Pub Date : 2022-06-26DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60400
A. Sultana, SabihaEnam Spriha, SM Abdur Rahman
This study presents the findings of in vivo, in vitro and in silico investigations of the Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz leaf extracts. Various fractions namely chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EAF), n-hexane (HF) and aqueous fractions (AF) obtained from the crude extract were subjected to biological investigations. In DPPH based free radical scavenging assay, CF and MF fractions showed potent antioxidant activity with IC50 9.70 g/ml and 10.46 g/ml as compared to IC50 8.56g/ml for the standard ascorbic acid. The CF and HF fractions of O. indicum (L.) Kurz leaves exhibited mild antimicrobial activity. In analgesic activity screening by acetic acid induced writhing method, EAF showed significant writhing inhibition of 68% and 72%, at doses 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively. In tail immersion method, EAF also showed potent analgesic activity with reaction time of 1.816 ± 0.047 and 2.15 ± 0.041 min, after 30 minutes following oral doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Molecular docking of previously isolated compounds from O. indicum (L.) Kurz leaf extracts were docked against cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) and revealed that the flavonoids baicalein and chrysin may be responsible for the analgesic activity. Lipinski’s rule of five was also calculated for the compounds to assess drug likeliness. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(1): 85-94, 2022 (June)
{"title":"Antioxidant, Analgesic, Antimicrobial and Molecular Docking Studies of the Leaves of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz.","authors":"A. Sultana, SabihaEnam Spriha, SM Abdur Rahman","doi":"10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60400","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the findings of in vivo, in vitro and in silico investigations of the Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz leaf extracts. Various fractions namely chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EAF), n-hexane (HF) and aqueous fractions (AF) obtained from the crude extract were subjected to biological investigations. In DPPH based free radical scavenging assay, CF and MF fractions showed potent antioxidant activity with IC50 9.70 g/ml and 10.46 g/ml as compared to IC50 8.56g/ml for the standard ascorbic acid. The CF and HF fractions of O. indicum (L.) Kurz leaves exhibited mild antimicrobial activity. In analgesic activity screening by acetic acid induced writhing method, EAF showed significant writhing inhibition of 68% and 72%, at doses 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively. In tail immersion method, EAF also showed potent analgesic activity with reaction time of 1.816 ± 0.047 and 2.15 ± 0.041 min, after 30 minutes following oral doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Molecular docking of previously isolated compounds from O. indicum (L.) Kurz leaf extracts were docked against cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) and revealed that the flavonoids baicalein and chrysin may be responsible for the analgesic activity. Lipinski’s rule of five was also calculated for the compounds to assess drug likeliness.\u0000Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(1): 85-94, 2022 (June)","PeriodicalId":11304,"journal":{"name":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87545869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-26DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60391
-. Arifuzzaman, Mohadeseh Mohammadi, Fatema Hashem Rupa, M. Khan, R. Rashid, M. Rashid
The coronavirus pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19) has adversely affected public health and the socioeconomic situation worldwide. Although there is no therapeutic drug to treat COVID, several treatment options are being considered to alleviate symptoms. Hence, researches on prophylactic treatment for COVID are being encouraged. Searching natural products is a rational strategy since it has served as a valuable source of lead compounds in drug discovery. In this study, three machine learning approaches, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), have been used to develop the classification model. The molecular docking was performed on AutoDock vina. Further, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the potential inhibitors was conducted using the AmberTools package. The accuracy for SVM, RF and GBM was found to be 60.45 %, 63.43 % and 64.93 %, respectively. Further, the model has demonstrated specificity range of 41.67 % to 50.00 % and sensitivity range of 74.32 % to 79.73 %. Application of the model on the NuBBE database, a repository of natural compounds, led us to identify 322 unique natural compounds, likely possessing anti-SARSCoV- 2activity. Further, molecular docking study has yielded three flavonoids and one lignoid compounds with comparable binding affinities to the standard compound. In addition, MD showed that these compounds form stable complexes with different magnitude of binding energy. The in silico investigations suggest that these four compounds likely demonstrate their anti-SARS-CoV-2activity by inhibiting the main protease enzyme. Our developed and validated in silico high-throughput investigations may assist in identifying and developing antiviral drug-like compounds from natural sources. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(1): 1-13, 2022 (June)
{"title":"Identification of Natural Compounds with Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity using Machine Learning, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies","authors":"-. Arifuzzaman, Mohadeseh Mohammadi, Fatema Hashem Rupa, M. Khan, R. Rashid, M. Rashid","doi":"10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60391","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19) has adversely affected public health and the socioeconomic situation worldwide. Although there is no therapeutic drug to treat COVID, several treatment options are being considered to alleviate symptoms. Hence, researches on prophylactic treatment for COVID are being encouraged. Searching natural products is a rational strategy since it has served as a valuable source of lead compounds in drug discovery. In this study, three machine learning approaches, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), have been used to develop the classification model. The molecular docking was performed on AutoDock vina. Further, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the potential inhibitors was conducted using the AmberTools package. The accuracy for SVM, RF and GBM was found to be 60.45 %, 63.43 % and 64.93 %, respectively. Further, the model has demonstrated specificity range of 41.67 % to 50.00 % and sensitivity range of 74.32 % to 79.73 %. Application of the model on the NuBBE database, a repository of natural compounds, led us to identify 322 unique natural compounds, likely possessing anti-SARSCoV- 2activity. Further, molecular docking study has yielded three flavonoids and one lignoid compounds with comparable binding affinities to the standard compound. In addition, MD showed that these compounds form stable complexes with different magnitude of binding energy. The in silico investigations suggest that these four compounds likely demonstrate their anti-SARS-CoV-2activity by inhibiting the main protease enzyme. Our developed and validated in silico high-throughput investigations may assist in identifying and developing antiviral drug-like compounds from natural sources.\u0000Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(1): 1-13, 2022 (June)","PeriodicalId":11304,"journal":{"name":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85106248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-26DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60395
Chinwendu Amorha Amorha, M. Okonta, C. Ukwe
Asthma is a common chronic disease in developing countries. The main objective of the study was to provide insights into adherence and asthma control predictors in two federal teaching hospitals in Nigeria, using validated instruments. For the data analysis, the level of statistical significance was set as p < 0.05. Seventy-eight patients with asthma provided consent for study participation. Every time domestic fuel was utilized at home, asthma control decreased by 1.246 units, p = 0.029. Every time an asthma patient utilized one of the hospitals which did not have a separate Asthma Clinic, adherence decreased by 1.483 units, p < 0.001. The study reveals the need for patients with asthma to minimize the use of domestic fuel. Renewable energy sources could be considered. A separate Asthma Clinic can provide ample time for asthma reviews. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(1): 45-51, 2022 (June)
{"title":"Predictors of Adherence and Asthma Control in Two Federal Teaching Hospitals in Nigeria","authors":"Chinwendu Amorha Amorha, M. Okonta, C. Ukwe","doi":"10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60395","url":null,"abstract":"Asthma is a common chronic disease in developing countries. The main objective of the study was to provide insights into adherence and asthma control predictors in two federal teaching hospitals in Nigeria, using validated instruments. For the data analysis, the level of statistical significance was set as p < 0.05. Seventy-eight patients with asthma provided consent for study participation. Every time domestic fuel was utilized at home, asthma control decreased by 1.246 units, p = 0.029. Every time an asthma patient utilized one of the hospitals which did not have a separate Asthma Clinic, adherence decreased by 1.483 units, p < 0.001. The study reveals the need for patients with asthma to minimize the use of domestic fuel. Renewable energy sources could be considered. A separate Asthma Clinic can provide ample time for asthma reviews.\u0000Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(1): 45-51, 2022 (June)","PeriodicalId":11304,"journal":{"name":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76564223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-26DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60398
Mehedi Islam, Md. Al Amin Sikder, M. Rashid, Md. Khalid Hossain
Repeated chromatographic separation and purification of dichloromethane soluble partitionate of methanol extract of leaves of Cissus trifoliata (L.) yielded a total of four compounds, namely β-sitosterol (1), β- sitostenone (2), epifriedelanol (3) and friedelin (4). The structures of the isolated chemical compounds were established by high field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses, comparison with previously published data and co-TLC with authentic samples, whenever possible. Compounds 1-4 appeared to be the first time they were identified in this plant species. The methanol extract of C. trifoliata was assessed for central and peripheral analgesic activities by tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing reflex methods, respectively. The crude extract demonstrated significant central and peripheral analgesic efficacy at 200- and 400-mg/kg b.w. in mice model. The general toxicity of the extractives was assessed through a brine shrimp lethality bioassay, where the ethyl acetate (LC50=0.88 μg ml–1) and dichloromethane (LC50=0.93 μg ml–1) soluble fractions demonstrated considerable activity. The crude extract at 400 mg/kg (b.w.) also displayed significant antidiarrheal activity, whereas its dichloromethane soluble fractions exhibited moderate thrombolytic activity. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(1): 69-75, 2022 (June)
{"title":"Phyto-pharmacological Investigations of Leaves of Cissus trifoliata (L.)","authors":"Mehedi Islam, Md. Al Amin Sikder, M. Rashid, Md. Khalid Hossain","doi":"10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60398","url":null,"abstract":"Repeated chromatographic separation and purification of dichloromethane soluble partitionate of methanol extract of leaves of Cissus trifoliata (L.) yielded a total of four compounds, namely β-sitosterol (1), β- sitostenone (2), epifriedelanol (3) and friedelin (4). The structures of the isolated chemical compounds were established by high field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses, comparison with previously published data and co-TLC with authentic samples, whenever possible. Compounds 1-4 appeared to be the first time they were identified in this plant species. The methanol extract of C. trifoliata was assessed for central and peripheral analgesic activities by tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing reflex methods, respectively. The crude extract demonstrated significant central and peripheral analgesic efficacy at 200- and 400-mg/kg b.w. in mice model. The general toxicity of the extractives was assessed through a brine shrimp lethality bioassay, where the ethyl acetate (LC50=0.88 μg ml–1) and dichloromethane (LC50=0.93 μg ml–1) soluble fractions demonstrated considerable activity. The crude extract at 400 mg/kg (b.w.) also displayed significant antidiarrheal activity, whereas its dichloromethane soluble fractions exhibited moderate thrombolytic activity.\u0000Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(1): 69-75, 2022 (June)","PeriodicalId":11304,"journal":{"name":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79072232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-09DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59803
SabihaEnam Spriha, SM Abdur Rahman
Sugar and sugar derivatives have numerous reported biological activities. Sugar moieties in many therapeutically important compounds have influence on their pharmacological activities. Structure activity relationship studies have revealed the importance of sugar moieties in the structure of many clinically used drugs. This review focuses on the major biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of sugars and their derivatives including modified or synthetic sugar derivatives. The available reported structure activity relationship studies have also been described in this review. Biological investigation of different activities of sugar derivatives proves their suitability as one of the interesting classes of molecules for development of new drugs. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(3): 381-394, 2022 (June) Centennial Special Issue
{"title":"A Review on Biological Activities of Sugars and Sugar Derivatives","authors":"SabihaEnam Spriha, SM Abdur Rahman","doi":"10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59803","url":null,"abstract":"Sugar and sugar derivatives have numerous reported biological activities. Sugar moieties in many therapeutically important compounds have influence on their pharmacological activities. Structure activity relationship studies have revealed the importance of sugar moieties in the structure of many clinically used drugs. This review focuses on the major biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of sugars and their derivatives including modified or synthetic sugar derivatives. The available reported structure activity relationship studies have also been described in this review. Biological investigation of different activities of sugar derivatives proves their suitability as one of the interesting classes of molecules for development of new drugs.\u0000Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(3): 381-394, 2022 (June) Centennial Special Issue","PeriodicalId":11304,"journal":{"name":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79568558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-09DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59804
Jannatul Naim, N. Sharmin, Madhabi Lata Shuma, S. Halder
Oral administration is the most common drug delivery route with high levels of patient acceptance. However, oral delivery of therapeutic proteins/peptides is extremely difficult, and improving the pharmacological bioavailability still is a challenging goal because of the poor membrane permeability, high molecular weight, and enzymatic degradation of these drugs. Lipid-based nanocarriers represent a viable means for enhancing the oral bioavailability of protein or peptide drugs while minimizing toxicity. Nowadays, like other macromolecules protein or peptide drugs are the promising candidates to be delivered employing liposomes and lipid nanoparticles including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Generally, these drug delivery strategies can reduce protein or peptide drug degradation and improve membrane permeability thus enhance bioavailability. This review demonstrates various lipid-based formulation strategies used for successful oral delivery of peptides and proteins, assesses the hurdles and delivery efficiency and their clinical implications. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(3): 395-416, 2022 (June) Centennial Special Issue
{"title":"Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery of Proteins and Peptides: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects","authors":"Jannatul Naim, N. Sharmin, Madhabi Lata Shuma, S. Halder","doi":"10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59804","url":null,"abstract":"Oral administration is the most common drug delivery route with high levels of patient acceptance. However, oral delivery of therapeutic proteins/peptides is extremely difficult, and improving the pharmacological bioavailability still is a challenging goal because of the poor membrane permeability, high molecular weight, and enzymatic degradation of these drugs. Lipid-based nanocarriers represent a viable means for enhancing the oral bioavailability of protein or peptide drugs while minimizing toxicity. Nowadays, like other macromolecules protein or peptide drugs are the promising candidates to be delivered employing liposomes and lipid nanoparticles including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Generally, these drug delivery strategies can reduce protein or peptide drug degradation and improve membrane permeability thus enhance bioavailability. This review demonstrates various lipid-based formulation strategies used for successful oral delivery of peptides and proteins, assesses the hurdles and delivery efficiency and their clinical implications.\u0000Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(3): 395-416, 2022 (June) Centennial Special Issue","PeriodicalId":11304,"journal":{"name":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89579055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-09DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59805
Niaz Morshed, Rumman Reza, Md Nazmus Samdani, M. Asaduzzaman
In Bangladesh, the incidence and death rate of patients suffering from dengue infection are escalating. To date, there is no effective antiviral against dengue virus. Treatment regimen mostly includes symptomatic management of the disease. In this study, we performed molecular docking with 36 phytochemicals extracted from Bangladeshi medicinal plants namely Averrhoa carambola L., Curcuma longa L., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and Zingiber officinale against dengue virus non-structural protein 2/non-structural protein 3 (NS2/NS3) chimera. The NS2/NS3 complex functions simultaneously as helicase/protease and/or RNA-tri-phosphatase. The compounds calceolarioside A, ᵞ-elemene, β-sitosterol, β-elemene and curcuminoid-D exhibited high binding affinity (ranging from -8.3 to -7.2 kJ/mol) towards the selected protein and their drug-likeness was confirmed via ADMET analysis. Hence, these compounds have the potential to inhibit viral replication as indicated by computational calculation. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies can be undertaken to confirm such inhibitory properties of the reported phytochemicals. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(3): 417-426, 2022 (June) Centennial Special Issue
{"title":"Phytochemicals from Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants Potentially Targeting Non-Structural Protein 2/Non-Structural Protein 3 Chimera of Dengue Virus: An in silico study","authors":"Niaz Morshed, Rumman Reza, Md Nazmus Samdani, M. Asaduzzaman","doi":"10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59805","url":null,"abstract":"In Bangladesh, the incidence and death rate of patients suffering from dengue infection are escalating. To date, there is no effective antiviral against dengue virus. Treatment regimen mostly includes symptomatic management of the disease. In this study, we performed molecular docking with 36 phytochemicals extracted from Bangladeshi medicinal plants namely Averrhoa carambola L., Curcuma longa L., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and Zingiber officinale against dengue virus non-structural protein 2/non-structural protein 3 (NS2/NS3) chimera. The NS2/NS3 complex functions simultaneously as helicase/protease and/or RNA-tri-phosphatase. The compounds calceolarioside A, ᵞ-elemene, β-sitosterol, β-elemene and curcuminoid-D exhibited high binding affinity (ranging from -8.3 to -7.2 kJ/mol) towards the selected protein and their drug-likeness was confirmed via ADMET analysis. Hence, these compounds have the potential to inhibit viral replication as indicated by computational calculation. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies can be undertaken to confirm such inhibitory properties of the reported phytochemicals.\u0000Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(3): 417-426, 2022 (June) Centennial Special Issue","PeriodicalId":11304,"journal":{"name":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80351862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-09DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59802
H. Bhatt, K. Santosh, P. Thapa
In recent years considerable attention has been paid to the issue of access to medicine. Access to medicine cannot depend on the decision of private industries only but also on government policies and strategies. According to National Health Policy2019, it is the right of all citizens to have basic health care service including access to safe, efficacious and quality medicine. Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia. Nepal is a diverse country with a varied culture, language, and biodiversity, but generally affected by the common disease (e.g. tuberculosis, COPD, diarrhoeal disease, diabetes and malaria). There are 65 plus private pharmaceutical industries in operation in Nepal and approximately 60% of drugs are imported from India and third-world countries. The only government owned pharmaceutical industry is ‘Nepal Aushadhi Limited’ which is not fully operational in manufacturing essential medicine. Private manufacturers focus mainly on brand competition for private consumption but not in essential medicines. Some essential medicines are totally imported from India and other countries (e.g. insulin). The Nepal government has Free Drug List (FDL) consisting 70 medicines that should be provided free to the all patients but these are not accessible to all citizen of rural areas due to poor logistic management, supply chain and transportation facilities. Quality and adequacy of health services and medicines are the main problem in rural areas. This article mainly focuses on challenges of drug manufacturing and access to safe, efficacious and quality medicines in Nepal. It also emphasizes on strategies and policies being implemented to solve these problems. It is obvious that solving the challenges to provide safe, efficacious and quality medicine is collective responsibility of government of Nepal, private manufacturing industries, regulatory bodies, health professional, the patient and NGO, INGOs working on healthcare system of Nepal. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(3): 373-379, 2022 (June) Centennial Special Issue
{"title":"Drug Manufacturing and Access to Medicine in Nepal – A Literature Review of Challenges and Proposed Remediation","authors":"H. Bhatt, K. Santosh, P. Thapa","doi":"10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v20i3.59802","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years considerable attention has been paid to the issue of access to medicine. Access to medicine cannot depend on the decision of private industries only but also on government policies and strategies. According to National Health Policy2019, it is the right of all citizens to have basic health care service including access to safe, efficacious and quality medicine. Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia. Nepal is a diverse country with a varied culture, language, and biodiversity, but generally affected by the common disease (e.g. tuberculosis, COPD, diarrhoeal disease, diabetes and malaria). There are 65 plus private pharmaceutical industries in operation in Nepal and approximately 60% of drugs are imported from India and third-world countries. The only government owned pharmaceutical industry is ‘Nepal Aushadhi Limited’ which is not fully operational in manufacturing essential medicine. Private manufacturers focus mainly on brand competition for private consumption but not in essential medicines. Some essential medicines are totally imported from India and other countries (e.g. insulin). The Nepal government has Free Drug List (FDL) consisting 70 medicines that should be provided free to the all patients but these are not accessible to all citizen of rural areas due to poor logistic management, supply chain and transportation facilities. Quality and adequacy of health services and medicines are the main problem in rural areas. This article mainly focuses on challenges of drug manufacturing and access to safe, efficacious and quality medicines in Nepal. It also emphasizes on strategies and policies being implemented to solve these problems. It is obvious that solving the challenges to provide safe, efficacious and quality medicine is collective responsibility of government of Nepal, private manufacturing industries, regulatory bodies, health professional, the patient and NGO, INGOs working on healthcare system of Nepal.\u0000Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(3): 373-379, 2022 (June) Centennial Special Issue","PeriodicalId":11304,"journal":{"name":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86520958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v20i2.57166
M. Islam, Mashiur Rahman, M. Asaduzzaman, M. Ali
Commelina diffusa Burm. f. is a member of Commelinaceae family, which is widely grown in crop land and treated as a weed. This plant has several important medicinal properties which have not been studied extensively. In this study, the crude powder of C. diffusa whole plant was extracted with 95% ethanol and different solvent fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and methanol) were prepared from the crude extract by solvent-solvent partitioning. All these plant samples were subjected to bioassays for evaluating the antioxidant, central analgesic, peripheral analgesic and CNS depressant activities. The crude extract and its methanol soluble fraction showed mild free DPPH scavenging property with IC50 values of 98.49- and 84.77-μg/ml, respectively as compared to the standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 2.67 μg/ml). In the analgesic activity test, the n-hexane fraction of C. diffusa at doses of 200- and 400-mg/kg body weight exhibited significant (p<0.05) central analgesic activity (tail flick test) in mice. Similarly, all the test samples showed statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid. C. diffusa showed significant CNS depressant activity which was measured by ‘open field test’ and ‘hole cross test’. Considering the potential bioactivities, the plant materials can be further studied elaborately to explore the activities of the purified compounds to aid in future drug development. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(2): 159-166, 2021 (December)
{"title":"Antioxidant, Analgesic and CNS Depressant Activities of Commelina diffusa Burm. f.","authors":"M. Islam, Mashiur Rahman, M. Asaduzzaman, M. Ali","doi":"10.3329/dujps.v20i2.57166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v20i2.57166","url":null,"abstract":"Commelina diffusa Burm. f. is a member of Commelinaceae family, which is widely grown in crop land and treated as a weed. This plant has several important medicinal properties which have not been studied extensively. In this study, the crude powder of C. diffusa whole plant was extracted with 95% ethanol and different solvent fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and methanol) were prepared from the crude extract by solvent-solvent partitioning. All these plant samples were subjected to bioassays for evaluating the antioxidant, central analgesic, peripheral analgesic and CNS depressant activities. The crude extract and its methanol soluble fraction showed mild free DPPH scavenging property with IC50 values of 98.49- and 84.77-μg/ml, respectively as compared to the standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 2.67 μg/ml). In the analgesic activity test, the n-hexane fraction of C. diffusa at doses of 200- and 400-mg/kg body weight exhibited significant (p<0.05) central analgesic activity (tail flick test) in mice. Similarly, all the test samples showed statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid. C. diffusa showed significant CNS depressant activity which was measured by ‘open field test’ and ‘hole cross test’. Considering the potential bioactivities, the plant materials can be further studied elaborately to explore the activities of the purified compounds to aid in future drug development.\u0000Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(2): 159-166, 2021 (December)","PeriodicalId":11304,"journal":{"name":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84154442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v20i2.57164
O. Adejumo, I. Williams, K. Ojewale, C. Igbokwe, I. Ajayi
Momordica charantia, Senna podocarpa, Senna alata, Ocimum gratissimum, and Sida acuta which have reportedly been used in folklore for the treatment of various diseases were studied for their antimicrobial activity. Crude methanolic extracts of the leaves were screened for phytochemicals after which they were tested in vitro for activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Aspergillus niger, A, flavus and Candida albicans. Phytochemicals present in the extracts included saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. These extracts also showed varying degrees of activity against tested organisms at a concentration range of 15.6 to 500 mg/ml. However, S. acuta showed activity against P. vulgaris, E. aerogenes and As. flavus only. The MIC of the extracts against test organisms ranged from 31.25 to 250 mg/ml. The significant antimicrobial susceptibility of the plant extracts against gram positive bacterial pathogens and some pathogenic yeasts, may not be due to the presence and synergistic interactions of secondary metabolites found in these plant extracts. This would have implications in health, particularly in developing countries where a singnificant percentage of the population are still using traditional plant extracts for health care. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(2): 139-148, 2021 (December)
{"title":"Phytochemistry and In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Five Plant Species against Nine Common Human Pathogens","authors":"O. Adejumo, I. Williams, K. Ojewale, C. Igbokwe, I. Ajayi","doi":"10.3329/dujps.v20i2.57164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v20i2.57164","url":null,"abstract":"Momordica charantia, Senna podocarpa, Senna alata, Ocimum gratissimum, and Sida acuta which have reportedly been used in folklore for the treatment of various diseases were studied for their antimicrobial activity. Crude methanolic extracts of the leaves were screened for phytochemicals after which they were tested in vitro for activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Aspergillus niger, A, flavus and Candida albicans. Phytochemicals present in the extracts included saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. These extracts also showed varying degrees of activity against tested organisms at a concentration range of 15.6 to 500 mg/ml. However, S. acuta showed activity against P. vulgaris, E. aerogenes and As. flavus only. The MIC of the extracts against test organisms ranged from 31.25 to 250 mg/ml. The significant antimicrobial susceptibility of the plant extracts against gram positive bacterial pathogens and some pathogenic yeasts, may not be due to the presence and synergistic interactions of secondary metabolites found in these plant extracts. This would have implications in health, particularly in developing countries where a singnificant percentage of the population are still using traditional plant extracts for health care.\u0000Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(2): 139-148, 2021 (December)","PeriodicalId":11304,"journal":{"name":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78047183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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