxiliary component such as air handling unit, and others components. In addition, this paper describes and develops a model and simulation of the collector to predict the working performance and efficiency of the collector face forweather in Sub-Saharan Africa. The collector used in this report for the experimentations is a vacuum air collector chosen randomly amongst collectors proposed by Integrated Simulation Environment Language (INSEL software). Although evacuated tubular collector is the most widely used in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the applicability of a solar air conditioning system is feasible in Sub-Saharan Africa. Such a system is capable of mitigating the consumption of energy in buildings by using the refrigerant that has low Ozone Depletion Potential andlow Global Warming Potential.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126788311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.1109/DUE.2014.6827754
M. Ibraimo, H. Annegarn, C. Pemberton-Pigott
The use of coal as a household fuel to meet requirements of cooking and heating in low income communities on the South African Highveld results high levels of indoor and ambient air pollution. The combustion of coal is regarded as the largest source of air pollution in Gauteng Province, in terms of resultant human exposure. As part of measures to combat this problem, an innovative clean-burning multi-use (cooking and heating) coal stove has been developed. Incorporating a bottom-lit down-draft (BLDD) design. However, optimising the fundamental design by construction and testing has been a time and resource consuming exercise. In this paper we report on the use of PHOENICS computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to develop a model for simulating an optimal geometry for the BLDD coal stove, including heat and gas transfer components. We used mass, momentum and energy balances built within PHOENICS software, through FLAIR program (a special-purpose sub-module program of PHOENICS, designed to provide an air-flow and thermal-simulation facility for heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems), to evaluate the basic design in terms of heat distribution from fuel bed to exhaust pipe. As a simplifying assumption for computational efficiency, a model using rectangular conduits was built and validated by comparing the simulations with experimental performance of the stove. This article reports the initial findings of the CFD modelling, involving air flows and temperature profile, assuming a constant heat source located in the combustion chamber. Validation of the model will lead to an accelerated design cycle for reaching a design solution for optimised thermal (cooking) performance and reduced pollution emissions.
{"title":"Modelling of bottom-lit down-draft (BLDD) clean-burning coal stove","authors":"M. Ibraimo, H. Annegarn, C. Pemberton-Pigott","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827754","url":null,"abstract":"The use of coal as a household fuel to meet requirements of cooking and heating in low income communities on the South African Highveld results high levels of indoor and ambient air pollution. The combustion of coal is regarded as the largest source of air pollution in Gauteng Province, in terms of resultant human exposure. As part of measures to combat this problem, an innovative clean-burning multi-use (cooking and heating) coal stove has been developed. Incorporating a bottom-lit down-draft (BLDD) design. However, optimising the fundamental design by construction and testing has been a time and resource consuming exercise. In this paper we report on the use of PHOENICS computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to develop a model for simulating an optimal geometry for the BLDD coal stove, including heat and gas transfer components. We used mass, momentum and energy balances built within PHOENICS software, through FLAIR program (a special-purpose sub-module program of PHOENICS, designed to provide an air-flow and thermal-simulation facility for heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems), to evaluate the basic design in terms of heat distribution from fuel bed to exhaust pipe. As a simplifying assumption for computational efficiency, a model using rectangular conduits was built and validated by comparing the simulations with experimental performance of the stove. This article reports the initial findings of the CFD modelling, involving air flows and temperature profile, assuming a constant heat source located in the combustion chamber. Validation of the model will lead to an accelerated design cycle for reaching a design solution for optimised thermal (cooking) performance and reduced pollution emissions.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"7 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125922506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.1109/DUE.2014.6827759
T. Makonese, P. Forbes, L. Mudau, H. Annegarn
Residential coal combustion for cooking and heating purposes has been identified as a major source of fine particle mass emissions, and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs have potential human health implications and this has motivated studies and analyses of these compounds. This paper investigates PAH emissions from household coal fires prepared using the Basa njengo Magogo (top-lit updraft) and the traditional (bottom-lit updraft) fire lighting methods. The two different fire lighting methods were compared in imbawulas/braziers with three different ventilation rates (i.e. high, medium, and low). A novel, miniature denuder developed and tested at the University of Pretoria was used to monitor PAH emissions from the fires. The denuder consists of two silicone rubber traps in series separated by a quartz fibre filter. The denuders were positioned 1 m away from the fire and were connected to pumps that sampled ~5 litres of air over a 10 min sampling interval. Monitoring of PAH compounds was limited only to the ignition phase. Changes in combustion conditions appeared to have a marked effect on the PAH emissions. Samples collected when employing the traditional fire lighting method contained higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The Basa njengo Magogo method in a well-ventilated imbawula proved to be more efficient with lower concentrations of PAHs detected. The PAHs which were detected were primarily naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene.
{"title":"Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hyrdrocarbon (PAH) emissions from real world uses of domestic coal braziers","authors":"T. Makonese, P. Forbes, L. Mudau, H. Annegarn","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827759","url":null,"abstract":"Residential coal combustion for cooking and heating purposes has been identified as a major source of fine particle mass emissions, and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs have potential human health implications and this has motivated studies and analyses of these compounds. This paper investigates PAH emissions from household coal fires prepared using the Basa njengo Magogo (top-lit updraft) and the traditional (bottom-lit updraft) fire lighting methods. The two different fire lighting methods were compared in imbawulas/braziers with three different ventilation rates (i.e. high, medium, and low). A novel, miniature denuder developed and tested at the University of Pretoria was used to monitor PAH emissions from the fires. The denuder consists of two silicone rubber traps in series separated by a quartz fibre filter. The denuders were positioned 1 m away from the fire and were connected to pumps that sampled ~5 litres of air over a 10 min sampling interval. Monitoring of PAH compounds was limited only to the ignition phase. Changes in combustion conditions appeared to have a marked effect on the PAH emissions. Samples collected when employing the traditional fire lighting method contained higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The Basa njengo Magogo method in a well-ventilated imbawula proved to be more efficient with lower concentrations of PAHs detected. The PAHs which were detected were primarily naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125656463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.1109/DUE.2014.6827776
T. Lukhwareni, O. Dobzhanskyi, R. Gouws
With the world encountering huge pollution problems, use of renewable energy is being encouraged in place of fossils fuels for electricity generation. On such renewable energies is solar power. Solar powered systems are able to generate electricity using photovoltaic (PV) panels, or thermal collectors directly from sunlight. Pool pump electricity consumption has also risen in South Africa. This paper presents the results of the design, and construction of a PV solar system to effect water pumping in rural areas; pool pumping in urban areas. Before the design was completed the load requirement of pump/motor was gathered. PV system software carried out simulations of the design before implementation. A PV solar system prototype was constructed, tested; results verified.
{"title":"Solar power pumping system for domestic appliences","authors":"T. Lukhwareni, O. Dobzhanskyi, R. Gouws","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827776","url":null,"abstract":"With the world encountering huge pollution problems, use of renewable energy is being encouraged in place of fossils fuels for electricity generation. On such renewable energies is solar power. Solar powered systems are able to generate electricity using photovoltaic (PV) panels, or thermal collectors directly from sunlight. Pool pump electricity consumption has also risen in South Africa. This paper presents the results of the design, and construction of a PV solar system to effect water pumping in rural areas; pool pumping in urban areas. Before the design was completed the load requirement of pump/motor was gathered. PV system software carried out simulations of the design before implementation. A PV solar system prototype was constructed, tested; results verified.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116020028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.1109/DUE.2014.6827778
M. Malengret, T. Gaunt
A recent South African invention and internationally provisionally registered patent consists of multi-port electrical converters. The converter will inject or tap electric power at a point of common coupling (PCC) in such a way that the total power injected or drawn is transmitted from source to destination throughout an electrical network so that the losses associated with the transmission will be minimum. This applies to any m-number of wires. The wires voltages and currents can be DC, AC or a combination. The device does this by first determining in a novel way the dynamically changing Thévenin equivalent circuit at the point of common coupling (PCC). Some of the applications of the approach are: dispatching power from conventional, renewable sources, storage, as well as receiving power into a storage device or at a consumer point.
{"title":"Using thevenin equivalents to improve electricity delivery efficiency in AC and DC systems","authors":"M. Malengret, T. Gaunt","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827778","url":null,"abstract":"A recent South African invention and internationally provisionally registered patent consists of multi-port electrical converters. The converter will inject or tap electric power at a point of common coupling (PCC) in such a way that the total power injected or drawn is transmitted from source to destination throughout an electrical network so that the losses associated with the transmission will be minimum. This applies to any m-number of wires. The wires voltages and currents can be DC, AC or a combination. The device does this by first determining in a novel way the dynamically changing Thévenin equivalent circuit at the point of common coupling (PCC). Some of the applications of the approach are: dispatching power from conventional, renewable sources, storage, as well as receiving power into a storage device or at a consumer point.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133712037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.1109/DUE.2014.6827771
A. Eloka‐Eboka, F. Inambao
The search for improvement in the development of biomass and bio-fuels as renewable energy sources has continued for some time. Biodiesel fuels from different crude vegetable oils have been explored and evaluated as sustainable or unsustainable fuel energy sources. The fuel properties of feed stocks vary from sources, physico-chemical configuration and biological compositions and so with processes such as blending, these properties may be improved. In this study, two selected feed stocks “Moringa oleifeara” (MO) and “Jatropha curcas” (JC) seed oils and their methyl esters (biodiesel) were subjected to experimental processes in varying proportions. The s compositions were J50M50, J40M10, J30M20, J20M30, and J10M40 from crude oil samples (in situ) and: BM50J50, BM40J10, BM30J20, BM20J30 and BM10J40 from produced biodiesel by transesterification (ex-situ) using production variables and optimisation sequences. The produced results were evaluated for chemo-physical and thermal properties using ASTM and SANS standards for each specific test(s). Results disclosed the efficacy of splicing in improving specific biodiesel properties as fuels. Specific tests includes, viscosity, specific gravity, refractive index, cetane index, fatty acid composition, free and total glycerine, free fatty acid composition, flash point, pour and cloud points and calorific values. These were all higher and better than the single stock biodiesel fuels. MO biodiesel, which has proved itself an excellent fuel in the writers' previous studies having high oleic acid content (> 70%, impacted positively on JC in enhancing its potential with positive correlation at a 95% confidence level (a > 0.05) and on analysis of variation (ANOVA). This is a new approach in biodiesel development, as studies of this nature are scarce in literatures. Mixing biodiesel feedstock in situ and ex situ will no doubt give rise to new products of improved energy qualities that may bring about a much needed difference in the biodiesel industry.
{"title":"Blending feedstock — Fresh approach in biodiesel development: Moringa and Jatropha seed oils","authors":"A. Eloka‐Eboka, F. Inambao","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827771","url":null,"abstract":"The search for improvement in the development of biomass and bio-fuels as renewable energy sources has continued for some time. Biodiesel fuels from different crude vegetable oils have been explored and evaluated as sustainable or unsustainable fuel energy sources. The fuel properties of feed stocks vary from sources, physico-chemical configuration and biological compositions and so with processes such as blending, these properties may be improved. In this study, two selected feed stocks “Moringa oleifeara” (MO) and “Jatropha curcas” (JC) seed oils and their methyl esters (biodiesel) were subjected to experimental processes in varying proportions. The s compositions were J<sub>50</sub>M<sub>50</sub>, J<sub>40</sub>M<sub>10</sub>, J<sub>30</sub>M<sub>20</sub>, J<sub>20</sub>M<sub>30</sub>, and J<sub>10</sub>M<sub>40</sub> from crude oil samples (in situ) and: BM<sub>50</sub>J<sub>50</sub>, BM<sub>40</sub>J<sub>10</sub>, BM<sub>30</sub>J<sub>20</sub>, BM<sub>20</sub>J<sub>30</sub> and BM<sub>10</sub>J<sub>40</sub> from produced biodiesel by transesterification (ex-situ) using production variables and optimisation sequences. The produced results were evaluated for chemo-physical and thermal properties using ASTM and SANS standards for each specific test(s). Results disclosed the efficacy of splicing in improving specific biodiesel properties as fuels. Specific tests includes, viscosity, specific gravity, refractive index, cetane index, fatty acid composition, free and total glycerine, free fatty acid composition, flash point, pour and cloud points and calorific values. These were all higher and better than the single stock biodiesel fuels. MO biodiesel, which has proved itself an excellent fuel in the writers' previous studies having high oleic acid content (> 70%, impacted positively on JC in enhancing its potential with positive correlation at a 95% confidence level (a > 0.05) and on analysis of variation (ANOVA). This is a new approach in biodiesel development, as studies of this nature are scarce in literatures. Mixing biodiesel feedstock in situ and ex situ will no doubt give rise to new products of improved energy qualities that may bring about a much needed difference in the biodiesel industry.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130227551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.1109/DUE.2014.6827770
S. Mudziwepasi, M. Scott
This paper examines the economic viability of stand-alone, household-sized renewable energy technologies, namely wind generator and solar photovoltaic (PV) for application in remote and rural areas of South Africa. Three reference technologies are chosen. These are two solar PV systems for solar conditions and one wind turbine. It is found for all regions that levelized costs of PV energy are lower than the cost of energy from gasoline gen-set, and are cost-competitive with grid extension, especially for areas with low load density and low number of households to be electrified. Regarding wind energy, the viability is dependent on the location due to the wide variation of wind resource to topography. However, in locations with proper resources, wind energy is even more cost-competitive than solar PV. Thus, the use of either wind generator or solar PV is economically feasible in rural villages and remote areas of South Africa. Policy recommendations for promoting the market development of renewable energy technologies are discussed in the final section of the paper.
{"title":"Towards the exploration of renewable energy technologies as an alternative to grid extension for rural electrification in South Africa","authors":"S. Mudziwepasi, M. Scott","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827770","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the economic viability of stand-alone, household-sized renewable energy technologies, namely wind generator and solar photovoltaic (PV) for application in remote and rural areas of South Africa. Three reference technologies are chosen. These are two solar PV systems for solar conditions and one wind turbine. It is found for all regions that levelized costs of PV energy are lower than the cost of energy from gasoline gen-set, and are cost-competitive with grid extension, especially for areas with low load density and low number of households to be electrified. Regarding wind energy, the viability is dependent on the location due to the wide variation of wind resource to topography. However, in locations with proper resources, wind energy is even more cost-competitive than solar PV. Thus, the use of either wind generator or solar PV is economically feasible in rural villages and remote areas of South Africa. Policy recommendations for promoting the market development of renewable energy technologies are discussed in the final section of the paper.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129332304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.1109/DUE.2014.6827762
P. Lloyd
As part of a household energisation experiment, a baseline survey was undertaken from a sample of 152 households in the informal settlement of Samora Machel. The survey covered energy needs for cooking, space heating, water heating, lighting and any other demands, the costs of energy and total household monthly expenses. The average home had 3-4 inhabitants in less than 2 rooms. Paraffin was the primary source of energy for cooking and space heating, and played a significant role in water heating and lighting. Electricity was quite widely available, but was used primarily for low-power services such as radios and cellphones. Only 10% of all homes had a refrigerator. 20% of all homes purchased LP gas regularly but only used it on social occasions. Fuelwood was collected rather than purchased, and mainly burned in an open brazier, both for cooking and space heating. Space heating was primarily by cookstove; only one home had a specially designed heater using paraffin fuel. The median household expenditure was R1800/month and 20% of this was spent on energy services. About half the homes are at risk of energy poverty, where lack of energy could give rise to a range of health problems, particularly during the colder months.
{"title":"The energy profile of a low-income urban community","authors":"P. Lloyd","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827762","url":null,"abstract":"As part of a household energisation experiment, a baseline survey was undertaken from a sample of 152 households in the informal settlement of Samora Machel. The survey covered energy needs for cooking, space heating, water heating, lighting and any other demands, the costs of energy and total household monthly expenses. The average home had 3-4 inhabitants in less than 2 rooms. Paraffin was the primary source of energy for cooking and space heating, and played a significant role in water heating and lighting. Electricity was quite widely available, but was used primarily for low-power services such as radios and cellphones. Only 10% of all homes had a refrigerator. 20% of all homes purchased LP gas regularly but only used it on social occasions. Fuelwood was collected rather than purchased, and mainly burned in an open brazier, both for cooking and space heating. Space heating was primarily by cookstove; only one home had a specially designed heater using paraffin fuel. The median household expenditure was R1800/month and 20% of this was spent on energy services. About half the homes are at risk of energy poverty, where lack of energy could give rise to a range of health problems, particularly during the colder months.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115497412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.1109/DUE.2014.6827755
D. Masekameni, T. Makonese, H. Annegarn
Despite more than 87% households in South Africa being electrified, domestic coal combustion still remain a major source of cooking and heating in low-income households on the Highveld. A majority of low-income households burn coal in informal braziers-imbaulas-constructed from 25 L metal drums with holes punched around the sides. These imbaula stoves are hand manufactured without any standard reference with respect to number, size and location of ventilation holes and position of the fuel grate. These devices tend to have poor combustion efficiencies, leading to high emissions of particulate matter and pollutant gases, affecting both indoor and ambient air. This paper focuses on a range of community designed imbaulas and ignition methods (top and bottom lit), with the aim of evaluating thermal and emissions performance using the SeTAR Centre Heterogeneous Testing Protocol (HTP). Three stoves were evaluated, differing primarily in the total area of the ventilation holes. Results show that the stove with largest area of ventilation holes emits less particulate matter, has improved combustion efficiency - CO:CO2 ratio (4%) and consumes less fuel compared to two other test stoves with smaller areas of ventilation holes. For all stoves tested, the top-lit ignition method showed an 80% reduction in particle emissions compared to the bottom-lit ignition method. From this work, it can be argued that a balance between primary and secondary air inlets and grate height will improve imbaula performance.
{"title":"Optimisation of ventilation and ignition method for reducing emissions from coal-burning imbaulas","authors":"D. Masekameni, T. Makonese, H. Annegarn","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827755","url":null,"abstract":"Despite more than 87% households in South Africa being electrified, domestic coal combustion still remain a major source of cooking and heating in low-income households on the Highveld. A majority of low-income households burn coal in informal braziers-imbaulas-constructed from 25 L metal drums with holes punched around the sides. These imbaula stoves are hand manufactured without any standard reference with respect to number, size and location of ventilation holes and position of the fuel grate. These devices tend to have poor combustion efficiencies, leading to high emissions of particulate matter and pollutant gases, affecting both indoor and ambient air. This paper focuses on a range of community designed imbaulas and ignition methods (top and bottom lit), with the aim of evaluating thermal and emissions performance using the SeTAR Centre Heterogeneous Testing Protocol (HTP). Three stoves were evaluated, differing primarily in the total area of the ventilation holes. Results show that the stove with largest area of ventilation holes emits less particulate matter, has improved combustion efficiency - CO:CO2 ratio (4%) and consumes less fuel compared to two other test stoves with smaller areas of ventilation holes. For all stoves tested, the top-lit ignition method showed an 80% reduction in particle emissions compared to the bottom-lit ignition method. From this work, it can be argued that a balance between primary and secondary air inlets and grate height will improve imbaula performance.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124048977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.1109/DUE.2014.6827761
Hendrik Reydarns, Vincent Lauwereys, D. Haeseldonckx, P. van Willigenburg, J. Woudstra, S. De Jonge
Instead of using a passive AC power grid for low power applications, this paper describes a smart plug for DC networks that is capable of providing the correct power to a device (up to 100 W) and that allows for communication between different plugs and monitoring of energy consumption across the DC network using the Ethernet protocol in conjunction with a signal modulator to adapt the signals to the DC network. The ability to monitor consumption on a device-per-device basis allows for closer monitoring of in-house energy use and provides an easily scalable platform to monitor consumption at a macro level. In order to make this paper attractive for the consumer market and easily integrable with existing consumer devices, a generally compatible solution is needed. To meet these demands and to take advantage of the trend of charging consumer devices through USB, we opted for the recently adapted USB Power Delivery standard. This standard allows devices to communicate with the plug and demand a specific voltage and current needed for the device to operate. The purpose of this paper is to give the reader insight in the development of a proof of concept of the smart DC/DC power plug.
本文介绍了一种用于直流网络的智能插头，它能够为设备提供正确的功率(高达100 W)，并允许不同插头之间的通信，并使用以太网协议和信号调制器监测直流网络的能耗，而不是使用无源交流电网用于低功耗应用。在每个设备的基础上监控消耗的能力允许更密切地监控内部能源使用，并提供一个易于扩展的平台来监控宏观层面的消耗。为了使本文对消费市场具有吸引力，并易于与现有的消费设备集成，需要一个普遍兼容的解决方案。为了满足这些需求，并利用通过USB为消费设备充电的趋势，我们选择了最近调整的USB Power Delivery标准。该标准允许设备与插头通信，并要求设备运行所需的特定电压和电流。本文的目的是让读者了解智能DC/DC电源插头的概念验证的发展。
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