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Handbook of Research on Economic and Political Implications of Green Trading and Energy Use最新文献

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Energy Poverty Jinx 能源贫困魔咒
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8547-3.CH004
Sovik Mukherjee
The chapter starts by comparing India with China, U.S. and world as a whole in respect of composition, pattern of primary energy use, fuel access to clean cooking energy, and access to electricity for the households. Moving on, this relationship between energy and poverty has preoccupied development economists for decades and begs for a policy dialogue on whether the lack of energy in terms of the 3E's—energy security, energy accessibility, and energy use—makes a nation energy poor or not. This moves the focus on the state of equity in the distribution of energy in India. The chapter, then, looks at the issue of energy poverty, in particular, rural-urban magnitude of energy poverty by estimating the specific concentration curve using National Sample Survey (NSSO) household unit level data from the 68th round (July 2011 – June 2012). To conclude, the study comments on how the optimum fuel mix design should look and talks about sustainable strategies involving the use of new renewables for breaking India's energy poverty jinx.
本章首先比较了印度与中国、美国和整个世界的构成、一次能源使用模式、清洁烹饪能源的燃料获取以及家庭用电的获取。接下来,能源和贫困之间的关系几十年来一直困扰着发展经济学家,并要求就3E(能源安全、能源可及性和能源使用)方面的能源缺乏是否会导致一个国家能源贫困进行政策对话。这将焦点转移到印度能源分配的公平状态上。然后,本章通过使用第68轮(2011年7月至2012年6月)的全国抽样调查(NSSO)家庭单位水平数据估算特定的集中度曲线,研究了能源贫困问题,特别是城乡能源贫困程度。最后,该研究评论了最佳燃料组合设计应该是什么样的,并讨论了可持续战略,包括使用新的可再生能源来打破印度的能源贫困厄运。
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引用次数: 0
Biodiesel Companies and Institutions in Mexico 墨西哥生物柴油公司和机构
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8547-3.CH011
J. Vargas-Hérnandez, J. López
The objective of the chapter is to analyze the role of the institutions in the biodiesel industry in order to know if there is a relationship with the quality and maturity of the same with the ventures. Starting from a literary review, the framework of the current situation is identified, covering aspects related to formal institutions, laws, rules, regulatory bodies, and the theory that supports the relationship between institutions and entrepreneurship. It is thus concluded that the institutions in Mexico have increased their maturity and incentive to increase the number of producers and distributors of biodiesel, thus taking advantage of the growing market.
本章的目的是分析机构在生物柴油行业中的作用,以了解是否与企业的质量和成熟度有关系。从文献综述出发,确定了现状的框架,涵盖了与正式制度、法律、规则、监管机构以及支持制度与创业关系的理论相关的方面。由此得出结论,墨西哥的机构已经提高了其成熟度和动力,以增加生物柴油生产商和分销商的数量,从而利用不断增长的市场。
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引用次数: 0
Emission Permit Trading 排污许可证交易
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8547-3.CH012
Poulomi Khasnobis, S. Niyogi
After the Kyoto Protocol, the new concept of carbon trading emerged. The carbon emission can be controlled by cap and tax system. Cap and trade is the permit that determines the maximum amounts of carbon emission. Carbon tax is imposed on amount of carbon emission. Other instruments of carbon emission are border adjustment and cash payment. Carbon permit is determined by market mechanism through demand and supply. Generally, there are two types of markets: regulated and voluntary. The chapter analyzes mechanisms and discusses the mitigating policies like Kyoto Protocol and tries to examine all aspects related to carbon leakage. The developed countries import carbon-intensive goods. Underdeveloped countries produce and export carbon-intensive goods. In this study, the authors show the prospect of carbon trading and various effects of carbon emission reduction policies on a theoretical framework.
《京都议定书》之后,出现了碳交易的新概念。碳排放可以通过总量控制和税收制度来控制。限额与交易是一种决定碳排放量上限的许可。碳税是根据碳排放量征收的。碳排放的其他手段有边界调整和现金支付。碳排放许可是由市场机制通过供求关系决定的。一般来说,有两种类型的市场:受管制的和自愿的。这一章分析了机制,讨论了京都议定书等缓解政策,并试图检查与碳泄漏有关的各个方面。发达国家进口碳密集型产品。欠发达国家生产和出口碳密集型产品。在本研究中,作者在一个理论框架上展示了碳交易的前景和碳减排政策的各种影响。
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引用次数: 0
Trade and Environment Nexus 贸易与环境连结
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8547-3.CH001
D. Mazumdar, M. Bhattacharjee, Jayeeta Roy Chowdhury
One major concern that has emerged in the post-globalization period is climate change. Given that pollution and environmental degradation is a public bad, the adverse change in the climate of one region will have ubiquitous effect and therefore will hamper the process of sustainable development across the globe. There are substantial links between international trade and environmental issues – one being that of the perverted comparative advantage which evolves mainly out of the neglect of environmental damage caused by productive activities. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to build a theoretical framework related to intra-industry trade with production differentiation based on the environmental quality of the goods and price to address how liberalization of trade happens to affect the environment of the trading nations. The study shows a steep decline in the environmental quality of the good that was relatively cleaner under autarky while a meagre improvement in the environmental quality of the relatively dirtier good. Hence, it is revealed hereby how trade alters the nature of international inequality in the environmental quality of the productive activities.
在后全球化时期出现的一个主要问题是气候变化。由于污染和环境退化是一个公害,一个地区气候的不利变化将具有普遍的影响,因此将阻碍全球可持续发展的进程。国际贸易和环境问题之间有重大的联系,其中之一是不正当的比较优势问题,这种比较优势主要是由于忽视生产活动对环境造成的破坏而形成的。在本章中,我们试图构建一个基于商品环境质量和价格的产业内贸易的理论框架,以解决贸易自由化是如何影响贸易国的环境的。研究表明,在自给自足的情况下,相对清洁的地区环境质量急剧下降,而相对较脏的地区环境质量则略有改善。因此,本文揭示了贸易如何在生产活动的环境质量方面改变国际不平等的性质。
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引用次数: 2
Urbanization and Ownership of Polluting Vehicles 城市化和污染车辆拥有量
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8547-3.CH019
A. Pal, Atanu Sengupta
Most Indian cities are experiencing rapid urbanization, and a majority of the country's population is expected to live in cities within a span of the next two decades. The rapid development in urban India has also resulted in a tremendous increase in the number of motor vehicles, and in some cities, this has doubled in the last decade. This is the main source of air pollution and poor ambient air quality impacting millions of dwellers. This chapter presents a review of the vehicular population in urban Indian cities with its pattern and determinants. The transport system is shared by two parts such as public transport as well as private transport system. To reduce the vehicular pollution, we have to emphasize on public transport system rather than private transport. In an underdeveloped country, it is very tough to use public transport. Due to lack of government fund, new technology, proper checking, etc., private cars, buses, and tracks are increased rapidly. We use these randomly for transport purposes. This causes pollution.
大多数印度城市正在经历快速城市化,预计在未来20年内,印度大多数人口将居住在城市。印度城市的快速发展也导致机动车数量的急剧增加,在一些城市,这一数字在过去十年中翻了一番。这是影响数百万居民的空气污染和恶劣环境空气质量的主要来源。本章介绍了印度城市车辆人口及其模式和决定因素。交通系统由公共交通和私人交通两部分共享。为了减少机动车污染,我们必须重视公共交通系统而不是私人交通。在一个不发达的国家,使用公共交通工具是非常困难的。由于缺乏政府资金、新技术、适当的检查等,私家车、公共汽车和轨道迅速增加。我们随机使用这些用于运输目的。这会造成污染。
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引用次数: 2
Ecological Vision of Mahatma Gandhi in Contemporary World 圣雄甘地当代世界的生态观
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8547-3.CH021
A. Biswas
Environmental degradation and concern for environmental protection and maintaining ecological balance in the last few decades has become the subject of serious political contention and public outcry. Human activity in the name of development has adversely affected the global biodiversity in an unprecedented manner. Eco-development demands structural and moral transformation of the current social, political, and value system. It presupposes a participatory political structure that allows maximum devolution of power to the local communities. And such a coordination and cooperation between development discourse and survival of nature can be found in the works and ideas of Mahatma Gandhi.
在过去的几十年里,环境恶化以及对环境保护和生态平衡的关注已经成为严重的政治争论和公众抗议的主题。以发展为名的人类活动以前所未有的方式对全球生物多样性产生了不利影响。生态发展要求当前社会、政治和价值体系的结构和道德转型。它的先决条件是一个参与性的政治结构,允许最大限度地将权力下放给地方社区。这种发展话语与自然生存之间的协调与合作可以在圣雄甘地的作品和思想中找到。
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引用次数: 0
Perception of Indian Consumers Towards Green Products 印度消费者对绿色产品的看法
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8547-3.CH015
Prabal Chakraborty, Sidhartha Sankar Laha, Madhabendra Sinha
Both consumers and corporate houses are paying attention to environmental issues, and green products are gaining momentum as a result. This chapter studies the concept of green marketing along with its important aspects influencing the buying decision of consumers in South Kolkata only. Convenience sampling method was adopted to select the total sample of 266 respondents consisting of 103 males and 163 females with the help of structured open- and closed-ended questionnaires. Both primary and secondary data collection methods were adopted here in this research. Independent variables are environment friendly, packaging, innovative, quality, brand value, and dependent variable is purchase intention. A mixed result is observed regarding perceptions towards green products. Thus, based on such findings, no such generalization can be made and have to consider heterogeneity among culture, demographic, geographical variables, which varies from place to place.
消费者和企业都在关注环境问题,因此绿色产品的势头正在增强。本章研究了绿色营销的概念及其影响南加尔各答消费者购买决策的重要方面。采用方便抽样的方法,采用结构化的开放式和封闭式问卷,共选取266名调查对象,其中男性103人,女性163人。本研究采用了一手和二次资料收集方法。自变量为环保、包装、创新、质量、品牌价值,因变量为购买意愿。人们对绿色产品的看法好坏参半。因此,根据这些发现,不能作出这样的概括,必须考虑文化、人口、地理变量之间的异质性,这些变量因地而异。
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引用次数: 0
An Empirical Study on Unique Sustainability Nexus 独特可持续发展关系的实证研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8547-3.CH007
Megha Jain, Aishwarya Nagpal
In order to understand the role of sustainability in the era of development, the broader purpose of the chapter is to examine the quantitative linkages between HDI and environmental performance for the selected developed and developing nations from 2002 to 2017. To test if the degree of economic expansion and standard of living has a systematic relationship with the level of environmental deterioration (existence of Kuznets curve hypotheses) in a country, the study employs fixed effects panel modeling on the selected country set. Several other macroeconomic and capital flow variables are considered in the extended empirical model development in order to supplement the holistic review of the situation. In addition, the study finds its novelty by considering relevant governance indicators in order to map the umbrella view. The findings of the panel analysis discover HDI to be positively associated with EPI, depicting higher human capital accumulation leading to lower environmental damage and better environmental performance. Additionally, the results confirm the deviation from EKC hypotheses in the context of developing nations while the same is established in case of developed nations.
为了理解可持续性在发展时代的作用,本章更广泛的目的是研究2002年至2017年选定的发达国家和发展中国家的人类发展指数与环境绩效之间的定量联系。为了检验一个国家的经济扩张程度和生活水平是否与环境恶化水平(库兹涅茨曲线假设的存在)有系统的关系,本研究对选定的国家集采用了固定效应面板模型。在扩展的经验模型开发中考虑了其他几个宏观经济和资本流动变量,以补充对情况的整体审查。此外,本研究的新颖之处在于考虑了相关的治理指标,以绘制总体视图。面板分析的结果发现,人类发展指数与EPI呈正相关,说明较高的人力资本积累导致更低的环境破坏和更好的环境绩效。此外,结果证实了在发展中国家背景下与EKC假设的偏差,而在发达国家的情况下也是如此。
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引用次数: 0
Marketing of Greener Products 推广环保产品
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8547-3.CH017
S. Sen, K. Rajagopal, K. Bhattacharjee
The objective of the chapter is to discuss different aspects of marketing of greener products with some secondary source information. The theoretical analysis and the data reveal that there have been increasing implications of different generations towards greener or ecological products. More specifically, the younger generations prefer the greener products more as compared to older population.
本章的目的是讨论绿色产品营销的不同方面与一些次要来源的信息。理论分析和数据显示,不同世代对绿色或生态产品的影响越来越大。更具体地说,与老年人相比,年轻一代更喜欢绿色产品。
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引用次数: 1
An Empirical Study on Green Initiatives by S&P BSE SENSEX Companies in India at the Outlet of Companies Act, 2013 印度标准普尔BSE SENSEX指数成分股公司绿色举措的实证研究(2013年
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8547-3.CH016
Dipayan Singha, Megnath Routh, Amit Majumdar
Considering the necessity to build up corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in general and sustainability in particular under statutory obligations, Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India had notified in Companies Act 2013 (section 135) that every public limited company and private limited company having net worth of more than 500 crore or turnover more than 1000 crore or net profit more than 5 crore needs to comply with CSR rules (i.e., contributing 2% or more for the welfare of society following the prescribed guidelines under Schedule VII). The chapter focuses on CSR activities of companies registered under BSE SENSEX and evaluating their current status in CSR activities from the perspective of the broad heading of planet and people. A detailed analysis is done to highlight the current situation of the companies towards sustainable development through corporate sustainability index and statistical tools like Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test to represent the contributions of these companies towards the environmental responsibilities. The study of CSR reveals the endeavors of surveyed companies towards the holistic development covering the noteworthy issue of environmental protection and sustainability; however, a continuous vigil from the regulatory bodies is the need of the hour to ensure that adherence to CSR practices should not only be in mere form but in true spirits.
考虑到建立企业社会责任(CSR)活动的必要性,特别是在法定义务下的可持续性,印度政府公司事务部在《2013年公司法》(第135条)中通知,每家净资产超过50亿卢比或营业额超过100亿卢比或净利润超过500亿卢比的公共有限公司和私人有限公司都需要遵守企业社会责任规则(即:根据附表VII规定的指导方针,为社会福利贡献2%或更多)。本章重点关注在BSE SENSEX注册的公司的社会责任活动,并从地球和人类的大标题的角度评估他们在社会责任活动中的现状。通过企业可持续发展指数和Kruskal-Wallis检验和Mann-Whitney U检验等统计工具来代表这些公司对环境责任的贡献,对公司可持续发展的现状进行了详细的分析。企业社会责任的研究揭示了被调查企业为全面发展所做的努力,其中包括值得关注的环境保护和可持续性问题;然而,监管机构的持续监督是必要的,以确保遵守企业社会责任实践不仅应该是形式上的,而且应该是真正的精神。
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引用次数: 0
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Handbook of Research on Economic and Political Implications of Green Trading and Energy Use
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