Suspended ceilings are critical nonstructural elements, and their seismic damage in buildings highlighted the incompatibility between the design and performance of structural and nonstructural elements. In order to study the performance of less researched continuous-plasterboard ceilings, shake table testing was conducted on a ceiling system vertically supported at grid ends with free edges in its plane and suspended by vertical struts and lateral braces. The system had a clearance of 20 mm at the grid ends to accommodate ceiling movements. The ceiling performed satisfactorily for floor accelerations ranging from 0.2 g to 1.4 g without any visible damage. However, the ceiling was slightly rotated and lightly damaged at its perimeter for an extreme dynamic loading of sinusoidal excitation at its natural frequencies. In addition, the experimental performance of the ceiling was numerically validated using nonlinear and linearized responses of sub-assemblage test data of critical components and connections. It was observed that the developed numerical models can be used to predict the behavior of such ceiling systems as an alternative to evaluation by shake table testing.
吊顶是重要的非结构性构件,其在建筑物中的地震破坏凸显了结构性构件和非结构性构件在设计和性能上的不一致性。为了研究研究较少的连续石膏板天花板的性能,我们对网格端垂直支撑的天花板系统进行了振动台试验,该系统的自由边缘位于其平面内,并由垂直支柱和横向支撑悬挂。该系统在网格两端留有 20 毫米的间隙,以适应天花板的移动。在地面加速度为 0.2 g 至 1.4 g 的情况下,天花板的表现令人满意,没有出现任何明显的损坏。然而,在以其固有频率进行正弦激励的极端动态负载下,天花板略有旋转,周边轻微损坏。此外,天花板的实验性能还通过关键部件和连接件的子装配测试数据的非线性和线性化响应进行了数值验证。据观察,所开发的数值模型可用于预测此类天花板系统的行为,作为振动台测试评估的替代方法。
{"title":"Seismic performance of vertical strut and lateral brace suspended continuous-plasterboard ceiling system with all edges free in the plane of ceiling","authors":"Venkatesh Patnana, Durgesh C. Rai","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4145","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.4145","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Suspended ceilings are critical nonstructural elements, and their seismic damage in buildings highlighted the incompatibility between the design and performance of structural and nonstructural elements. In order to study the performance of less researched continuous-plasterboard ceilings, shake table testing was conducted on a ceiling system vertically supported at grid ends with free edges in its plane and suspended by vertical struts and lateral braces. The system had a clearance of 20 mm at the grid ends to accommodate ceiling movements. The ceiling performed satisfactorily for floor accelerations ranging from 0.2 g to 1.4 g without any visible damage. However, the ceiling was slightly rotated and lightly damaged at its perimeter for an extreme dynamic loading of sinusoidal excitation at its natural frequencies. In addition, the experimental performance of the ceiling was numerically validated using nonlinear and linearized responses of sub-assemblage test data of critical components and connections. It was observed that the developed numerical models can be used to predict the behavior of such ceiling systems as an alternative to evaluation by shake table testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 10","pages":"3034-3053"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141121114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents the experimental results on a scaled bridge model with a newly proposed unidirectional rocking isolation bearing system (referred to as Uni-RIBS) on a shaking table. The bridge model features one superstructure girder and four bearings. The experimental input encompassed a variety of recorded, design, and harmonic ground motions, characterized by differing peak accelerations, with or without vertical components, and time-scaled attributes. The superstructure girder's mass was altered for two conditions (full and half). The test results validate the rocking mechanism inherent in the Uni-RIBS and demonstrate the analytical model's accuracy in predicting the system's dynamics, including its negative stiffness, mass-independent, and energy dissipation characteristics during bearing rotation reversals. Additionally, this study examines the effectiveness of a simplified numerical model in varying complexities for predicting the seismic responses of the bridge model.
{"title":"Experimental study of a scaled bridge model with a unidirectional rocking isolation bearing system (Uni-RIBS) through shaking table tests","authors":"Xinhao He, Yoshihiro Tajiri, Shigeki Unjoh, Shinsuke Yamazaki, Tadayuki Noro","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4152","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.4152","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents the experimental results on a scaled bridge model with a newly proposed unidirectional rocking isolation bearing system (referred to as Uni-RIBS) on a shaking table. The bridge model features one superstructure girder and four bearings. The experimental input encompassed a variety of recorded, design, and harmonic ground motions, characterized by differing peak accelerations, with or without vertical components, and time-scaled attributes. The superstructure girder's mass was altered for two conditions (full and half). The test results validate the rocking mechanism inherent in the Uni-RIBS and demonstrate the analytical model's accuracy in predicting the system's dynamics, including its negative stiffness, mass-independent, and energy dissipation characteristics during bearing rotation reversals. Additionally, this study examines the effectiveness of a simplified numerical model in varying complexities for predicting the seismic responses of the bridge model.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 10","pages":"3054-3070"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141120401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angelos L. Protopapas, Constantine A. Stamatopoulos
For the first time, the present work derives explicit equations predicting the downward ground displacement of a sliding model simulating both the frictional and rotational effects under idealized acceleration pulses, in the form of simple formulas. Explicit equations allow not only accurate predictions in all cases, but also analysis of the solutions and derivation of expressions for limit cases. Half and full cycles of (i) rectangular, (ii) triangular, (iii) trapezoidal, and (iv) sinusoidal pulses and slopes both under static stability and instability are considered. For this purpose, for pulse cases (i)–(iii) recently proposed implicit analytical solutions are used, while for case (iv), first the analytical equations predicting the sliding displacement and velocity of a sinusoidal pulse in terms of time are obtained and then the time duration of motion is estimated, by using the Bhaskara approximation of the sine and cosine functions. Then, from these, solutions for the particular limit cases corresponding to the “conventional” sliding-block model (Case A) and the post-failure run-off movement without any applied pulse (Case B) are derived. The results for Case A provide a useful tabulation of sliding-block solutions, some of which are not reported in the literature. The results for Case B provide novel predictions of the time duration of motion in the case of post-failure movement. The general solutions are analyzed graphically and the deviation from the solutions of Cases A and B is illustrated. Finally, the explicit solutions are compared to solutions of actual accelerograms.
本研究首次以简单公式的形式,推导出模拟理想化加速度脉冲下摩擦和旋转效应的滑动模型地面向下位移的明确预测方程。显式方程不仅可以准确预测所有情况,还可以分析解法并推导出极限情况的表达式。考虑了 (i) 矩形、(ii) 三角形、(iii) 梯形和 (iv) 正弦脉冲的半周期和全周期,以及静态稳定和不稳定情况下的斜坡。为此,对于脉冲情况(i)-(iii),采用了最近提出的隐式解析解,而对于情况(iv),首先利用正弦和余弦函数的巴斯卡拉近似法,得到预测正弦脉冲滑动位移和速度的解析方程,然后估算运动的持续时间。然后,根据这些结果,得出与 "传统 "滑动块模型(情况 A)和无任何施加脉冲的故障后径流运动(情况 B)相对应的特定极限情况的解决方案。情况 A 的结果提供了一个有用的滑块解法列表,其中一些解法在文献中没有报道过。情况 B 的结果对失效后运动的持续时间进行了新的预测。对一般解法进行了图形分析,并说明了与案例 A 和案例 B 的解法之间的偏差。最后,将显式解法与实际加速度图的解法进行比较。
{"title":"Explicit solutions for the ground displacement of a sliding model simulating both the frictional and rotational effects under idealized acceleration pulses","authors":"Angelos L. Protopapas, Constantine A. Stamatopoulos","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4140","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.4140","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For the first time, the present work derives explicit equations predicting the downward ground displacement of a sliding model simulating both the frictional and rotational effects under idealized acceleration pulses, in the form of simple formulas. Explicit equations allow not only accurate predictions in all cases, but also analysis of the solutions and derivation of expressions for limit cases. Half and full cycles of (i) rectangular, (ii) triangular, (iii) trapezoidal, and (iv) sinusoidal pulses and slopes both under static stability and instability are considered. For this purpose, for pulse cases (i)–(iii) recently proposed implicit analytical solutions are used, while for case (iv), first the analytical equations predicting the sliding displacement and velocity of a sinusoidal pulse in terms of time are obtained and then the time duration of motion is estimated, by using the Bhaskara approximation of the sine and cosine functions. Then, from these, solutions for the particular limit cases corresponding to the “conventional” sliding-block model (Case A) and the post-failure run-off movement without any applied pulse (Case B) are derived. The results for Case A provide a useful tabulation of sliding-block solutions, some of which are not reported in the literature. The results for Case B provide novel predictions of the time duration of motion in the case of post-failure movement. The general solutions are analyzed graphically and the deviation from the solutions of Cases A and B is illustrated. Finally, the explicit solutions are compared to solutions of actual accelerograms.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 10","pages":"3009-3033"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140967175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper contributes to the further development of seismic resilient infrastructure by introducing a novel prototype bridge which integrates tubular steel piers with superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA). The proposed bridge pier is composed of a circular steel tube which is bonded to a superelastic SMA tube in regions of high stress. The pier is distinguished by its ability to minimize residual drifts following inelastic deformations induced by cyclic loading. Three-dimensional continuum finite element (FE) models are utilized to examine its lateral behavior. Experimental data is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the continuum FE procedure in replicating the cyclic response and capturing both global and localized behaviors. A novel composite material model is proposed to represent the degradation of strength and accumulation of irreversible strains in the cyclic response of superelastic SMAs. An iterative procedure for the calibration of this material is presented. Investigations, employing the calibrated FE procedure, focus on the quasi-static cyclic response of steel piers with superelastic SMA in the plastic hinge zone, aiming to identify the optimal length of the SMA tube for achieving a self-centering response with reduced residual deformation. The study is then further expanded to examine the seismic response of a bridge structure incorporating such piers. Development of the FE model for the prototype bridge includes the modelling of the piers using continuum elements, while the superstructure, bearing units, abutment walls, and backfill material are modelled using discrete elements. Nonlinear time history analyses are undertaken to investigate the effects of column wall thickness and materials used in the plastic hinge zones of the piers. Dynamic FE study results indicate that bridges employing such piers are capable of returning to their original position, provided the SMA tube is of adequate length.
本文介绍了一种新型原型桥梁,它将管状钢墩与超弹性形状记忆合金(SMA)融为一体,为进一步开发抗震基础设施做出了贡献。拟议的桥墩由圆形钢管组成,钢管在高应力区域与超弹性 SMA 管粘接。该桥墩的特点是能够最大限度地减少循环加载引起的非弹性变形后的残余漂移。三维连续有限元(FE)模型用于研究其横向行为。实验数据用于证明连续有限元程序在复制循环响应以及捕捉整体和局部行为方面的有效性。提出了一种新型复合材料模型,用于表示超弹性 SMA 循环响应中的强度退化和不可逆应变累积。此外,还介绍了校准该材料的迭代程序。采用校准 FE 程序的研究重点是塑性铰区超弹性 SMA 钢墩的准静态循环响应,旨在确定 SMA 管的最佳长度,以实现自定心响应并减少残余变形。随后,研究进一步扩展,以检验包含此类桥墩的桥梁结构的地震响应。原型桥梁有限元模型的开发包括使用连续单元对桥墩进行建模,而上部结构、承重单元、桥墩墙和回填材料则使用离散单元建模。进行了非线性时间历程分析,以研究柱壁厚度和桥墩塑性铰区所用材料的影响。动态 FE 研究结果表明,只要 SMA 管的长度足够长,采用这种桥墩的桥梁就能恢复到原来的位置。
{"title":"Feasibility of using superelastic shape memory alloy in plastic hinge regions of steel bridge columns for seismic applications","authors":"Ahmad Rahmzadeh, M. Shahria Alam","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4150","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.4150","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper contributes to the further development of seismic resilient infrastructure by introducing a novel prototype bridge which integrates tubular steel piers with superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA). The proposed bridge pier is composed of a circular steel tube which is bonded to a superelastic SMA tube in regions of high stress. The pier is distinguished by its ability to minimize residual drifts following inelastic deformations induced by cyclic loading. Three-dimensional continuum finite element (FE) models are utilized to examine its lateral behavior. Experimental data is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the continuum FE procedure in replicating the cyclic response and capturing both global and localized behaviors. A novel composite material model is proposed to represent the degradation of strength and accumulation of irreversible strains in the cyclic response of superelastic SMAs. An iterative procedure for the calibration of this material is presented. Investigations, employing the calibrated FE procedure, focus on the quasi-static cyclic response of steel piers with superelastic SMA in the plastic hinge zone, aiming to identify the optimal length of the SMA tube for achieving a self-centering response with reduced residual deformation. The study is then further expanded to examine the seismic response of a bridge structure incorporating such piers. Development of the FE model for the prototype bridge includes the modelling of the piers using continuum elements, while the superstructure, bearing units, abutment walls, and backfill material are modelled using discrete elements. Nonlinear time history analyses are undertaken to investigate the effects of column wall thickness and materials used in the plastic hinge zones of the piers. Dynamic FE study results indicate that bridges employing such piers are capable of returning to their original position, provided the SMA tube is of adequate length.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 10","pages":"2988-3008"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140972679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Base-isolated hospitals are frequently preferred to fixed-base ones because of their improved seismic structural performance. Despite this, the question remains open on the advisability of using this modern seismic protection technology in preference to other conventional solutions, on the grounds of a holistic approach based on limiting non-structural damage as well as continuity of service to the community in the aftermath of an earthquake. Two full-scale four-storey (fixed-base) and three-storey (base-isolated) hospital buildings have been recently built and subjected to three-dimensional shaking table tests at the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (Japan), with particular attention to evaluating and classifying functionality of non-structural components and vital medical equipment. A two-phase experimental campaign was carried out considering two earthquakes scaled at different intensity levels and applied along the horizontal and vertical directions. The current study aims to provide results of a numerical structural and non-structural blind prediction of these hospital settings. A homemade numerical code is developed to account for lumped plasticity modelling of steel frame members and variability of the friction coefficient of spherical sliding bearings. Moreover, three non-structural components are modelled in the fixed-base structure: that is, elastic single degree of freedom systems representing two tanks filled with sand at the top floor; elastic beam elements for piping at the third floor; five-element macro-model for the in-plane-out-of-plane nonlinear response of partition walls at the first floor. The identification of predominant vibration periods of the fixed-base structure is carried out using a homemade numerical code based on the continuous wavelet transforms in combination with the complex Morlet wavelet. Finally, the sliding and rocking motion of three items of medical equipment (i.e., incubator at third floor, dialysis machine at second floor and surgical bed at first floor) are analysed by means of a homemade numerical code, considering acceleration time histories of selected structural nodes of the fixed-base structure.
{"title":"Structural and non-structural numerical blind prediction of shaking table experimental tests on fixed-base and base-isolated hospitals","authors":"Fabio Mazza, Angelo Donnici, Rodolfo Labernarda","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4146","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.4146","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Base-isolated hospitals are frequently preferred to fixed-base ones because of their improved seismic structural performance. Despite this, the question remains open on the advisability of using this modern seismic protection technology in preference to other conventional solutions, on the grounds of a holistic approach based on limiting non-structural damage as well as continuity of service to the community in the aftermath of an earthquake. Two full-scale four-storey (fixed-base) and three-storey (base-isolated) hospital buildings have been recently built and subjected to three-dimensional shaking table tests at the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (Japan), with particular attention to evaluating and classifying functionality of non-structural components and vital medical equipment. A two-phase experimental campaign was carried out considering two earthquakes scaled at different intensity levels and applied along the horizontal and vertical directions. The current study aims to provide results of a numerical structural and non-structural blind prediction of these hospital settings. A homemade numerical code is developed to account for lumped plasticity modelling of steel frame members and variability of the friction coefficient of spherical sliding bearings. Moreover, three non-structural components are modelled in the fixed-base structure: that is, elastic single degree of freedom systems representing two tanks filled with sand at the top floor; elastic beam elements for piping at the third floor; five-element macro-model for the in-plane-out-of-plane nonlinear response of partition walls at the first floor. The identification of predominant vibration periods of the fixed-base structure is carried out using a homemade numerical code based on the continuous wavelet transforms in combination with the complex Morlet wavelet. Finally, the sliding and rocking motion of three items of medical equipment (i.e., incubator at third floor, dialysis machine at second floor and surgical bed at first floor) are analysed by means of a homemade numerical code, considering acceleration time histories of selected structural nodes of the fixed-base structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 10","pages":"2961-2987"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140975458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chunxiao Ning, Yazhou Xie, Henry Burton, Jamie E. Padgett
Regional seismic fragility assessment of bridge portfolios must address the embedded uncertainties and variations stemming from both the earthquake hazard and bridge attributes (e.g., geometry, material, design detail). To achieve bridge-specific fragility assessment, multivariate probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDM) have recently been developed that use both the ground motion intensity measure and bridge parameters as inputs. However, explicitly utilizing bridge parameters as inputs requires numerous nonlinear response history analyses (NRHAs). In this situation, the associated computational cost increases exponentially for high-fidelity bridge models with complex component connectivity and sophisticated material constitutive laws. Moreover, it remains unclear how many analyses are sufficient for the response data and the resulting demand model to cover the entire solution space without overfitting. To deal with these issues, this study integrates Gaussian process regression (GPR) and active learning (AL) into a multistep workflow to achieve efficient regional seismic fragility assessment of bridge portfolios. The GPR relaxes the probability distribution assumptions made in typical cloud analysis-based PSDMs to enable heteroskedastic nonparametric seismic demand modeling. The AL leverages the varying standard deviation to select the least but most representative bridge-model-ground-motion sample pairs to conduct NRHA with much-improved efficiency. Both independent and correlated multi-output GPRs are proposed to deal with bridge portfolios with seismic demand correlations among multiple components (column, bearing, shear key, abutment, unseating, and joint seal). Considering a single benchmark highway bridge class in California as the case study, the AL-GPR framework and the associated component-level fragility results are investigated in terms of their efficiency, accuracy, and robustness. The fragility results show that 70 AL-selected samples would enable the GPR to derive bridge-specific fragility models comparable to the ones using the multiple stripes analysis approach with 1950 ground motions considered for each individual bridge. The AL-GPR model also successfully captures the physics of how bridge span length, deck area, column slenderness, and steel reinforcement ratio would change the damage state exceedance probabilities of different bridge components. The efficiency of AL stems from the fact that, with the multi-output independent GPR, a stable and reliable fragility model can be achieved using 50 AL-selected samples compared to at least 270 randomly chosen samples. The proposed methodology advances the state of the art in enabling more efficient and reliable regional seismic fragility assessment of multi-component bridge portfolios.
{"title":"Enabling efficient regional seismic fragility assessment of multi-component bridge portfolios through Gaussian process regression and active learning","authors":"Chunxiao Ning, Yazhou Xie, Henry Burton, Jamie E. Padgett","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4144","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.4144","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Regional seismic fragility assessment of bridge portfolios must address the embedded uncertainties and variations stemming from both the earthquake hazard and bridge attributes (e.g., geometry, material, design detail). To achieve bridge-specific fragility assessment, multivariate probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDM) have recently been developed that use both the ground motion intensity measure and bridge parameters as inputs. However, explicitly utilizing bridge parameters as inputs requires numerous nonlinear response history analyses (NRHAs). In this situation, the associated computational cost increases exponentially for high-fidelity bridge models with complex component connectivity and sophisticated material constitutive laws. Moreover, it remains unclear how many analyses are sufficient for the response data and the resulting demand model to cover the entire solution space without overfitting. To deal with these issues, this study integrates Gaussian process regression (GPR) and active learning (AL) into a multistep workflow to achieve efficient regional seismic fragility assessment of bridge portfolios. The GPR relaxes the probability distribution assumptions made in typical cloud analysis-based PSDMs to enable heteroskedastic nonparametric seismic demand modeling. The AL leverages the varying standard deviation to select the least but most representative bridge-model-ground-motion sample pairs to conduct NRHA with much-improved efficiency. Both independent and correlated multi-output GPRs are proposed to deal with bridge portfolios with seismic demand correlations among multiple components (column, bearing, shear key, abutment, unseating, and joint seal). Considering a single benchmark highway bridge class in California as the case study, the AL-GPR framework and the associated component-level fragility results are investigated in terms of their efficiency, accuracy, and robustness. The fragility results show that 70 AL-selected samples would enable the GPR to derive bridge-specific fragility models comparable to the ones using the multiple stripes analysis approach with 1950 ground motions considered for each individual bridge. The AL-GPR model also successfully captures the physics of how bridge span length, deck area, column slenderness, and steel reinforcement ratio would change the damage state exceedance probabilities of different bridge components. The efficiency of AL stems from the fact that, with the multi-output independent GPR, a stable and reliable fragility model can be achieved using 50 AL-selected samples compared to at least 270 randomly chosen samples. The proposed methodology advances the state of the art in enabling more efficient and reliable regional seismic fragility assessment of multi-component bridge portfolios.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 9","pages":"2929-2949"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140989861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding and accurately characterizing energy dissipation mechanisms in civil structures during earthquakes is an important element of seismic assessment and design. The most commonly used model is attributed to Rayleigh. This paper proposes a systematic approach to quantify the uncertainty associated with Rayleigh's damping model. Bayesian calibration with embedded model error is employed to treat the coefficients of the Rayleigh model as random variables using modal damping ratios. Through a numerical example, we illustrate how this approach works and how the calibrated model can address modeling uncertainty associated with the Rayleigh damping model.
{"title":"Quantification of modeling uncertainty in the Rayleigh damping model","authors":"Farid Ghahari, Khachik Sargsyan, Ertugrul Taciroglu","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4143","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.4143","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding and accurately characterizing energy dissipation mechanisms in civil structures during earthquakes is an important element of seismic assessment and design. The most commonly used model is attributed to Rayleigh. This paper proposes a systematic approach to quantify the uncertainty associated with Rayleigh's damping model. Bayesian calibration with embedded model error is employed to treat the coefficients of the Rayleigh model as random variables using modal damping ratios. Through a numerical example, we illustrate how this approach works and how the calibrated model can address modeling uncertainty associated with the Rayleigh damping model.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 9","pages":"2950-2956"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140995547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The viscoelastic dampers (VEDs), which can provide both stiffness and damping, have been recently introduced into the field of structural vibration control for seismic enhancement of civil engineering structures. In this study, a kind of high damping acrylic polymer matrix VEDs (HDPVED) is developed independently, and this innovative HDPVED can solve the significant problem of service performance under medium-high temperature environments, as well as low-frequency vibration control under earthquake actions for civil engineering structures. To systematically investigate the influencing rules of frequency, temperature, and displacement amplitude on the mechanical properties and damping dissipation performance of HDPVEDs, a series of dynamic mechanical performance tests of the developed HDPVEDs are carried out at different frequencies, temperatures, and displacement amplitudes. The research results show that HDPVED exhibits excellent damping dissipation capability and adaptability under medium-high temperature environments and low-frequency excitations. The mechanical properties and energy dissipation performance present a strong correlation with frequency, temperature and displacement amplitude, and there is an obvious coupling effect between the three influencing factors. Based on the macroscopic mechanical property research of HDPVED, the microscopic damping mechanism and microscopic mechanical properties of HDPVED are then investigated. High-order fractional derivative fraction Voigt and Maxwell model in parallel (FVMP) models are preferred to characterize the combined hyper-elasticity and viscoelasticity owned by networked molecular chains and free molecular chains. The breaking and reconstruction theory of microphysical bonds is used to assess the effect of packing particles, and the time-temperature equivalence principle is introduced to assess the effect of temperature. The multi-scale refinement model is proposed, and the validity and accuracy of this model are verified by testing data of HDPVED. The study results show that the proposed model can accurately describe the effects of frequency, temperature, displacement amplitude, and microstructure on the multi-scale mechanical properties of HDPVED. It provides a theoretical basis for the multi-scale design and development of high damping VEDs.
{"title":"Experimental study and multi-scale refinement model of high damping acrylic polymer matrix VEDs for civil structural seismic retrofit","authors":"Yao-Rong Dong, Zhao-Dong Xu, Lihua Zhu, Qingxuan Shi, Qiang-Qiang Li, Jia-Xuan He, Yu Cheng","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4147","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.4147","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The viscoelastic dampers (VEDs), which can provide both stiffness and damping, have been recently introduced into the field of structural vibration control for seismic enhancement of civil engineering structures. In this study, a kind of high damping acrylic polymer matrix VEDs (HDPVED) is developed independently, and this innovative HDPVED can solve the significant problem of service performance under medium-high temperature environments, as well as low-frequency vibration control under earthquake actions for civil engineering structures. To systematically investigate the influencing rules of frequency, temperature, and displacement amplitude on the mechanical properties and damping dissipation performance of HDPVEDs, a series of dynamic mechanical performance tests of the developed HDPVEDs are carried out at different frequencies, temperatures, and displacement amplitudes. The research results show that HDPVED exhibits excellent damping dissipation capability and adaptability under medium-high temperature environments and low-frequency excitations. The mechanical properties and energy dissipation performance present a strong correlation with frequency, temperature and displacement amplitude, and there is an obvious coupling effect between the three influencing factors. Based on the macroscopic mechanical property research of HDPVED, the microscopic damping mechanism and microscopic mechanical properties of HDPVED are then investigated. High-order fractional derivative fraction Voigt and Maxwell model in parallel (FVMP) models are preferred to characterize the combined hyper-elasticity and viscoelasticity owned by networked molecular chains and free molecular chains. The breaking and reconstruction theory of microphysical bonds is used to assess the effect of packing particles, and the time-temperature equivalence principle is introduced to assess the effect of temperature. The multi-scale refinement model is proposed, and the validity and accuracy of this model are verified by testing data of HDPVED. The study results show that the proposed model can accurately describe the effects of frequency, temperature, displacement amplitude, and microstructure on the multi-scale mechanical properties of HDPVED. It provides a theoretical basis for the multi-scale design and development of high damping VEDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 9","pages":"2908-2928"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140996562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>One-dimensional site response analysis (1D SRA) remains the standard practice in considering the effect of local soil deposits and predicting site-specific ground motions, although its range of applicability to realistic seismic wavefields is still in question. In this 1D approach, horizontal and vertical ground shaking are assumed to be induced by vertically propagating shear and compressional waves, respectively. A recent study based on analytical two-dimensional (2D) plane waves and simple point source earthquake simulations has shown two mechanistic limitations in this 1D modelling technique for general inclined seismic waves, that is, systematic over-prediction of the vertical motion and wave trapping in the 1D soil column. In this article, we evaluate in detail the applicability of this 1D modelling approach to realistic three-dimensional (3D) simulated seismic wavefields in shallow sedimentary basins. Linear-viscoelastic 1D SRA predictions using two types of input motions that are commonly used in practice—rock outcrop and in-column motions, are compared with the reference true site response results from 3D earthquake simulations in terms of various measures in the frequency and time domain. It is shown that the horizontal motion in the 3D seismic wavefield exhibits dominant shear wave propagation phenomenon, while the vertical motion is a combined effect of compressional and shear waves and can be over-predicted by the 1D approach when the incident seismic waves are inclined. Direct evidence of the wave refraction process that leads to the vertical motion over-prediction is provided. 1D SRA with in-column inputs can yield motions that have significantly longer duration compared to the true 3D site response solution due to trapped waves, casting in doubt the frequent need for increased soil damping in existing site studies to compensate for wave attenuation due to scattering alone. Sensitivity investigation on the increase of soil profile damping by a multiplier <i>D</i><sub>mul</sub> shows <i>D</i><sub>mul</sub> values compatible with those found in the literature for both horizontal and vertical motions. It is shown that the level of <i>D</i><sub>mul</sub> optimized for a best match of the spectral acceleration is dependent on the characteristic of the input motion and a larger <i>D</i><sub>mul</sub> is typically required for the vertical component. In contrast, 1D SRA with outcrop motions predicts motions with shorter significant duration due to its inability to capture the basin-edge generated surface waves. A suite of ground motion simulations was performed to assess the sensitivity of the observations to the basin geologic structure including the velocity gradient, rock-basin impedance contrast and basin depth. The analysis results show that the accuracy of the simplified 1D procedure is dependent on the wavefield composition of both the input motions and the true 3D site response solution. While the horizontal motions in shallow
{"title":"Applicability of 1D site response analysis to shallow sedimentary basins: A critical evaluation through physics-based 3D ground motion simulations","authors":"Junfei Huang, David McCallen","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4142","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.4142","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One-dimensional site response analysis (1D SRA) remains the standard practice in considering the effect of local soil deposits and predicting site-specific ground motions, although its range of applicability to realistic seismic wavefields is still in question. In this 1D approach, horizontal and vertical ground shaking are assumed to be induced by vertically propagating shear and compressional waves, respectively. A recent study based on analytical two-dimensional (2D) plane waves and simple point source earthquake simulations has shown two mechanistic limitations in this 1D modelling technique for general inclined seismic waves, that is, systematic over-prediction of the vertical motion and wave trapping in the 1D soil column. In this article, we evaluate in detail the applicability of this 1D modelling approach to realistic three-dimensional (3D) simulated seismic wavefields in shallow sedimentary basins. Linear-viscoelastic 1D SRA predictions using two types of input motions that are commonly used in practice—rock outcrop and in-column motions, are compared with the reference true site response results from 3D earthquake simulations in terms of various measures in the frequency and time domain. It is shown that the horizontal motion in the 3D seismic wavefield exhibits dominant shear wave propagation phenomenon, while the vertical motion is a combined effect of compressional and shear waves and can be over-predicted by the 1D approach when the incident seismic waves are inclined. Direct evidence of the wave refraction process that leads to the vertical motion over-prediction is provided. 1D SRA with in-column inputs can yield motions that have significantly longer duration compared to the true 3D site response solution due to trapped waves, casting in doubt the frequent need for increased soil damping in existing site studies to compensate for wave attenuation due to scattering alone. Sensitivity investigation on the increase of soil profile damping by a multiplier <i>D</i><sub>mul</sub> shows <i>D</i><sub>mul</sub> values compatible with those found in the literature for both horizontal and vertical motions. It is shown that the level of <i>D</i><sub>mul</sub> optimized for a best match of the spectral acceleration is dependent on the characteristic of the input motion and a larger <i>D</i><sub>mul</sub> is typically required for the vertical component. In contrast, 1D SRA with outcrop motions predicts motions with shorter significant duration due to its inability to capture the basin-edge generated surface waves. A suite of ground motion simulations was performed to assess the sensitivity of the observations to the basin geologic structure including the velocity gradient, rock-basin impedance contrast and basin depth. The analysis results show that the accuracy of the simplified 1D procedure is dependent on the wavefield composition of both the input motions and the true 3D site response solution. While the horizontal motions in shallow ","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 9","pages":"2876-2907"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141007766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Displacement response is critical data for post-earthquake fast building assessment. However, directly measuring building displacement response remains a great challenge in practice. Therefore, it is practically common to estimate displacement response from acceleration response using double integration. Unfortunately, the low-frequency component of displacement obtained by double integrating acceleration often contains noise that is indistinguishable from low-frequency displacement components. Consequently, the maximum displacement estimated from acceleration is commonly underestimated in comparison to its true value due to the removal of the low-frequency components. This can potentially lead to an underestimation of post-earthquake building damage state, especially when a building undergoes significant nonlinear deformation. This study develops a framework to improve the accuracy of the maximum displacement obtained from floor acceleration data by fusing it with the low-frequency displacement component estimated from an equivalent SDOF analysis for both reinforced concrete (RC) and steel structures. Procedures for constructing the equivalent SDOF model of a building and a procedure for extracting the low-frequency component from the analysis displacement were developed. The proposed method was verified using a diverse range of case studies from numerical simulation and experimental studies under different seismic records for both RC and steel structures. The results showed that the proposed method was effective with a range of seismic characteristics and damage levels. A significant reduction in maximum displacement errors was observed for cases with significant nonlinear deformation, which may contribute to a more accurate post-earthquake building assessment.
{"title":"Improving accuracy of estimating building capacity curves from acceleration data using SDOF analysis","authors":"Quang-Vinh Pham, Koichi Kusunoki, Yusuke Maida, Trevor Yeow","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4141","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.4141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Displacement response is critical data for post-earthquake fast building assessment. However, directly measuring building displacement response remains a great challenge in practice. Therefore, it is practically common to estimate displacement response from acceleration response using double integration. Unfortunately, the low-frequency component of displacement obtained by double integrating acceleration often contains noise that is indistinguishable from low-frequency displacement components. Consequently, the maximum displacement estimated from acceleration is commonly underestimated in comparison to its true value due to the removal of the low-frequency components. This can potentially lead to an underestimation of post-earthquake building damage state, especially when a building undergoes significant nonlinear deformation. This study develops a framework to improve the accuracy of the maximum displacement obtained from floor acceleration data by fusing it with the low-frequency displacement component estimated from an equivalent SDOF analysis for both reinforced concrete (RC) and steel structures. Procedures for constructing the equivalent SDOF model of a building and a procedure for extracting the low-frequency component from the analysis displacement were developed. The proposed method was verified using a diverse range of case studies from numerical simulation and experimental studies under different seismic records for both RC and steel structures. The results showed that the proposed method was effective with a range of seismic characteristics and damage levels. A significant reduction in maximum displacement errors was observed for cases with significant nonlinear deformation, which may contribute to a more accurate post-earthquake building assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 9","pages":"2850-2875"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141027580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}