Die Nahrung最新文献

The authors evaluated data from the dietary histories of 203 individuals from Sofia and Varna who had been asked identical questions. The results of this investigation show that 42% of these these individuals have no marked liking for a certain diet (group 1), 28% prefer a high protein diet (group 2), 23% are partial to a high carbohydrate diet (group 3), and 6% give preference to a high fat diet (group 4). It was found that the individuals in group 1 showed the smallest deviations from the normal values for serum lipids. Coronary symptoms were most marked in the individuals in group 4, followed by those in the groups 3, 2 and 1. It was stated that men prefer a high protein diet to a greater extent than women. Consumers of alcohol and smokers have no liking for a high carbohydrate diet. Individuals prefering fats and a high carbohydrate diet lack a daily dietary rhythm. The latter also showed marked variations in body weight, i.e., periods of weight reduction and periods of weight increase. The most favourable findings with regard to serum lipids, body weight and dietary rhythm were obtained from individuals with obvious preference for a certain diet, i. e., those with a balanced diet. The present investigation is suited as a model for a more comprehensive epidemiological study.

Reaction kinetics explains the thermal activation and destruction of bacterial endospores as a consequent reaction with the activation rate constant k 1 of the resting spores N 0 and the destruction rate constant k 2 of the heat-activated spores N ++: (formula see text). If one takes also into account the activated spores already present in a suspension, one obtains, at constant temperature, destruction curves that become straight lines when plotted semi-logarithmically or correspond to the convex and concave curves often described in the literature. The D value of destruction must be calculated from the k value of the slowest reaction. Experiments with endospores of Bac. subtilis showed that k 1 greater than k 2 at temperatures less than 100 degrees C, and k 2 greater than k 1 at temperatures greater than 135 degrees C. In case of further confirmation of this theory, far-reaching conclusions might be drawn as to the calculation of the sterilization of F value.

Though being sometimes less in evidence, the food consumption of the population is undergoing a continuous change in course of time. It can be considered as a matual substitution of foods. In most cases, the increase in consumption of certain foods is correlated with the decrease in consumption of other foods. The author points to the contents, principles and examples of food substitutions that had been revealed by studies using a linear optimization model.

The total lipid content and percentages of free fatty acids in the lipids of nine wood mushrooms were determined. The total lipid content varied from 9% to 16% of the dry matter. Between 15.9 and 46.5% of the total lipids consisted of free fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of the free fatty acids of six mushrooms was analyzed quantitatively. The main component of the free acids was linoleic acid, which accounted for 30.3...60.7% of the free acids.

The preparation Flordimex, which contains Ethephon (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) as the active ingredient, is used for accelerating the ripening of tomatoes. During the years 1974--1977, tomato samples from 89 experiments were tested for Ethephon residues. The determination was performed gas chromatographically using alkali flame ionization detector as 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid dimethyl ester; the detection limit of the method was 0.01 mg/kg. The observed results must be evaluated on the basis of the permissible value (1 mg/kg) stipulated for vegetables by the Ministry of Health of the GDR. 1--2 days after the use of concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%, respectively, the following mean residue values were found: 0.31, 0.50, 0.39 and 0.91 mg/kg, respectively, which decreased but slowly. This leads to the conclusion that formulation concentrations of more than 0.3% and applications of more than 6 1/ha should not be allowed by the Ministry. In case of repeated uses, 3-week intervals are imperative. Under the above-mentioned conditions of use, the mean residue values determined 4--5 days after application approximated 0.6 mg/kg. This period is to be regarded as a tentative waiting-period that must be respected after the treatment of glasshouse tomatoes with Flordimex.

Under the influence of acidic agents, ceramic glazes and decorations for ceramics may release certain toxicants, especially lead and cadmium. Both elements are essential constituents of ceramic colours and glazes; their release to acidic foods is technologically unavoidable, but it may be minimized by the utilization of appropriate decoration agents and techniques. In most industrial countries, the release of toxicants from utensils is severely limited, the maximum permissible values and the methods of test and analysis being in part very different and not always in agreement with the demands and conditions of practice. The problems related to the release of toxicants from ceramic utensils are treated from the aspects of ceramics, test techniques, analytics, toxicology and food law, with special regard to the necessity for a well-balanced compromise between the justified hygienic demands of health protection and the actual technological possibilities. The endeavours of the ceramic industry of the GDF to produce ceramic utensils releasing as little toxicants as possible are outlined.

The uptake of utilizable dietary energy (DE) as affected by diet (containing 3 or 50% (w/w)fat), body mass (BM) and age was investigated in male Wistar rats. In comparing heavy-weight animals fed the high-fat diet (HFD) with light-weight animals fed the low-fat diet (LFD) (differences in BM up to 60%), it was found that the uptakes of DE calculated on animal were significantly higher (up to 55%) in the HFD animals than in the LFD animals; but there were no significant differences when the uptakes of DE were calculated on 100 g BM. Thus, the LFD rats (the diet of which contained a high proportion of protein (70% (w/w)) exhibited no reduced uptakes of utilizable DE as compared to HFD rats. Of the heavy-weight LFD animals and the light-weight HFD animals which showed virtually no differences in BM, the HFD animals take up more utilizable DE (per animal or per 100 g BM) than the LFD animals. This difference, which amounts to 60%, is statistically significant. The comparison of the uptakes of DE/animal/100 g BM by light-weight rats with those by heavy-weight rats fed the same diet showed that the uptakes by the heavy-weight animals were in most cases significantly greater. Consequently, the greater BM of the heavy-weight animals of the respective diet groups must be attributed to more efficient utilization of feed. This is also indicated by the fact that the light-weight HFD animals excret more fat in the faeces than the heavy-weight animals. The amount of fat excreted by the HFD animals is some 10-fold greater than that excreted by the LFD animals. However, when the amount of excreted fat is expressed in % of ingested dietary fat, the fat excretion is of the same order of magnitude on both diets.

Direct drying of cereals with diesel oil as a fuel does not increase the lead and cadmium contents. From the viewpoint of food hygiene and in the interest of the consumer's protection, however, it is recommendable to abandon this kind of drying since previous studies have shown that it involves the risk of contamination by cancerogenic hydrocarbons.