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Seismic performance of vertical strut and lateral brace suspended continuous-plasterboard ceiling system with all edges free in the plane of ceiling 在天花板平面内所有边缘均不受限制的垂直支柱和横向支撑悬挂式连续石膏板天花板系统的抗震性能
IF 4.3 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1002/eqe.4145
Venkatesh Patnana, Durgesh C. Rai

Suspended ceilings are critical nonstructural elements, and their seismic damage in buildings highlighted the incompatibility between the design and performance of structural and nonstructural elements. In order to study the performance of less researched continuous-plasterboard ceilings, shake table testing was conducted on a ceiling system vertically supported at grid ends with free edges in its plane and suspended by vertical struts and lateral braces. The system had a clearance of 20 mm at the grid ends to accommodate ceiling movements. The ceiling performed satisfactorily for floor accelerations ranging from 0.2 g to 1.4 g without any visible damage. However, the ceiling was slightly rotated and lightly damaged at its perimeter for an extreme dynamic loading of sinusoidal excitation at its natural frequencies. In addition, the experimental performance of the ceiling was numerically validated using nonlinear and linearized responses of sub-assemblage test data of critical components and connections. It was observed that the developed numerical models can be used to predict the behavior of such ceiling systems as an alternative to evaluation by shake table testing.

吊顶是重要的非结构性构件,其在建筑物中的地震破坏凸显了结构性构件和非结构性构件在设计和性能上的不一致性。为了研究研究较少的连续石膏板天花板的性能,我们对网格端垂直支撑的天花板系统进行了振动台试验,该系统的自由边缘位于其平面内,并由垂直支柱和横向支撑悬挂。该系统在网格两端留有 20 毫米的间隙,以适应天花板的移动。在地面加速度为 0.2 g 至 1.4 g 的情况下,天花板的表现令人满意,没有出现任何明显的损坏。然而,在以其固有频率进行正弦激励的极端动态负载下,天花板略有旋转,周边轻微损坏。此外,天花板的实验性能还通过关键部件和连接件的子装配测试数据的非线性和线性化响应进行了数值验证。据观察,所开发的数值模型可用于预测此类天花板系统的行为,作为振动台测试评估的替代方法。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study of a scaled bridge model with a unidirectional rocking isolation bearing system (Uni-RIBS) through shaking table tests 通过振动台试验对带有单向抗震支座系统(Uni-RIBS)的桥梁模型进行试验研究
IF 4.3 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1002/eqe.4152
Xinhao He, Yoshihiro Tajiri, Shigeki Unjoh, Shinsuke Yamazaki, Tadayuki Noro

This study presents the experimental results on a scaled bridge model with a newly proposed unidirectional rocking isolation bearing system (referred to as Uni-RIBS) on a shaking table. The bridge model features one superstructure girder and four bearings. The experimental input encompassed a variety of recorded, design, and harmonic ground motions, characterized by differing peak accelerations, with or without vertical components, and time-scaled attributes. The superstructure girder's mass was altered for two conditions (full and half). The test results validate the rocking mechanism inherent in the Uni-RIBS and demonstrate the analytical model's accuracy in predicting the system's dynamics, including its negative stiffness, mass-independent, and energy dissipation characteristics during bearing rotation reversals. Additionally, this study examines the effectiveness of a simplified numerical model in varying complexities for predicting the seismic responses of the bridge model.

本研究介绍了在振动台上使用新提出的单向抗震支座系统(简称 Uni-RIBS)的按比例桥梁模型的实验结果。该桥梁模型具有一个上部结构梁和四个支座。实验输入包括各种记录的、设计的和谐波的地面运动,其特点是峰值加速度不同,有或没有垂直分量和时间刻度属性。上部结构大梁的质量在两种条件下(全质量和半质量)发生了变化。测试结果验证了 Uni-RIBS 固有的摇摆机制,并证明了分析模型在预测系统动态方面的准确性,包括其负刚度、质量无关性和支座旋转反转时的能量耗散特性。此外,本研究还检验了不同复杂程度的简化数值模型在预测桥梁模型地震响应方面的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Explicit solutions for the ground displacement of a sliding model simulating both the frictional and rotational effects under idealized acceleration pulses 理想化加速度脉冲下模拟摩擦和旋转效应的滑动模型地面位移的显式解法
IF 4.3 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1002/eqe.4140
Angelos L. Protopapas, Constantine A. Stamatopoulos

For the first time, the present work derives explicit equations predicting the downward ground displacement of a sliding model simulating both the frictional and rotational effects under idealized acceleration pulses, in the form of simple formulas. Explicit equations allow not only accurate predictions in all cases, but also analysis of the solutions and derivation of expressions for limit cases. Half and full cycles of (i) rectangular, (ii) triangular, (iii) trapezoidal, and (iv) sinusoidal pulses and slopes both under static stability and instability are considered. For this purpose, for pulse cases (i)–(iii) recently proposed implicit analytical solutions are used, while for case (iv), first the analytical equations predicting the sliding displacement and velocity of a sinusoidal pulse in terms of time are obtained and then the time duration of motion is estimated, by using the Bhaskara approximation of the sine and cosine functions. Then, from these, solutions for the particular limit cases corresponding to the “conventional” sliding-block model (Case A) and the post-failure run-off movement without any applied pulse (Case B) are derived. The results for Case A provide a useful tabulation of sliding-block solutions, some of which are not reported in the literature. The results for Case B provide novel predictions of the time duration of motion in the case of post-failure movement. The general solutions are analyzed graphically and the deviation from the solutions of Cases A and B is illustrated. Finally, the explicit solutions are compared to solutions of actual accelerograms.

本研究首次以简单公式的形式,推导出模拟理想化加速度脉冲下摩擦和旋转效应的滑动模型地面向下位移的明确预测方程。显式方程不仅可以准确预测所有情况,还可以分析解法并推导出极限情况的表达式。考虑了 (i) 矩形、(ii) 三角形、(iii) 梯形和 (iv) 正弦脉冲的半周期和全周期,以及静态稳定和不稳定情况下的斜坡。为此,对于脉冲情况(i)-(iii),采用了最近提出的隐式解析解,而对于情况(iv),首先利用正弦和余弦函数的巴斯卡拉近似法,得到预测正弦脉冲滑动位移和速度的解析方程,然后估算运动的持续时间。然后,根据这些结果,得出与 "传统 "滑动块模型(情况 A)和无任何施加脉冲的故障后径流运动(情况 B)相对应的特定极限情况的解决方案。情况 A 的结果提供了一个有用的滑块解法列表,其中一些解法在文献中没有报道过。情况 B 的结果对失效后运动的持续时间进行了新的预测。对一般解法进行了图形分析,并说明了与案例 A 和案例 B 的解法之间的偏差。最后,将显式解法与实际加速度图的解法进行比较。
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引用次数: 0
Feasibility of using superelastic shape memory alloy in plastic hinge regions of steel bridge columns for seismic applications 在抗震钢桥柱的塑性铰区使用超弹性形状记忆合金的可行性
IF 4.3 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1002/eqe.4150
Ahmad Rahmzadeh, M. Shahria Alam

This paper contributes to the further development of seismic resilient infrastructure by introducing a novel prototype bridge which integrates tubular steel piers with superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA). The proposed bridge pier is composed of a circular steel tube which is bonded to a superelastic SMA tube in regions of high stress. The pier is distinguished by its ability to minimize residual drifts following inelastic deformations induced by cyclic loading. Three-dimensional continuum finite element (FE) models are utilized to examine its lateral behavior. Experimental data is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the continuum FE procedure in replicating the cyclic response and capturing both global and localized behaviors. A novel composite material model is proposed to represent the degradation of strength and accumulation of irreversible strains in the cyclic response of superelastic SMAs. An iterative procedure for the calibration of this material is presented. Investigations, employing the calibrated FE procedure, focus on the quasi-static cyclic response of steel piers with superelastic SMA in the plastic hinge zone, aiming to identify the optimal length of the SMA tube for achieving a self-centering response with reduced residual deformation. The study is then further expanded to examine the seismic response of a bridge structure incorporating such piers. Development of the FE model for the prototype bridge includes the modelling of the piers using continuum elements, while the superstructure, bearing units, abutment walls, and backfill material are modelled using discrete elements. Nonlinear time history analyses are undertaken to investigate the effects of column wall thickness and materials used in the plastic hinge zones of the piers. Dynamic FE study results indicate that bridges employing such piers are capable of returning to their original position, provided the SMA tube is of adequate length.

本文介绍了一种新型原型桥梁,它将管状钢墩与超弹性形状记忆合金(SMA)融为一体,为进一步开发抗震基础设施做出了贡献。拟议的桥墩由圆形钢管组成,钢管在高应力区域与超弹性 SMA 管粘接。该桥墩的特点是能够最大限度地减少循环加载引起的非弹性变形后的残余漂移。三维连续有限元(FE)模型用于研究其横向行为。实验数据用于证明连续有限元程序在复制循环响应以及捕捉整体和局部行为方面的有效性。提出了一种新型复合材料模型,用于表示超弹性 SMA 循环响应中的强度退化和不可逆应变累积。此外,还介绍了校准该材料的迭代程序。采用校准 FE 程序的研究重点是塑性铰区超弹性 SMA 钢墩的准静态循环响应,旨在确定 SMA 管的最佳长度,以实现自定心响应并减少残余变形。随后,研究进一步扩展,以检验包含此类桥墩的桥梁结构的地震响应。原型桥梁有限元模型的开发包括使用连续单元对桥墩进行建模,而上部结构、承重单元、桥墩墙和回填材料则使用离散单元建模。进行了非线性时间历程分析,以研究柱壁厚度和桥墩塑性铰区所用材料的影响。动态 FE 研究结果表明,只要 SMA 管的长度足够长,采用这种桥墩的桥梁就能恢复到原来的位置。
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引用次数: 0
Structural and non-structural numerical blind prediction of shaking table experimental tests on fixed-base and base-isolated hospitals 固定基座和基座隔震医院振动台实验测试的结构和非结构数值盲区预测
IF 4.3 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1002/eqe.4146
Fabio Mazza, Angelo Donnici, Rodolfo Labernarda

Base-isolated hospitals are frequently preferred to fixed-base ones because of their improved seismic structural performance. Despite this, the question remains open on the advisability of using this modern seismic protection technology in preference to other conventional solutions, on the grounds of a holistic approach based on limiting non-structural damage as well as continuity of service to the community in the aftermath of an earthquake. Two full-scale four-storey (fixed-base) and three-storey (base-isolated) hospital buildings have been recently built and subjected to three-dimensional shaking table tests at the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (Japan), with particular attention to evaluating and classifying functionality of non-structural components and vital medical equipment. A two-phase experimental campaign was carried out considering two earthquakes scaled at different intensity levels and applied along the horizontal and vertical directions. The current study aims to provide results of a numerical structural and non-structural blind prediction of these hospital settings. A homemade numerical code is developed to account for lumped plasticity modelling of steel frame members and variability of the friction coefficient of spherical sliding bearings. Moreover, three non-structural components are modelled in the fixed-base structure: that is, elastic single degree of freedom systems representing two tanks filled with sand at the top floor; elastic beam elements for piping at the third floor; five-element macro-model for the in-plane-out-of-plane nonlinear response of partition walls at the first floor. The identification of predominant vibration periods of the fixed-base structure is carried out using a homemade numerical code based on the continuous wavelet transforms in combination with the complex Morlet wavelet. Finally, the sliding and rocking motion of three items of medical equipment (i.e., incubator at third floor, dialysis machine at second floor and surgical bed at first floor) are analysed by means of a homemade numerical code, considering acceleration time histories of selected structural nodes of the fixed-base structure.

与固定基座医院相比,基座隔震医院往往更受青睐,因为它们的抗震结构性能更好。尽管如此,基于限制非结构性破坏以及在地震后继续为社区提供服务的整体方法,是否应优先使用这种现代抗震保护技术,而不是其他传统解决方案,这个问题仍然悬而未决。最近,日本国立地球科学和灾害预防研究所建造了两座完整规模的四层(固定基座)和三层(基座隔震)医院建筑,并对其进行了三维振动台试验,其中特别关注对非结构部件和重要医疗设备的功能进行评估和分类。考虑到两次地震的烈度不同,沿水平和垂直方向进行了两阶段的试验活动。目前的研究旨在提供这些医院的结构和非结构盲区的数值预测结果。我们开发了一种自制的数值代码,以考虑钢框架构件的整体塑性模型和球形滑动轴承摩擦系数的变化。此外,还对固定基础结构中的三个非结构部分进行了建模:即代表顶层两个装满沙子的水箱的弹性单自由度系统;代表三层管道的弹性梁元素;代表一层隔墙平面内-平面外非线性响应的五元素宏模型。利用基于连续小波变换和复莫列特小波的自制数值代码,对固定基座结构的主要振动周期进行了识别。最后,考虑到固定基座结构选定结构节点的加速度时间历程,利用自制数值代码分析了三台医疗设备(即三楼的培养箱、二楼的透析机和一楼的手术床)的滑动和摇摆运动。
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引用次数: 0
Enabling efficient regional seismic fragility assessment of multi-component bridge portfolios through Gaussian process regression and active learning 通过高斯过程回归和主动学习对多成分桥梁组合进行高效的区域地震脆性评估
IF 4.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1002/eqe.4144
Chunxiao Ning, Yazhou Xie, Henry Burton, Jamie E. Padgett

Regional seismic fragility assessment of bridge portfolios must address the embedded uncertainties and variations stemming from both the earthquake hazard and bridge attributes (e.g., geometry, material, design detail). To achieve bridge-specific fragility assessment, multivariate probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDM) have recently been developed that use both the ground motion intensity measure and bridge parameters as inputs. However, explicitly utilizing bridge parameters as inputs requires numerous nonlinear response history analyses (NRHAs). In this situation, the associated computational cost increases exponentially for high-fidelity bridge models with complex component connectivity and sophisticated material constitutive laws. Moreover, it remains unclear how many analyses are sufficient for the response data and the resulting demand model to cover the entire solution space without overfitting. To deal with these issues, this study integrates Gaussian process regression (GPR) and active learning (AL) into a multistep workflow to achieve efficient regional seismic fragility assessment of bridge portfolios. The GPR relaxes the probability distribution assumptions made in typical cloud analysis-based PSDMs to enable heteroskedastic nonparametric seismic demand modeling. The AL leverages the varying standard deviation to select the least but most representative bridge-model-ground-motion sample pairs to conduct NRHA with much-improved efficiency. Both independent and correlated multi-output GPRs are proposed to deal with bridge portfolios with seismic demand correlations among multiple components (column, bearing, shear key, abutment, unseating, and joint seal). Considering a single benchmark highway bridge class in California as the case study, the AL-GPR framework and the associated component-level fragility results are investigated in terms of their efficiency, accuracy, and robustness. The fragility results show that 70 AL-selected samples would enable the GPR to derive bridge-specific fragility models comparable to the ones using the multiple stripes analysis approach with 1950 ground motions considered for each individual bridge. The AL-GPR model also successfully captures the physics of how bridge span length, deck area, column slenderness, and steel reinforcement ratio would change the damage state exceedance probabilities of different bridge components. The efficiency of AL stems from the fact that, with the multi-output independent GPR, a stable and reliable fragility model can be achieved using 50 AL-selected samples compared to at least 270 randomly chosen samples. The proposed methodology advances the state of the art in enabling more efficient and reliable regional seismic fragility assessment of multi-component bridge portfolios.

桥梁组合的区域地震脆性评估必须解决地震灾害和桥梁属性(如几何形状、材料、设计细节)带来的不确定性和变化。为实现针对特定桥梁的脆性评估,最近开发了多变量概率地震需求模型 (PSDM),将地震动烈度测量值和桥梁参数作为输入。然而,明确使用桥梁参数作为输入需要进行大量的非线性响应历史分析(NRHA)。在这种情况下,对于具有复杂部件连接性和复杂材料构成规律的高保真桥梁模型,相关计算成本会呈指数级增长。此外,目前仍不清楚需要进行多少次分析才能使响应数据和由此产生的需求模型覆盖整个求解空间而不会过度拟合。为了解决这些问题,本研究将高斯过程回归(GPR)和主动学习(AL)整合到一个多步骤工作流程中,以实现对桥梁组合进行高效的区域地震脆性评估。高斯过程回归放宽了典型的基于云分析的 PSDM 中的概率分布假设,从而实现了异方差非参数地震需求建模。AL 利用不同的标准偏差来选择最少但最具代表性的桥梁-模型-地动样本对,从而大大提高了 NRHA 的效率。提出了独立和相关的多输出 GPR,以处理多个组件(支柱、支座、剪力键、桥台、非密封和接缝密封)之间存在地震需求相关性的桥梁组合。以加利福尼亚州的一座基准公路桥为例,研究了 AL-GPR 框架和相关构件级脆性结果的效率、准确性和稳健性。脆性结果表明,70 个 AL 选样可使 GPR 得出特定桥梁的脆性模型,与使用多条纹分析方法(每座桥梁考虑 1950 次地面运动)得出的模型相当。AL-GPR 模型还成功地捕捉到了桥梁跨度长度、桥面面积、柱子细长度和钢筋比例将如何改变不同桥梁部件损坏状态超限概率的物理现象。AL 的高效性源于以下事实:与至少 270 个随机选择的样本相比,利用多输出独立 GPR,只需 50 个 AL 选择的样本就能获得稳定可靠的脆性模型。所提出的方法推动了对多组件桥梁组合进行更高效、更可靠的区域地震脆性评估的技术发展。
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引用次数: 0
Quantification of modeling uncertainty in the Rayleigh damping model 瑞利阻尼模型中模型不确定性的量化
IF 4.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1002/eqe.4143
Farid Ghahari, Khachik Sargsyan, Ertugrul Taciroglu

Understanding and accurately characterizing energy dissipation mechanisms in civil structures during earthquakes is an important element of seismic assessment and design. The most commonly used model is attributed to Rayleigh. This paper proposes a systematic approach to quantify the uncertainty associated with Rayleigh's damping model. Bayesian calibration with embedded model error is employed to treat the coefficients of the Rayleigh model as random variables using modal damping ratios. Through a numerical example, we illustrate how this approach works and how the calibrated model can address modeling uncertainty associated with the Rayleigh damping model.

了解并准确描述民用建筑在地震中的能量耗散机制是地震评估和设计的重要内容。最常用的模型是瑞利模型。本文提出了一种系统方法来量化与瑞利阻尼模型相关的不确定性。采用内嵌模型误差的贝叶斯校准法,利用模态阻尼比将瑞利模型的系数视为随机变量。通过一个数值示例,我们说明了这种方法的工作原理,以及校准模型如何解决与瑞利阻尼模型相关的建模不确定性。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study and multi-scale refinement model of high damping acrylic polymer matrix VEDs for civil structural seismic retrofit 用于民用结构抗震改造的高阻尼丙烯酸聚合物基质 VED 的实验研究和多尺度细化模型
IF 4.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1002/eqe.4147
Yao-Rong Dong, Zhao-Dong Xu, Lihua Zhu, Qingxuan Shi, Qiang-Qiang Li, Jia-Xuan He, Yu Cheng

The viscoelastic dampers (VEDs), which can provide both stiffness and damping, have been recently introduced into the field of structural vibration control for seismic enhancement of civil engineering structures. In this study, a kind of high damping acrylic polymer matrix VEDs (HDPVED) is developed independently, and this innovative HDPVED can solve the significant problem of service performance under medium-high temperature environments, as well as low-frequency vibration control under earthquake actions for civil engineering structures. To systematically investigate the influencing rules of frequency, temperature, and displacement amplitude on the mechanical properties and damping dissipation performance of HDPVEDs, a series of dynamic mechanical performance tests of the developed HDPVEDs are carried out at different frequencies, temperatures, and displacement amplitudes. The research results show that HDPVED exhibits excellent damping dissipation capability and adaptability under medium-high temperature environments and low-frequency excitations. The mechanical properties and energy dissipation performance present a strong correlation with frequency, temperature and displacement amplitude, and there is an obvious coupling effect between the three influencing factors. Based on the macroscopic mechanical property research of HDPVED, the microscopic damping mechanism and microscopic mechanical properties of HDPVED are then investigated. High-order fractional derivative fraction Voigt and Maxwell model in parallel (FVMP) models are preferred to characterize the combined hyper-elasticity and viscoelasticity owned by networked molecular chains and free molecular chains. The breaking and reconstruction theory of microphysical bonds is used to assess the effect of packing particles, and the time-temperature equivalence principle is introduced to assess the effect of temperature. The multi-scale refinement model is proposed, and the validity and accuracy of this model are verified by testing data of HDPVED. The study results show that the proposed model can accurately describe the effects of frequency, temperature, displacement amplitude, and microstructure on the multi-scale mechanical properties of HDPVED. It provides a theoretical basis for the multi-scale design and development of high damping VEDs.

粘弹性阻尼器(VED)可同时提供刚度和阻尼,近年来已被引入结构振动控制领域,用于土木工程结构的抗震增强。本研究自主研发了一种高阻尼丙烯酸聚合物基体阻尼器(HDPVED),这种创新型 HDPVED 可解决土木工程结构在中高温环境下的服役性能以及地震作用下的低频振动控制等重大问题。为了系统研究频率、温度和位移幅值对 HDPVED 力学性能和阻尼耗散性能的影响规律,对所研制的 HDPVED 在不同频率、温度和位移幅值下进行了一系列动态力学性能试验。研究结果表明,HDPVED 在中高温环境和低频激励下表现出优异的阻尼耗散能力和适应性。其力学性能和耗能性能与频率、温度和位移振幅有很强的相关性,三个影响因素之间存在明显的耦合效应。在对 HDPVED 进行宏观力学性能研究的基础上,对 HDPVED 的微观阻尼机理和微观力学性能进行了研究。采用高阶分数导数Voigt和麦克斯韦平行模型(FVMP)来表征网络分子链和自由分子链所具有的超弹性和粘弹性。利用微物理键的断裂和重构理论来评估堆积粒子的影响,并引入时间-温度等效原理来评估温度的影响。提出了多尺度细化模型,并通过 HDPVED 的测试数据验证了该模型的有效性和准确性。研究结果表明,所提出的模型能准确描述频率、温度、位移振幅和微观结构对 HDPVED 多尺度力学性能的影响。它为高阻尼 VED 的多尺度设计和开发提供了理论依据。
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引用次数: 0
Applicability of 1D site response analysis to shallow sedimentary basins: A critical evaluation through physics-based 3D ground motion simulations 浅层沉积盆地的一维场地响应分析适用性:通过基于物理的三维地动模拟进行重要评估
IF 4.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1002/eqe.4142
Junfei Huang, David McCallen

One-dimensional site response analysis (1D SRA) remains the standard practice in considering the effect of local soil deposits and predicting site-specific ground motions, although its range of applicability to realistic seismic wavefields is still in question. In this 1D approach, horizontal and vertical ground shaking are assumed to be induced by vertically propagating shear and compressional waves, respectively. A recent study based on analytical two-dimensional (2D) plane waves and simple point source earthquake simulations has shown two mechanistic limitations in this 1D modelling technique for general inclined seismic waves, that is, systematic over-prediction of the vertical motion and wave trapping in the 1D soil column. In this article, we evaluate in detail the applicability of this 1D modelling approach to realistic three-dimensional (3D) simulated seismic wavefields in shallow sedimentary basins. Linear-viscoelastic 1D SRA predictions using two types of input motions that are commonly used in practice—rock outcrop and in-column motions, are compared with the reference true site response results from 3D earthquake simulations in terms of various measures in the frequency and time domain. It is shown that the horizontal motion in the 3D seismic wavefield exhibits dominant shear wave propagation phenomenon, while the vertical motion is a combined effect of compressional and shear waves and can be over-predicted by the 1D approach when the incident seismic waves are inclined. Direct evidence of the wave refraction process that leads to the vertical motion over-prediction is provided. 1D SRA with in-column inputs can yield motions that have significantly longer duration compared to the true 3D site response solution due to trapped waves, casting in doubt the frequent need for increased soil damping in existing site studies to compensate for wave attenuation due to scattering alone. Sensitivity investigation on the increase of soil profile damping by a multiplier Dmul shows Dmul values compatible with those found in the literature for both horizontal and vertical motions. It is shown that the level of Dmul optimized for a best match of the spectral acceleration is dependent on the characteristic of the input motion and a larger Dmul is typically required for the vertical component. In contrast, 1D SRA with outcrop motions predicts motions with shorter significant duration due to its inability to capture the basin-edge generated surface waves. A suite of ground motion simulations was performed to assess the sensitivity of the observations to the basin geologic structure including the velocity gradient, rock-basin impedance contrast and basin depth. The analysis results show that the accuracy of the simplified 1D procedure is dependent on the wavefield composition of both the input motions and the true 3D site response solution. While the horizontal motions in shallow

一维场地响应分析(1D SRA)仍是考虑当地土壤沉积影响和预测特定场地地震动的标准方法,尽管其对现实地震波场的适用范围仍存在疑问。在这种一维方法中,水平和垂直地震动被假定分别由垂直传播的剪切波和压缩波引起。最近一项基于二维(2D)平面波分析和简单点源地震模拟的研究表明,对于一般倾斜地震波,这种一维建模技术存在两个机理上的局限性,即对垂直运动的系统性过度预测和一维土柱中的波陷阱。在这篇文章中,我们详细评估了这种一维建模方法对浅层沉积盆地中逼真的三维(3D)模拟地震波场的适用性。使用两种实践中常用的输入运动类型--岩石露头运动和柱内运动--进行线性-粘弹性一维 SRA 预测,并将其与三维地震模拟的参考真实场地响应结果在频域和时域方面进行了比较。结果表明,三维地震波场中的水平运动表现出主要的剪切波传播现象,而垂直运动是压缩波和剪切波的综合效应,当入射地震波倾斜时,一维方法可能会过度预测。本文提供了导致垂直运动预测过度的波折射过程的直接证据。与真正的三维场地响应方案相比,由于陷波,柱内输入的一维 SRA 可产生持续时间明显更长的运动,这使人们对现有场地研究中经常需要增加土壤阻尼以补偿仅由散射引起的波衰减产生怀疑。通过乘数 Dmul 增加土壤剖面阻尼的灵敏度调查显示,Dmul 值与文献中发现的水平和垂直运动值相一致。结果表明,为使频谱加速度达到最佳匹配而优化的 Dmul 水平取决于输入运动的特性,垂直分量通常需要较大的 Dmul。与此相反,由于无法捕捉盆地边缘产生的表面波,使用露头运动的 1D SRA 预测的运动显著持续时间较短。为了评估观测结果对盆地地质结构(包括速度梯度、岩盆阻抗对比和盆地深度)的敏感性,进行了一系列地动模拟。分析结果表明,简化的一维程序的准确性取决于输入运动的波场组成和真正的三维现场响应解。虽然一阶简化一维方法可以合理地捕捉浅层沉积盆地的水平运动,但垂直分量的一维 SRA 一般并不可靠,在针对具体地点评估垂直设计地面运动时,应考虑倾斜剪切波的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Improving accuracy of estimating building capacity curves from acceleration data using SDOF analysis 利用 SDOF 分析提高根据加速度数据估算建筑物承载力曲线的准确性
IF 4.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/eqe.4141
Quang-Vinh Pham, Koichi Kusunoki, Yusuke Maida, Trevor Yeow

Displacement response is critical data for post-earthquake fast building assessment. However, directly measuring building displacement response remains a great challenge in practice. Therefore, it is practically common to estimate displacement response from acceleration response using double integration. Unfortunately, the low-frequency component of displacement obtained by double integrating acceleration often contains noise that is indistinguishable from low-frequency displacement components. Consequently, the maximum displacement estimated from acceleration is commonly underestimated in comparison to its true value due to the removal of the low-frequency components. This can potentially lead to an underestimation of post-earthquake building damage state, especially when a building undergoes significant nonlinear deformation. This study develops a framework to improve the accuracy of the maximum displacement obtained from floor acceleration data by fusing it with the low-frequency displacement component estimated from an equivalent SDOF analysis for both reinforced concrete (RC) and steel structures. Procedures for constructing the equivalent SDOF model of a building and a procedure for extracting the low-frequency component from the analysis displacement were developed. The proposed method was verified using a diverse range of case studies from numerical simulation and experimental studies under different seismic records for both RC and steel structures. The results showed that the proposed method was effective with a range of seismic characteristics and damage levels. A significant reduction in maximum displacement errors was observed for cases with significant nonlinear deformation, which may contribute to a more accurate post-earthquake building assessment.

位移响应是震后快速建筑评估的关键数据。然而,直接测量建筑物的位移响应在实践中仍然是一个巨大的挑战。因此,通常采用双积分法从加速度响应估算位移响应。遗憾的是,通过对加速度进行二次积分得到的位移低频分量往往含有噪声,与低频位移分量无法区分。因此,由于去除了低频成分,根据加速度估算出的最大位移通常会比真实值低估。这有可能导致低估震后建筑物的破坏状态,尤其是当建筑物发生显著的非线性变形时。本研究开发了一个框架,通过将地面加速度数据与钢筋混凝土(RC)和钢结构的等效 SDOF 分析估算出的低频位移分量相融合,提高了从地面加速度数据中获得的最大位移的准确性。开发了构建建筑物等效 SDOF 模型的程序和从分析位移中提取低频分量的程序。通过对不同地震记录下的 RC 和钢结构进行数值模拟和实验研究,对所提出的方法进行了验证。结果表明,所提出的方法在各种地震特征和破坏程度下都是有效的。在非线性变形较大的情况下,最大位移误差明显减小,这有助于更准确地进行震后建筑评估。
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Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics
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