Objective: The current research work focused on the evaluation of of H. rhamnoides and C. intybus Fe2O3 NPs against liver cancer cell line (HepG2) by performing antiproliferative assay targeting the RhoA gene and apoptotic pathway genes and proteins.
Methods: Fe2O3 NPs were synthesized using extracts of H. rhamnoides and C. intybus and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM/EDS and XRD. MTT assay was used to study cytotoxicity against the HepG2 cells. Real-time qPCR and ELISA were used for the gene and protein analysis.
Results: An absorbance peak at 300 nm for H. rhamnoides and 289 nm for C. intybus nanoparticles were observed by UV-Vis analysis. The FTIR bands of H. rhamnoide Fe2O3 NPs suggested the presence of aldehydes, alcohols and polyols whereas bands of C. intybus Fe2O3 NPs suggested the presence of carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups, alkynes and amines. The size of Fe2O3 NPs was found to be 27 ± 5nm for H. rhamnoides and 84 ± 4nm for C. intybus. The IC50 value of 41.69 µM for H. rhmnoides and 71.04 µM for C. intybus Fe2O3 NPs compared to plant extract (78.10 and 96.03 µM for H. rhamnoides and C. intybus, respectively) were found against HepG2 cells. The gene expression and protein levels of RhoA were decreased whereas those of bax, caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 were found increased.
Conclusion: Nanoparticles and extract of H. rhamnoides were found more effective as compared to C. intybus, which was evident by the results of cytotoxicity and analysis of studied genes and proteins.
Objective: Itraconazole (ITZ), a widely used systemic antifungal drug, has been ingeniously repurposed for its antitumor effects. In the present work, we have prepared and optimized the ITZ-loaded transferosomes by Quality by Design (QbD) approach and repurposed them for skin cancer.
Methods: The transferosomal formulation was optimized by employing a QbD approach with the design of experiment. A combination of screening and optimization design was used for formulation optimization. The optimized formulation was characterized by particle size, PDI, zeta potential, FTIR, XRD, and surface morphology using TEM. In vitro and ex vivo studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells. An in vitro cell line study was performed on the human melanoma A375 cell line.
Results: The optimized formulation has a particle size of 192.37 ± 13.19 nm, PDI of 0.41 ± 0.03, zeta potential -47.80 ± 3.66, and an entrapment efficiency of 64.11 ± 3.75%. In vitro release studies showed that ITZ encapsulated transferosomes offer higher and sustained release than pure drugs. Ex vivo drug penetration and retention studies show that the penetration and retention of transferosomes are more visible in the skin than in the drug. The cell viability study confirms that ITZ encapsulated transferosomes have almost 2-fold more potency against the A375 cell line than pure drug.
Conclusion: ITZ encapsulated transferosomes were successfully prepared and optimized using a combination of screening and optimization designs. Based on ex vivo and cell line studies, we conclude that ITZ-loaded transferosomes could aid melanoma management alongside standard therapies.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a healthcare concern that causes most cancer-linked deaths around the world. This work was aimed at unraveling the anticancer potential of acamprosate and development of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) drug delivery system to increase the therapeutic efficacy of acamprosate. For this purpose, the MSNs were synthesized and encapsulated with acamprosate (MSN-Acamp). The MSN and MSN-Acamp were characterized by DLS, Zeta potential, UV spectroscopy, SEM, FTIR, XRD, DFT, and XPS. Biological effects were evaluated by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays. The apoptotic mode of cell death was evaluated by fluorescence imaging and DNA fragmentation assay. Cell cycle assessment and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining were performed to depict the phase of cell arrest and stage of apoptotic cells respectively. The acamprosate was found to exhibit cytotoxic effect and MSN-Acamp exhibited an increased cytotoxicity. Apoptotic mode of cell death was revealed by fluorescence imaging as nuclear fragmentation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of membrane potential in mitochondria, and chromatin condensation/fragmentation were found. The docking results revealed that acamprosate had a considerable binding affinity with Bcl-2, Mcl-1, EGFR, and mTOR proteins. Overall, our results indicated that acamprosate and MSN-Acamp had a potent apoptotic effect and MSNs are propitious drug carriers to increase therapeutic effect in HCC.
Lung cancer has become progressively widespread, posing a challenge to traditional chemotherapeutic drugs such as platinum compounds and paclitaxel (PTX) owing to growing resistance. Along with that, the chemotherapeutic drugs infer major side effects. The usage of natural compounds as chemosensitizers to boost the efficacy of these chemotherapeutic drugs and minimizing their toxicity is a plausible approach. In our investigation, we employed PTX as the standard chemotherapeutic agent and utilized chrysin-functionalized gold nanoparticles (CHR-AuNPs) to augment its cytotoxicity. Gold nanoparticles were chosen for their inherent cytotoxic properties and ability to enhance chrysin's bioavailability and solubility. Characterization of CHR-AuNP revealed spherical nanoparticles within the nano-size range (35-70 nm) with a stable negative zeta potential of -22 mV, confirmed by physicochemical analyses including UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis, and visual observation of the wine-red coloration. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay cytotoxicity studies demonstrated CHR-AuNP's superior efficacy compared to CHR alone, with synergistic effects observed in combination with PTX, validated by Compusyn software. Morphological changes indicative of apoptosis were more pronounced with combined treatment, corroborated by acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) staining and Annexin V assays. Furthermore, the combination treatment amplified reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and destabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, while altering the expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. Exploring the mechanistic pathways, we found that the drugs upregulated PPAR-γ expression while suppressing Akt and overexpressing PTEN, thereby impeding the Wnt/β-catenin pathway commonly dysregulated in lung cancer. This highlights the potential of low-dose combination therapy with PTX and CHR-AuNP as a promising strategy for addressing lung cancer's challenges.
Objective: The objective of current research is to design, develop, and optimize a cilnidipine (CLN) nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-based drug delivery system for the effective treatment of hypertension (HT).
Significance: Oral administration of CLN-loaded NLC (CLN NLC) containing glyceryl monostearate (GMS) as a solid and isopropyl myristate (IPM) as a liquid lipid may show remarkable lymphatic uptake through payer patches.
Methods: The emulsification probe sonication technique was used followed by optimization using 32 factorial designs.
Results: The optimized batch showed a mean particle size of 115.4 ± 0.22 nm with encapsulation efficiency of 98.32 ± 0.23%, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.342 ± 0.03, and zeta potential (ZP, ζ) was -60.5 ± 0.24 which indicate excellent physical stability. In vitro studies showed a controlled release of CLN NLCs. Pharmacokinetics studies determined the Cmax of NLCs (373.47 ± 15.1) indicates 2.3-fold enhancement compared with plain drug (160.64 ± 7.63). Pharmacodynamic studies indicated that CLN NLCs were maintaining systolic blood pressure in a controlled manner without any signs of side effects.
Conclusion: CLN NLCs significantly improved lymphatic delivery and proved to be effective in the treatment and management of HT. It has been proved that CLN NLCs are found to be better than any traditional CLN dosage form due to enhancement in solubility, absorption, bioavailability, intestinal permeability, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, P-glycoprotein efflux and reduction in dose-related side effects, achievement of controlled and sustained release action.
Background: Quetiapine fumarate (QTP) is commonly prescribed for schizophrenic patient, typically available in tablet or oral suspension form, presenting challenges such as administration difficulties, fear of choking and distaste for its bitter taste. Fast melt films (FMF) offer an alternative dosage form with a simple development process, ease of administration and rapid drug absorption and action onset.
Objective: This study aims to prepare FMF with different formulations using solvent casting methods and to compare the effects of different drying methods, including oven drying and freeze drying, on the properties of the films.
Methods: Various formulations were created by manipulating polymer types (starch, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and guar gum) at different concentrations, along with fixed concentrations of QTP and other excipients. Characterization tests including surface morphology, weight, thickness, pH, tensile strength, elongation length, Young's modulus, folding endurance and disintegration time were conducted. The optimal FMF formulation was identified and further evaluated for moisture and drug content, dissolution behavior, accelerated stability, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and palatability.
Results: FMF containing 10 mg guar gum/film developed using oven drying emerged as the optimum choice, exhibiting desirable film appearance, ultra-thin thickness (0.453 ± 0.002 mm), appropriate pH for oral intake (pH 5.0), optimal moisture content of 11.810%, rapid disintegration (52.67 ± 1.53 s), high flexibility (folding endurance > 300 times) and lower Young's modulus (1.308 ± 0.214).
Conclusion: Oven drying method has been proven to be favorable for developing FMF containing QTP, meeting all testing criteria and providing an alternative option for QTP prescription.
Background: Canagliflozin (CFZ) is broadly implicated for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, it has low oral bioavailability due to poor solubility behavior and restricted membrane permeability.
Objective: The current work focuses on development of CFZ encapsulated niosomes for enhanced oral anti-diabetic efficacy.
Methodology: Niosomes comprising Span 60 and cholesterol were formulated both in absence and presence of olive oil or flaxseed oil. These were evaluated in vitro for average vesicular size, structural morphology, CFZ entrapment efficiency, and drug release. Additionally, the oral hypoglycemic effect of CFZ encapsulated niosomes was explored in diabetic rats.
Results: The fabricated niosomes were negatively charged spherical vesicles with a size range of 103.0-141.7 nm. These entrapped CFZ with efficiency ranging from 92.3% to 96.0%. Drug release investigations reflected that incorporating CFZ into niosomes significantly sustained drug release compared to the aqueous drug dispersion. Oral administration of niosomal formulations significantly enhanced the oral antidiabetic effect of CFZ. Comparing the tested niosomes, similar efficiency was shown eliminating the effect of composition.
Conclusion: The enhanced oral bioavailability of niosomes' encapsulated drugs is related to niosomal vesicular structure which allows intact niosomes absorption. The study presented niosomes as promising carriers for improved oral anti-diabetic activity of CFZ.
Introduction: Cancers are regarded as hazardous due to their high worldwide death rate, with breast cancer (BC), which affects practically all cancer patients globally, playing a significant role in this statistic. The therapeutic approach for BC has not advanced using standard techniques, such as specialized naringin (NG) chemotherapy. Instead, a novel strategy has been utilized to enhance smart drug delivery (SDD) to tumors.
Significance: Herein, we established NG-loaded zinc metal-organic framework-5 (NG-MOF-5) coated with liponiosomes (LNs) to manufacture NG-MOF-5@LNs nanoparticles (NPs) for antibacterial and cancer treatment.
Methods: MOF-5, NG, and NG-MOF-5@LNs were evaluated with XRD, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), FTIR, SEM, TEM, PDI, ZP, encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading efficiency (LE), and drug release (DR) kinetics. We examined the antibacterial activity involving minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition by NG, MOF-5, and NG-MOF-5@LNs. The cell viability, necrosis, and total apoptosis (late and early) were evaluated for anti-cancer activity against MCF-7 BC cells.
Results: TEM results demonstrated that NG-MOF-5@LNs formed monodispersed spherical-like particles with a size of 122.5 nm, PDI of 0.139, and ZP of +21 mV. The anti-microbial activity results indicated that NG-MOF-5@LNs exhibited potent antibacterial effects, as evidenced by inhibition zones and MIC values. The Higuchi model indicates an excellent fit (R2 = 0.9988). The MTT assay revealed anti-tumor activity against MCF-7 BC cells, with IC50 of 21 µg/mL for NG-MOF-5@LNs and demonstrating a total apoptosis effect of 68.2% on MCF-7 cells.
Conclusion: NG-MOF-5@LNs is anticipated to show as an effective antimicrobial and novel long-term-release antitumor agent and might be more suitable for MCF-7 cell therapy.
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