Laser technologies such as welding and cutting rely on process gases. We suggest to use schlieren imaging to visualize the gas flow during these processes. During the process of laser welding, the shielding gas flows to the welded area to prevent oxidation of the weld pool by surrounding air. The gas also interacts with hot plasma spurting from the key hole induced by the laser beam incident on the molten material. This interaction is quite complicated because hot plasma mixes with the cold shielding gas while the system is moving along the weld. Three shielding gases were used in the presented experiment: Ar, He and N2. Differences in dynamics of the flow are clearly visible on schlieren images. Moreover, high speed recording reveals a structure consisting of hot gas bubbles. We were also able to determine the velocity of the bubbles from the recording. During laser cutting, the process gas flows coaxially with the laser beam from the nozzle to remove the molten material out of the kerf. The gas flow is critical for the quality of the resulting edge of the cut. Schlieren method was used to study gas flow under the nozzle and then under the material being cut. This actually creates another slot nozzle. Due to the very low speed of flow below the material the schleiren method is already at the limit of its sensitivity. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a differential technique to increase the contrast. Distinctive widening of the flow shaped by the kerf was observed.
{"title":"Use of schlieren methods to study gas flow in laser technology","authors":"L. Mrňa, J. Pavelka, P. Horník, J. Hrabovsky","doi":"10.1117/12.2257212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2257212","url":null,"abstract":"Laser technologies such as welding and cutting rely on process gases. We suggest to use schlieren imaging to visualize the gas flow during these processes. During the process of laser welding, the shielding gas flows to the welded area to prevent oxidation of the weld pool by surrounding air. The gas also interacts with hot plasma spurting from the key hole induced by the laser beam incident on the molten material. This interaction is quite complicated because hot plasma mixes with the cold shielding gas while the system is moving along the weld. Three shielding gases were used in the presented experiment: Ar, He and N2. Differences in dynamics of the flow are clearly visible on schlieren images. Moreover, high speed recording reveals a structure consisting of hot gas bubbles. We were also able to determine the velocity of the bubbles from the recording. During laser cutting, the process gas flows coaxially with the laser beam from the nozzle to remove the molten material out of the kerf. The gas flow is critical for the quality of the resulting edge of the cut. Schlieren method was used to study gas flow under the nozzle and then under the material being cut. This actually creates another slot nozzle. Due to the very low speed of flow below the material the schleiren method is already at the limit of its sensitivity. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a differential technique to increase the contrast. Distinctive widening of the flow shaped by the kerf was observed.","PeriodicalId":112965,"journal":{"name":"Optical Angular Momentum","volume":"226 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130586463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leticia Teran, C. Ordóñez, S. Garcia-Cortes, Agustín Menéndez
Monitoring displacements on some structures such as large bridges is essential to study their structural performance in order to avoid severe damage or even their collapse. In this work, we use images obtained with digital video cameras to estimate the displacements of a metallic bridge by means of cross-correlation. Thus, it was possible to detect millimetric displacements for distances between the camera and the bridge upper ten meters. In order to obtain a better representation of the structural displacements along the bridge and its modal shapes, a technique of video magnification was also applied. The results obtained show that the combination of both techniques can provide relevant information for a structural analysis of the bridge.
{"title":"Detection and magnification of bridge displacements using video images","authors":"Leticia Teran, C. Ordóñez, S. Garcia-Cortes, Agustín Menéndez","doi":"10.1117/12.2257218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2257218","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring displacements on some structures such as large bridges is essential to study their structural performance in order to avoid severe damage or even their collapse. In this work, we use images obtained with digital video cameras to estimate the displacements of a metallic bridge by means of cross-correlation. Thus, it was possible to detect millimetric displacements for distances between the camera and the bridge upper ten meters. In order to obtain a better representation of the structural displacements along the bridge and its modal shapes, a technique of video magnification was also applied. The results obtained show that the combination of both techniques can provide relevant information for a structural analysis of the bridge.","PeriodicalId":112965,"journal":{"name":"Optical Angular Momentum","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129569218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Hlubuček, David Vápenka, P. Horodyska, J. Václavík
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is widely used for its ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, which are conditioned by perovskite structure. Crystallization into this desired phase is determined also by a proper stoichiometry, where the lead concentration is a crucial parameter. The crystallization process takes place during annealing under high temperatures, which is linked to heavy lead losses, so the lead has to be in excess. Therefore, this paper is devoted to the control of chemical composition of PZT thin films deposited via ion beam sputtering (IBS). A commonly used approach for IBS relies on employing a multicomponent target to obtain films with the same composition as that of the target. However, in the case of PZT it is favorable to have the ability to controllably change the chemical composition of thin films in order to acquire high perovskite content. Our study revealed that the determinative lead content in PZT layers prepared by simple and dual ion-beam deposition from a multicomponent target can be easily controlled by the power of primary ion source. At the same time, the composition is also dependent on the substrate temperature and the power of assistant ion source. Thin PZT films with more than 30 % lead excess were acquired from a stoichiometric multicomponent target (i.e. a target without any lead excess). We can therefore propose several possible sets of deposition parameters suitable for the PZT deposition via IBS to obtain high perovskite content.
{"title":"Control of chemical composition of PZT thin films produced by ion-beam deposition from a multicomponent target","authors":"J. Hlubuček, David Vápenka, P. Horodyska, J. Václavík","doi":"10.1117/12.2257331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2257331","url":null,"abstract":"Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is widely used for its ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, which are conditioned by perovskite structure. Crystallization into this desired phase is determined also by a proper stoichiometry, where the lead concentration is a crucial parameter. The crystallization process takes place during annealing under high temperatures, which is linked to heavy lead losses, so the lead has to be in excess. Therefore, this paper is devoted to the control of chemical composition of PZT thin films deposited via ion beam sputtering (IBS). A commonly used approach for IBS relies on employing a multicomponent target to obtain films with the same composition as that of the target. However, in the case of PZT it is favorable to have the ability to controllably change the chemical composition of thin films in order to acquire high perovskite content. Our study revealed that the determinative lead content in PZT layers prepared by simple and dual ion-beam deposition from a multicomponent target can be easily controlled by the power of primary ion source. At the same time, the composition is also dependent on the substrate temperature and the power of assistant ion source. Thin PZT films with more than 30 % lead excess were acquired from a stoichiometric multicomponent target (i.e. a target without any lead excess). We can therefore propose several possible sets of deposition parameters suitable for the PZT deposition via IBS to obtain high perovskite content.","PeriodicalId":112965,"journal":{"name":"Optical Angular Momentum","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133028205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Procháska, I. Poláková, J. Polák, O. Matousek, D. Tomka
The aim of this work is an exploration of the options for optical surface polishing using the Zeeko IRP 100 machine and raster kinematics suitable for free-form polishing. For this purpose, aspheric surfaces were polished in raster prepolishing mode and then in Precession raster 3D shape correction, which is based on the Dwell time tool movement control. It was found that shape accuracy can achieve the value of approximately 35 nm RMS. The main inaccuracy was caused by the mid-spatial frequencies generated by the kinematics of the applied tools, which also limited the achievable values of microroughness.
{"title":"Zeeko precession for free-form polishing","authors":"F. Procháska, I. Poláková, J. Polák, O. Matousek, D. Tomka","doi":"10.1117/12.2256558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2256558","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is an exploration of the options for optical surface polishing using the Zeeko IRP 100 machine and raster kinematics suitable for free-form polishing. For this purpose, aspheric surfaces were polished in raster prepolishing mode and then in Precession raster 3D shape correction, which is based on the Dwell time tool movement control. It was found that shape accuracy can achieve the value of approximately 35 nm RMS. The main inaccuracy was caused by the mid-spatial frequencies generated by the kinematics of the applied tools, which also limited the achievable values of microroughness.","PeriodicalId":112965,"journal":{"name":"Optical Angular Momentum","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130966874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Havran, S. Nemcová, J. Cáp, J. Hošek, Jiří Bittner, K. Macúchová
The measurement of spatially varying surface reflectance is required for faithful reproduction of real world to allow for predictive look of computer generated images. One such proposed method uses a rotational kaleidoscopic imaging, where illumination and imaging paths are realized by subimages on kaleidoscopic mirrors and illumination is carried out by a DLP projector. We describe a novel geometric calibration method for a rotational kaleidoscope that is necessary to get aligned and accurate data from measurement. The calibration has two stages. The first stage mechanically adjusts the camera, the projector, and the autocollimator against the kaleidoscope mirrors. The second stage is based on the software. By random perturbation of camera and projector in corresponding mathematical model of the kaleidoscope we estimate better real positions of camera and projector in a physical setup, comparing the computed images from the software simulator and the acquired images from the physical setup.
{"title":"Geometric calibration of rotational kaleidoscopic instrument","authors":"V. Havran, S. Nemcová, J. Cáp, J. Hošek, Jiří Bittner, K. Macúchová","doi":"10.1117/12.2257434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2257434","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of spatially varying surface reflectance is required for faithful reproduction of real world to allow for predictive look of computer generated images. One such proposed method uses a rotational kaleidoscopic imaging, where illumination and imaging paths are realized by subimages on kaleidoscopic mirrors and illumination is carried out by a DLP projector. We describe a novel geometric calibration method for a rotational kaleidoscope that is necessary to get aligned and accurate data from measurement. The calibration has two stages. The first stage mechanically adjusts the camera, the projector, and the autocollimator against the kaleidoscope mirrors. The second stage is based on the software. By random perturbation of camera and projector in corresponding mathematical model of the kaleidoscope we estimate better real positions of camera and projector in a physical setup, comparing the computed images from the software simulator and the acquired images from the physical setup.","PeriodicalId":112965,"journal":{"name":"Optical Angular Momentum","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133107575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandre Zuquete Guarato, Alexandre C. Loja, L. P. Pereira, S. Braga, T. Trevilato
This paper deals with the qualification of a 3D structured light scanning system for an application of reverse engineering of a mechanical part. As this white light scanner is an electro-optical device and based on the principle of optical triangulation, the measurement accuracy is affected by the measured part geometry and its position within the scanning window. The effects of the scan depth and the projected angle, characterizing the surface normal of the measured surface to the scanning point of view, on the measurement of accuracy are not considered in the standard calibration process of manufacturers and have been identified by experiments in the present work. The digitization errors are analyzed and characterized thanks to a measurement protocol based on quality indicators. Theses quality indicators are evaluated thanks to simple calibrated artifacts. The aim of this work is to redefine the ideal relative distance and relative angle for minimizing the digitizing errors in relation to those stated by the manufacturer for a reverse engineering application.
{"title":"Qualification of a 3D structured light sensor for a reverse engineering application","authors":"Alexandre Zuquete Guarato, Alexandre C. Loja, L. P. Pereira, S. Braga, T. Trevilato","doi":"10.1117/12.2257601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2257601","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the qualification of a 3D structured light scanning system for an application of reverse engineering of a mechanical part. As this white light scanner is an electro-optical device and based on the principle of optical triangulation, the measurement accuracy is affected by the measured part geometry and its position within the scanning window. The effects of the scan depth and the projected angle, characterizing the surface normal of the measured surface to the scanning point of view, on the measurement of accuracy are not considered in the standard calibration process of manufacturers and have been identified by experiments in the present work. The digitization errors are analyzed and characterized thanks to a measurement protocol based on quality indicators. Theses quality indicators are evaluated thanks to simple calibrated artifacts. The aim of this work is to redefine the ideal relative distance and relative angle for minimizing the digitizing errors in relation to those stated by the manufacturer for a reverse engineering application.","PeriodicalId":112965,"journal":{"name":"Optical Angular Momentum","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129345852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presented paper aims to theoretically analyze the possibilities, advantages and drawbacks of standard methods used for the assessment of optical surface defects (the so-called Scratch and Dig analysis). Based on the acquired knowledge, we design and apply a process of SaD analysis suitable for the evaluation of optical surfaces of mirrors of the space coronagraph Metis, whose manufacturing was successfully implemented within the Centre Toptec in the past period.
{"title":"Scratch and dig analysis for Metis mirrors surfaces defects evaluation","authors":"M. Špína, F. Procháska, R. Melich","doi":"10.1117/12.2256634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2256634","url":null,"abstract":"The presented paper aims to theoretically analyze the possibilities, advantages and drawbacks of standard methods used for the assessment of optical surface defects (the so-called Scratch and Dig analysis). Based on the acquired knowledge, we design and apply a process of SaD analysis suitable for the evaluation of optical surfaces of mirrors of the space coronagraph Metis, whose manufacturing was successfully implemented within the Centre Toptec in the past period.","PeriodicalId":112965,"journal":{"name":"Optical Angular Momentum","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121397896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fourier-transform phase-shifting interferometry brings the possibility of a very precise measurement of refractive-index variation in a material. In a four surface cavity six first order interferograms are observed. In the standard way an interference between waves reflected from a front and a rear surface of a sample is used to obtain refractive-index homogeneity. But another three interferograms contain information about inner inhomogeneity and can be used for its calculation as well. In this paper all four calculation methods are presented and compared. The measurements and simulations show, the methods give us globally similar outputs. However due to calculation from different interferograms every result is affected by different undesirable effects. This difference can be used for suppression of the effects and thus to refine the results.
{"title":"Methods for refractive-index homogeneity calculation using Fourier-transform phase-shifting interferometry","authors":"O. Matousek, V. Ledl, P. Psota, P. Vojtíšek","doi":"10.1117/12.2256991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2256991","url":null,"abstract":"Fourier-transform phase-shifting interferometry brings the possibility of a very precise measurement of refractive-index variation in a material. In a four surface cavity six first order interferograms are observed. In the standard way an interference between waves reflected from a front and a rear surface of a sample is used to obtain refractive-index homogeneity. But another three interferograms contain information about inner inhomogeneity and can be used for its calculation as well. In this paper all four calculation methods are presented and compared. The measurements and simulations show, the methods give us globally similar outputs. However due to calculation from different interferograms every result is affected by different undesirable effects. This difference can be used for suppression of the effects and thus to refine the results.","PeriodicalId":112965,"journal":{"name":"Optical Angular Momentum","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125946769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ultra-hydrophobic surfaces have the prospect of great importance in industry, both in applications demanding easy cleaning, and they are presumed to reduce loss when the active parts of hydraulic machines are treated. Interaction of fluids with ultra-hydrophobic surface is accompanied by creation of layer of air, so called air film, which depends on the quality of the surface. The quality of the surface is influenced by the matrix roughness, the character of physical or chemical cover. This properties lead to monolithic air layer presented as air film, or lead to plurality of bubbles of various sizes seated upon the surface. The air film can be observed visually at sufficient magnification and the dynamic interaction between fluid flow and air film can be studied with Global Imaging methods, particularly Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). There is the velocity profile in the vicinity of the air film in the main interest of the research. Here we present the visualization of air film depending on Reynolds number of flowing liquid.
{"title":"Visualization and measurement of the air film close ultra-hydrophobic surfaces","authors":"D. Jašíková, M. Gašić, M. Kotek, V. Kopecký","doi":"10.1117/12.2260997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2260997","url":null,"abstract":"The ultra-hydrophobic surfaces have the prospect of great importance in industry, both in applications demanding easy cleaning, and they are presumed to reduce loss when the active parts of hydraulic machines are treated. Interaction of fluids with ultra-hydrophobic surface is accompanied by creation of layer of air, so called air film, which depends on the quality of the surface. The quality of the surface is influenced by the matrix roughness, the character of physical or chemical cover. This properties lead to monolithic air layer presented as air film, or lead to plurality of bubbles of various sizes seated upon the surface. The air film can be observed visually at sufficient magnification and the dynamic interaction between fluid flow and air film can be studied with Global Imaging methods, particularly Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). There is the velocity profile in the vicinity of the air film in the main interest of the research. Here we present the visualization of air film depending on Reynolds number of flowing liquid.","PeriodicalId":112965,"journal":{"name":"Optical Angular Momentum","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133660852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thin films of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) for application in precision optics prepared via the solgel route are being investigated in this paper. The sol-gel process presents a low cost approach, which is capable of tailoring thin films of various materials in optical grade quality. Both SiO2 and TiO2 are materials well known for their application in the field of anti-reflective and also highly reflective optical coatings. For precision optics purposes, thickness control and high quality of such coatings are of utmost importance. In this work, thin films were deposited on microscope glass slides substrates using the dip-coating technique from a solution based on alkoxide precursors of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and titanium isopropoxide (TIP) for SiO2 and TiO2, respectively. As-deposited films were studied using spectroscopic ellipsometry to determine their thickness and refractive index. Using a semi-empirical equation, a relationship between the coating speed and the heat-treated film thickness was described for both SiO2 and TiO2 thin films. This allows us to control the final heat-treated thin film thickness by simply adjusting the coating speed. Furthermore, films’ surface was studied using the white-light interferometry. As-prepared films exhibited low surface roughness with the area roughness parameter Sq being on average of 0.799 nm and 0.33 nm for SiO2 and TiO2, respectively.
{"title":"Sol-gel preparation of silica and titania thin films","authors":"T. Thoř, J. Václavík","doi":"10.1117/12.2257325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2257325","url":null,"abstract":"Thin films of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) for application in precision optics prepared via the solgel route are being investigated in this paper. The sol-gel process presents a low cost approach, which is capable of tailoring thin films of various materials in optical grade quality. Both SiO2 and TiO2 are materials well known for their application in the field of anti-reflective and also highly reflective optical coatings. For precision optics purposes, thickness control and high quality of such coatings are of utmost importance. In this work, thin films were deposited on microscope glass slides substrates using the dip-coating technique from a solution based on alkoxide precursors of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and titanium isopropoxide (TIP) for SiO2 and TiO2, respectively. As-deposited films were studied using spectroscopic ellipsometry to determine their thickness and refractive index. Using a semi-empirical equation, a relationship between the coating speed and the heat-treated film thickness was described for both SiO2 and TiO2 thin films. This allows us to control the final heat-treated thin film thickness by simply adjusting the coating speed. Furthermore, films’ surface was studied using the white-light interferometry. As-prepared films exhibited low surface roughness with the area roughness parameter Sq being on average of 0.799 nm and 0.33 nm for SiO2 and TiO2, respectively.","PeriodicalId":112965,"journal":{"name":"Optical Angular Momentum","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114275310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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