E. Kweka, A. Mahande, S. Msangi, Subira Sayumwe, J. Ouma, V. Temba, Lucile J. Lyaruu, Y. Himeidan
Background: Sumilarv 0.5G (Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) is a granular insecticide developed for the control of mosquito and fly aquatic stages. The active ingredient is pyriproxyfen (4-phenoxyphenyl (RS)-2-(2 – pyridyloxy) propyl ether), a juvenile hormone analogue that acts as an insect growth regulator. Sumilarv 0.5G functions by inhibition of adult emergence from pupae. In this study, the Tropical Pesticides Research Institute in Tanzania carried out laboratory, semifield, and full-field evaluation on a new candidate of pupicide, Sumilarv 0.5G. The present study, therefore, sought to test the bioefficacy of Sumilarv 0.5G in laboratory, semifield, and full-field conditions in Mabogini, northern Tanzania. Methods: Standard World Health Organization laboratory bioefficacy evaluations of Sumilarv 0.5G and untreated microcosms were prepared and monitored for inhibition of the larvae introduced to the habitats, while field plots were monitored for 5 weeks after the introduction of Sumilarv 0.5G using manufacturer-recommended doses. Results: Sumilarv 0.5G biolarvicide was highly efficacious in its pupicidal effect, with an adult emergence inhibition rate of up to 90% in all conditions. In both laboratory and semifield experiments, the emergence inhibition was dose-dependent, with the lowest adult emergence being recorded in association with the highest Sumilarv 0.5G dose of 0.03 ppm of active ingredient. Under field conditions, the application rate recommended by the manufacturer – 5 mg ai per m2 – reduced the adult emergence rate by 90% to 96% for up to 5 weeks. Conclusion: We demonstrated the long-lasting biological activity of Sumilarv 0.5G under field conditions. Notably, the field efficacy was attained using the recommended dose of 5 mg per m2, thus making it economical to apply this product, which is capable of inhibiting mosquito productivity in natural habitats for longer periods than achieved by existing products, the efficacy of which is usually about 1 week.
背景:Sumilarv 0.5G (Sumitomo Chemical Co.， Ltd, Tokyo, Japan)是一种用于控制蚊子和苍蝇水生阶段的颗粒状杀虫剂。有效成分是吡丙醚(4-phenoxyphenyl (RS)-2-(2 - pyridyloxy)丙基醚)，一种幼体激素类似物，可作为昆虫生长调节剂。Sumilarv 0.5G通过抑制成虫羽化而起作用。在本研究中，坦桑尼亚热带农药研究所对一种新的杀毒剂Sumilarv 0.5G进行了实验室、半田间和全田间评价。因此，本研究试图在坦桑尼亚北部Mabogini的实验室、半场和全场条件下测试Sumilarv 0.5G的生物功效。方法:采用世界卫生组织(who)标准实验室生物功效评价方法，对0.5G和未处理的苏米拉尔韦(Sumilarv)微剂进行监测，监测其对引入生境的幼虫的抑制作用，并在引入苏米拉尔韦0.5G后，采用生产厂家推荐剂量对田间小区进行监测。结果:summilarv 0.5G杀菌剂杀毒效果良好，在所有条件下成虫羽化抑制率均达90%以上。在室内和半田间实验中，羽化抑制呈剂量依赖性，最低羽化率与0.03 ppm活性成分0.5G剂量最高有关。在田间条件下，生产商推荐的施用量(5 mg ai / m2)可使成虫羽化率降低90%至96%，持续时间长达5周。结论:在野外条件下，证明了Sumilarv 0.5G具有持久的生物活性。值得注意的是，使用每平方米5毫克的推荐剂量即可达到现场效果，因此使用该产品具有经济效益，与现有产品相比，该产品能够在自然生境中抑制蚊子繁殖的时间更长，其功效通常为1周左右。
{"title":"Biological Activity of Sumilarv 0.5G against Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis in Northern Tanzania","authors":"E. Kweka, A. Mahande, S. Msangi, Subira Sayumwe, J. Ouma, V. Temba, Lucile J. Lyaruu, Y. Himeidan","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.17","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Sumilarv 0.5G (Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan)\u0000 is a granular insecticide developed for the control of mosquito and fly\u0000 aquatic stages. The active ingredient is pyriproxyfen (4-phenoxyphenyl\u0000 (RS)-2-(2 – pyridyloxy) propyl ether), a juvenile hormone analogue that\u0000 acts as an insect growth regulator. Sumilarv 0.5G functions by\u0000 inhibition of adult emergence from pupae. In this study, the Tropical\u0000 Pesticides Research Institute in Tanzania carried out laboratory,\u0000 semifield, and full-field evaluation on a new candidate of pupicide,\u0000 Sumilarv 0.5G. The present study, therefore, sought to test the\u0000 bioefficacy of Sumilarv 0.5G in laboratory, semifield, and full-field\u0000 conditions in Mabogini, northern Tanzania. Methods: Standard World\u0000 Health Organization laboratory bioefficacy evaluations of Sumilarv 0.5G\u0000 and untreated microcosms were prepared and monitored for inhibition of\u0000 the larvae introduced to the habitats, while field plots were monitored\u0000 for 5 weeks after the introduction of Sumilarv 0.5G using\u0000 manufacturer-recommended doses. Results: Sumilarv 0.5G\u0000 biolarvicide was highly efficacious in its pupicidal effect, with an\u0000 adult emergence inhibition rate of up to 90% in all conditions. In both\u0000 laboratory and semifield experiments, the emergence inhibition was\u0000 dose-dependent, with the lowest adult emergence being recorded in\u0000 association with the highest Sumilarv 0.5G dose of 0.03 ppm of active\u0000 ingredient. Under field conditions, the application rate recommended by\u0000 the manufacturer – 5 mg ai per m2 –\u0000 reduced the adult emergence rate by 90% to 96% for up to 5\u0000 weeks. Conclusion:\u0000 We demonstrated the long-lasting biological activity of\u0000 Sumilarv 0.5G under field conditions. Notably, the field efficacy was\u0000 attained using the recommended dose of 5 mg per m2, thus making it economical to apply this\u0000 product, which is capable of inhibiting mosquito productivity in natural\u0000 habitats for longer periods than achieved by existing products, the\u0000 efficacy of which is usually about 1 week.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89510428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction to the First Issue of East Africa Science: Search, Discover, Develop","authors":"F. Mashauri, Harriet Nabudere","doi":"10.24248/easci.v1i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/easci.v1i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>None</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90622267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Wuchereria bancrofti is the most widely distributed of the 3 nematodes known to cause lymphatic filariasis, the other 2 being Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus are the main vectors. However, the relative contributions of mosquito vectors to disease burden and infectivity are becoming increasingly important in coastal East Africa, and this is particularly true in the urban and semiurban areas of Pangani District, Tanzania. Methods: Mosquitoes were sampled from 5 randomly selected villages of Pangani District, namely, Bweni, Madanga, Meka, Msaraza, and Pangani West. Sampling of mosquitoes was done using standard Centers for Disease Control light traps with incandescent light bulbs. The presence of W. bancrofti in mosquitoes was determined via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using NV1 and NV2 primers, and PoolScreen 2 software was used to determine the estimated rate of W. bancrofti infection in mosquitoes. Results: A total of 951 mosquitoes were collected, of which 99.36% were Culex quinquefasciatus, 0.32% were Anopheles gambiae, and 0.32% other Culex species. The estimated rate of W. bancrofti infection among these mosquitoes was 3.3%. Conclusion: This was the first study employing the use of PoolScreen PCR to detect W. bancrofti circulating in mosquito vectors in Pangani District, northeastern Tanzania. The presence of W. bancrofti infection suggests the possibility of infected humans in the area. The high abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus calls for integrated mosquito control interventions to minimise the risk of W. bancrofti transmission to humans. Further research is required to gain an in-depth understanding of the W. bancrofti larval stages in mosquitoes, their drug sensitivity and susceptibility profiles, and their fecundity.
背景:在已知的3种引起淋巴丝虫病的线虫中，bancroffwuchereria是分布最广泛的，另外2种是Brugia malayi和Brugia timori。冈比亚按蚊和富氏按蚊是主要病媒。然而，在东非沿海地区，蚊子媒介对疾病负担和传染性的相对贡献正变得越来越重要，在坦桑尼亚潘加尼区的城市和半城市地区尤其如此。方法:在潘加尼区Bweni、Madanga、Meka、Msaraza和Pangani West 5个村随机取样。蚊子的取样是用标准的疾病控制中心白炽灯泡诱捕器完成的。采用NV1和NV2引物，采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测蚊虫中是否存在班氏怀特氏菌，并利用PoolScreen 2软件估算蚊虫中班氏怀特氏菌的感染率。结果:共捕获蚊虫951只，其中致倦库蚊占99.36%，冈比亚按蚊占0.32%，其他库蚊占0.32%。蚊群中班克罗夫特氏瓦氏菌感染率为3.3%。结论:本研究首次采用PoolScreen PCR检测坦桑尼亚东北部潘加尼地区蚊媒传播的班氏瓦氏菌。班氏杆菌感染的存在表明该地区可能有受感染的人。碳的高丰度。致倦库蚊呼吁采取综合蚊虫控制干预措施，以尽量减少班氏瓦氏体向人类传播的风险。需要进一步的研究来深入了解班氏瓦氏菌在蚊子体内的幼虫阶段、它们的药物敏感性和敏感性以及它们的繁殖力。
{"title":"Prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti Infection in\u0000 Mosquitoes from Pangani District, Northeastern Tanzania","authors":"Godlisten S. Materu","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.16","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Wuchereria bancrofti is the most\u0000 widely distributed of the 3 nematodes known to cause lymphatic\u0000 filariasis, the other 2 being Brugia malayi and\u0000 Brugia timori. Anopheles gambiae\u0000 and Anopheles funestus are the main\u0000 vectors. However, the relative contributions of mosquito vectors to\u0000 disease burden and infectivity are becoming increasingly important in\u0000 coastal East Africa, and this is particularly true in the urban and\u0000 semiurban areas of Pangani District, Tanzania. Methods: Mosquitoes were\u0000 sampled from 5 randomly selected villages of Pangani District, namely,\u0000 Bweni, Madanga, Meka, Msaraza, and Pangani West. Sampling of mosquitoes\u0000 was done using standard Centers for Disease Control light traps with\u0000 incandescent light bulbs. The presence of W. bancrofti\u0000 in mosquitoes was determined via polymerase chain reaction\u0000 (PCR) assays using NV1 and NV2 primers, and PoolScreen 2 software was\u0000 used to determine the estimated rate of W. bancrofti\u0000 infection in mosquitoes. Results: A total of 951\u0000 mosquitoes were collected, of which 99.36% were Culex\u0000 quinquefasciatus, 0.32% were Anopheles\u0000 gambiae, and 0.32% other Culex species.\u0000 The estimated rate of W. bancrofti infection among\u0000 these mosquitoes was 3.3%. Conclusion: This was the\u0000 first study employing the use of PoolScreen PCR to detect W.\u0000 bancrofti circulating in mosquito vectors in Pangani\u0000 District, northeastern Tanzania. The presence of W. bancrofti\u0000 infection suggests the possibility of infected humans in the\u0000 area. The high abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus\u0000 calls for integrated mosquito control interventions to\u0000 minimise the risk of W. bancrofti transmission to\u0000 humans. Further research is required to gain an in-depth understanding\u0000 of the W. bancrofti larval stages in mosquitoes,\u0000 their drug sensitivity and susceptibility profiles, and their\u0000 fecundity.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82654219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Honey, pollen, and propolis are among the products that bees process and derive from plants and flowers. Propolis is a resinous material that bees gather from the buds and bark of some trees and small plants. Propolis from temperate climates mainly contains phenolic compounds, in contrast with propolis from tropical climates, which mainly contains terpenes. This study aimed to determine, characterise, and quantify the phenolic content of raw propolis from Burundi. Methods: In this study, a total of 6 samples were collected from the provinces of Rumonge, Cibitoke, and Ruyigi in Burundi. Fifteen phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, isoferulic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, gallic acid, apigenin, chrysin, galangin, quercetin, kaempherol, rutin trihydrate, naringenin, and pinocembrin) were used as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) standards for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the propolis samples. Results: Among the 15 phenolic compounds checked, only 1 – gallic acid – was detected at a measurable level using an HPLC-diode array detector system. Conclusion: In addition to terpenes, propolis found in sub-Saharan Africa may contain phenolic compounds. Further advanced investigation of sub-Saharan African propolis is required for more detailed characterisation.
{"title":"Determination and Quantification of Gallic Acid in Raw Propolis by High-performance Liquid Chromatography–Diode Array Detector in Burundi","authors":"R. Nyandwi, Ayşe S. Kılıç, Meltem Çelik, H. Oruç","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.18","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Honey, pollen, and propolis are among the products that\u0000 bees process and derive from plants and flowers. Propolis is a resinous\u0000 material that bees gather from the buds and bark of some trees and small\u0000 plants. Propolis from temperate climates mainly contains phenolic\u0000 compounds, in contrast with propolis from tropical climates, which\u0000 mainly contains terpenes. This study aimed to determine, characterise,\u0000 and quantify the phenolic content of raw propolis from\u0000 Burundi. Methods:\u0000 In this study, a total of 6 samples were collected from\u0000 the provinces of Rumonge, Cibitoke, and Ruyigi in Burundi. Fifteen\u0000 phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, epigallocatechin\u0000 gallate, isoferulic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester,\u0000 gallic acid, apigenin, chrysin, galangin, quercetin, kaempherol, rutin\u0000 trihydrate, naringenin, and pinocembrin) were used as high-performance\u0000 liquid chromatography (HPLC) standards for qualitative and quantitative\u0000 analyses of the propolis samples. Results: Among the 15\u0000 phenolic compounds checked, only 1 – gallic acid – was detected at a\u0000 measurable level using an HPLC-diode array detector system.\u0000 Conclusion: In addition\u0000 to terpenes, propolis found in sub-Saharan Africa may contain phenolic\u0000 compounds. Further advanced investigation of sub-Saharan African\u0000 propolis is required for more detailed\u0000 characterisation.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78644657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Kamulegeya, Joseph Ssebwana, Wilson Abigaba, J. Bwanika, Davis Musinguzi
The ubiquity of mobile phones offers an opportunity for a paradigm change in health-care delivery, which may offer solutions to some of the challenges faced by the health sector in Uganda. The Medical Concierge Group (TMCG) is a digital health company, headquartered in Uganda, which leverages on mobile phone-based platforms – such as short messaging service (SMS), voice calling – and social media to deliver health services. Just over two-thirds (68%) of users of TMCG’s services are males between 18 and 30 years of age. SMS reminders have improved the honouring of health facility appointments among HIV-positive clients, from 60% to 90%; retention rates at supported health facilities have improved from 45% to 89%. Furthermore, information dissemination has been achieved via mobile SMS, wherein subscribers can access health content on diverse topics – such as HIV/AIDS prevention and family planning – by sending messages to a pre-defined short code to a phone line. Over 900 beneficiaries have accessed health content via SMS subscriptions. Social media platforms, including Facebook and Twitter, are used for health information dissemination and have enabled a wider reach to over 13 million beneficiaries accessing health information on TMCG’s Facebook page alone. Tailoring mobile phone-based health content to meet the target beneficiaries’ needs is critical for TMCG’s impact and uptake. With rising rates of phone ownership and Internet connectivity in Uganda, mobile phones offer an affordable and proven adoptable avenue to overcome the chronic challenges faced by the health sector.
{"title":"Mobile Health in Uganda: A Case Study of the\u0000 Medical Concierge Group","authors":"L. Kamulegeya, Joseph Ssebwana, Wilson Abigaba, J. Bwanika, Davis Musinguzi","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.12","url":null,"abstract":" The ubiquity of mobile phones offers an opportunity for a\u0000 paradigm change in health-care delivery, which may offer solutions to\u0000 some of the challenges faced by the health sector in Uganda. The Medical\u0000 Concierge Group (TMCG) is a digital health company, headquartered in\u0000 Uganda, which leverages on mobile phone-based platforms – such as short\u0000 messaging service (SMS), voice calling – and social media to deliver\u0000 health services. Just over two-thirds (68%) of users of TMCG’s services\u0000 are males between 18 and 30 years of age. SMS reminders have improved\u0000 the honouring of health facility appointments among HIV-positive\u0000 clients, from 60% to 90%; retention rates at supported health facilities\u0000 have improved from 45% to 89%. Furthermore, information dissemination\u0000 has been achieved via mobile SMS, wherein subscribers can access health\u0000 content on diverse topics – such as HIV/AIDS prevention and family\u0000 planning – by sending messages to a pre-defined short code to a phone\u0000 line. Over 900 beneficiaries have accessed health content via SMS\u0000 subscriptions. Social media platforms, including Facebook and Twitter,\u0000 are used for health information dissemination and have enabled a wider\u0000 reach to over 13 million beneficiaries accessing health information on\u0000 TMCG’s Facebook page alone. Tailoring mobile phone-based health content\u0000 to meet the target beneficiaries’ needs is critical for TMCG’s impact\u0000 and uptake. With rising rates of phone ownership and Internet\u0000 connectivity in Uganda, mobile phones offer an affordable and proven\u0000 adoptable avenue to overcome the chronic challenges faced by the health\u0000 sector.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84536968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Mgogwe, H. Semvua, Oliva Safari, G. Kapanda, B. Nyombi, J. Chilongola
Background: Molecular identification of mutations resulting in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is an important approach for improving understanding of MDR-TB epidemiology and planning for appropriate interventions. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and distribution of mutations causing MDR-TB as well as determine the gene distribution among patients previously treated for TB. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, hospital-based study conducted from April 2017 to October 2018 at Kibong’oto Infectious Diseases Hospital (KIDH). KIDH is the national MDR-TB referral hospital. Participants were patients presumptively diagnosed with MDR-TB and referred to KIDH from district and regional hospitals across Tanzania. Sputum samples were collected and analysed using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, direct sputum smear fluorescence microscopy, culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, and line probe assay using the GenoType MTBDRplus VER 2.0 system. Demographic information and mutation frequencies were reported as counts and percentages and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 208 (69.3%) participants had rpoB gene mutations conferring resistance to only rifampicin; 92 (30.7%) had rpoB, katG, and inhA mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid; 78 (26%) had rpoB and katG mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid; and 14 (4.7%) had rpoB and inhA mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid. Conclusion: The mutation prevalences identified in this study indicate the most frequent mutations were the S531L mutation of the rpoB gene, the S315T1 mutation of the katG gene, and the S315T mutation in the promoter region of the inhA gene. To control the emergence and spread of MDR-TB, drug sensitivity testing must be carried for GeneXpert-confirmed TB patients prior to initiating second-line anti-TB regimens.
背景:分子鉴定导致耐多药结核病(MDR-TB)的突变是提高对耐多药结核病流行病学认识和制定适当干预措施的重要方法。我们的目的是估计引起耐多药结核病的突变的流行和分布，并确定以前接受过结核病治疗的患者的基因分布。方法:这是一项以医院为基础的横断面研究，于2017年4月至2018年10月在Kibong 'oto传染病医院(KIDH)进行。KIDH是国家耐多药结核病转诊医院。参与者是推定诊断为耐多药结核病的患者，并从坦桑尼亚各地的区和区域医院转介到KIDH。使用Xpert MTB/RIF检测、直接痰涂片荧光显微镜、Lowenstein-Jensen培养基培养和基因型MTBDRplus VER 2.0系统的线探针检测收集和分析痰样本。人口统计信息和突变频率以计数和百分比报告，并使用描述性统计进行分析。结果:共有208名(69.3%)参与者携带rpoB基因突变，仅对利福平耐药;92例(30.7%)有rpoB、katG和inhA突变，导致对利福平和异烟肼耐药;78例(26%)有rpoB和katG突变，对利福平和异烟肼耐药;14例(4.7%)有rpoB和inhA突变，对利福平和异烟肼耐药。结论:本研究鉴定的突变流行率表明，最常见的突变是rpoB基因的S531L突变、katG基因的S315T1突变和inhA基因启动子区的S315T突变。为了控制耐多药结核病的出现和传播，在开始二线抗结核治疗方案之前，必须对genexpert确认的结核病患者进行药敏试验。
{"title":"Prevalence and Distribution of Multidrug-Resistant\u0000 Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Tanzania","authors":"J. Mgogwe, H. Semvua, Oliva Safari, G. Kapanda, B. Nyombi, J. Chilongola","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Molecular identification of mutations resulting in\u0000 multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is an important approach for\u0000 improving understanding of MDR-TB epidemiology and planning for\u0000 appropriate interventions. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and\u0000 distribution of mutations causing MDR-TB as well as determine the gene\u0000 distribution among patients previously treated for TB. Methods: This was a\u0000 cross-sectional, hospital-based study conducted from April 2017 to\u0000 October 2018 at Kibong’oto Infectious Diseases Hospital (KIDH). KIDH is\u0000 the national MDR-TB referral hospital. Participants were patients\u0000 presumptively diagnosed with MDR-TB and referred to KIDH from district\u0000 and regional hospitals across Tanzania. Sputum samples were collected\u0000 and analysed using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, direct sputum smear\u0000 fluorescence microscopy, culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, and line\u0000 probe assay using the GenoType MTBDRplus VER 2.0 system. Demographic\u0000 information and mutation frequencies were reported as counts and\u0000 percentages and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 208\u0000 (69.3%) participants had rpoB gene mutations\u0000 conferring resistance to only rifampicin; 92 (30.7%) had\u0000 rpoB, katG, and inhA\u0000 mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid;\u0000 78 (26%) had rpoB and katG\u0000 mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid;\u0000 and 14 (4.7%) had rpoB and inhA\u0000 mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin and\u0000 isoniazid. Conclusion:\u0000 The mutation prevalences identified in this study\u0000 indicate the most frequent mutations were the S531L mutation of the\u0000 rpoB gene, the S315T1 mutation of the\u0000 katG gene, and the S315T mutation in the promoter\u0000 region of the inhA gene. To control the emergence\u0000 and spread of MDR-TB, drug sensitivity testing must be carried for\u0000 GeneXpert-confirmed TB patients prior to initiating second-line anti-TB\u0000 regimens.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85181052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has caused tuberculosis (TB) in humans for at least 3 millennia, but the disease has evaded eradication efforts by all human civilisations despite promising technological advancements. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target of ending the TB epidemic by 2035. Going by the current rate of progress, it is estimated that it will take another 160 years to realise the WHO End TB Strategy’s target. Accelerating the eradication of TB will require effective tools for diagnosis, vaccines and medicines to treat the disease, and efficient implementation thereof. This presents a great opportunity for innovators in East Africa and the world over to chip in and develop the best technologies to end TB. With funding from the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), partnerships between the UK-based University of St Andrews and research institutions in East and Southern Africa have led to the development of the first ever test – the molecular bacterial load assay (MBLA) – that measures the number of TB bacteria in a patient and reveals if this number is declining as a patient progresses on treatment. Initial assay results are available within 4 hours. Real-time knowledge of patient mycobacterial burden and the effectiveness of prescribed medications are crucial for timely clinical decisions on patient management.
{"title":"United Kingdom–East and Southern Africa Partnership at the Forefront of Developing the First Ever Test that Measures Patient Tuberculosis Burden in Hours","authors":"W. Sabiiti","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.11","url":null,"abstract":" Mycobacterium tuberculosis has caused\u0000 tuberculosis (TB) in humans for at least 3 millennia, but the disease\u0000 has evaded eradication efforts by all human civilisations despite\u0000 promising technological advancements. The World Health Organization\u0000 (WHO) has set a target of ending the TB epidemic by 2035. Going by the\u0000 current rate of progress, it is estimated that it will take another 160\u0000 years to realise the WHO End TB Strategy’s target. Accelerating the\u0000 eradication of TB will require effective tools for diagnosis, vaccines\u0000 and medicines to treat the disease, and efficient implementation\u0000 thereof. This presents a great opportunity for innovators in East Africa\u0000 and the world over to chip in and develop the best technologies to end\u0000 TB. With funding from the European and Developing Countries Clinical\u0000 Trials Partnership (EDCTP), partnerships between the UK-based University\u0000 of St Andrews and research institutions in East and Southern Africa have\u0000 led to the development of the first ever test – the molecular bacterial\u0000 load assay (MBLA) – that measures the number of TB bacteria in a patient\u0000 and reveals if this number is declining as a patient progresses on\u0000 treatment. Initial assay results are available within 4 hours. Real-time\u0000 knowledge of patient mycobacterial burden and the effectiveness of\u0000 prescribed medications are crucial for timely clinical decisions on\u0000 patient management.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91274679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Zika virus infection during pregnancy has been recently associated with congenital microcephaly and other severe neural tube defects. However, the magnitude of confirmed cases and the scope of these anomalies have not been extensively documented. This review focuses on the magnitude of laboratory-confirmed congenital Zika virus cases among probable cases and describing the patterns of congenital anomalies allegedly caused by the Zika virus, information which will inform further research in this area. Methods: We conducted a literature search for English-language articles about congenital Zika virus infection using online electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, POPLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge). The search terms used were, “zika”, “pregnancy”, [year], “microcephaly”, “infants”, “children”, “neonates”, “foetuses”, “neural tube defect”, and “CNS manifestations” in different combinations. All articles reporting cases or case series between January 2015 and December 2016 were included. Data were entered into a Microsoft Excel database and analysed to obtain proportions of the confirmed cases and patterns of anomalies. Results: A total of 24 articles (11 case series, 9 case reports, and 4 others) were found to be eligible and included in this review. These articles reported 919 cases, with or without microcephaly, presumed to have congenital Zika virus infection. Of these cases, 884 (96.2%) had microcephaly. Of the 884 cases of microcephaly, 783 (88.6%) were tested for Zika virus infection, and 216 (27.6%; 95% confidence interval, 24.5% to 30.8%) were confirmed to be Zika virus-positive. In addition to microcephaly, other common abnormalities reported – out of 442 cases investigated – were calcifications of brain tissue (n=240, 54.3%), ventriculomegaly (n=93, 20.8%), cerebellar hypoplasia (n=52, 11.7%), and ocular manifestations (n=46, 10.4%). Conclusion: Based on the available literature, Zika virus infection during pregnancy might lead to a wide array of outcomes other than microcephaly. There is a need for more epidemiological studies in Zika-endemic areas, particularly in Africa, to ascertain the role of Zika virus in causing congenital neurological defects.
背景:妊娠期寨卡病毒感染最近与先天性小头畸形和其他严重神经管缺陷有关。然而，确诊病例的规模和这些异常的范围尚未得到广泛记录。本次审查的重点是在可能病例中实验室确诊的先天性寨卡病毒病例的数量，并描述据称由寨卡病毒引起的先天性异常的模式，这些信息将为该领域的进一步研究提供信息。方法:利用在线电子数据库(PubMed/MEDLINE、POPLINE、Embase、Google Scholar和Web of Knowledge)检索有关先天性寨卡病毒感染的英文文献。使用的搜索词是“寨卡”、“怀孕”、“年份”、“小头畸形”、“婴儿”、“儿童”、“新生儿”、“胎儿”、“神经管缺陷”和“中枢神经系统表现”的不同组合。纳入2015年1月至2016年12月期间报告病例或病例系列的所有文章。将数据输入Microsoft Excel数据库并进行分析，以获得确诊病例的比例和异常模式。结果:共有24篇文章(11篇病例系列，9篇病例报告和4篇其他文章)被纳入本综述。这些文章报告了919例疑似先天性寨卡病毒感染的病例，不论有无小头畸形。其中884例(96.2%)患有小头畸形。在884例小头畸形中，783例(88.6%)接受了寨卡病毒感染检测，216例(27.6%;95%可信区间(24.5%至30.8%)被确认为寨卡病毒阳性。除了小头畸形，在调查的442例病例中，报告的其他常见异常包括脑组织钙化(n=240, 54.3%)、脑室肿大(n=93, 20.8%)、小脑发育不全(n=52, 11.7%)和眼部表现(n=46, 10.4%)。结论:根据现有文献，妊娠期寨卡病毒感染可能导致小头畸形以外的多种后果。需要在寨卡流行地区，特别是在非洲开展更多的流行病学研究，以确定寨卡病毒在导致先天性神经缺陷方面的作用。
{"title":"Congenital Zika Virus Infection Paradigm: What is\u0000 in the Wardrobe? A Narrative Review","authors":"M. Mirambo, L. Matemba, M. Majigo, S. Mshana","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Zika virus infection during pregnancy has been recently\u0000 associated with congenital microcephaly and other severe neural tube\u0000 defects. However, the magnitude of confirmed cases and the scope of\u0000 these anomalies have not been extensively documented. This review\u0000 focuses on the magnitude of laboratory-confirmed congenital Zika virus\u0000 cases among probable cases and describing the patterns of congenital\u0000 anomalies allegedly caused by the Zika virus, information which will\u0000 inform further research in this area. Methods: We conducted a\u0000 literature search for English-language articles about congenital Zika\u0000 virus infection using online electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE,\u0000 POPLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge). The search terms\u0000 used were, “zika”, “pregnancy”, [year], “microcephaly”, “infants”,\u0000 “children”, “neonates”, “foetuses”, “neural tube defect”, and “CNS\u0000 manifestations” in different combinations. All articles reporting cases\u0000 or case series between January 2015 and December 2016 were included.\u0000 Data were entered into a Microsoft Excel database and analysed to obtain\u0000 proportions of the confirmed cases and patterns of anomalies.\u0000 Results: A total of 24\u0000 articles (11 case series, 9 case reports, and 4 others) were found to be\u0000 eligible and included in this review. These articles reported 919 cases,\u0000 with or without microcephaly, presumed to have congenital Zika virus\u0000 infection. Of these cases, 884 (96.2%) had microcephaly. Of the 884\u0000 cases of microcephaly, 783 (88.6%) were tested for Zika virus infection,\u0000 and 216 (27.6%; 95% confidence interval, 24.5% to 30.8%) were confirmed\u0000 to be Zika virus-positive. In addition to microcephaly, other common\u0000 abnormalities reported – out of 442 cases investigated – were\u0000 calcifications of brain tissue (n=240, 54.3%), ventriculomegaly (n=93,\u0000 20.8%), cerebellar hypoplasia (n=52, 11.7%), and ocular manifestations\u0000 (n=46, 10.4%). Conclusion:\u0000 Based on the available literature, Zika virus infection\u0000 during pregnancy might lead to a wide array of outcomes other than\u0000 microcephaly. There is a need for more epidemiological studies in\u0000 Zika-endemic areas, particularly in Africa, to ascertain the role of\u0000 Zika virus in causing congenital neurological\u0000 defects.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"C-18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85043911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Onesphore Majyambere, A. Nyerere, Louis S. Nkaka, N. Rujeni, Raphael L. Wekessa
Background: Globally, over 325 and 170 million people are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively. If untreated, these infections can progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. The primary aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, genetic diversity, and factors associated with HBV and HCV among couples attending antenatal care in rural Rwanda. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of HBV and HCV seroprevalence. Study participants were administered a brief structured questionnaire to obtain information on sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors for HBV and HCV. Participant blood samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) using rapid diagnostic kits; confirmatory testing was done by enzyme immunoassay and nucleic acid tests. HBV genotypes were determined using nested polymerase chain reaction; HCV genotypes were determined by reverse transcriptase PCR followed by hybridisation with sequence-specific oligonucleotides. Statistical associations between risk factors and infection status were determined using Chi-square tests and bivariate logistic regression. Results: In total, 220 individuals participated in the study. This includes 110 pregnant women and 110 male partners who were attending antenatal care at Gitare and Cyanika health centres. Two participants (0.9%) had serological evidence of HBV infection, and 4 participants (1.8%) were infected with HCV. HBV genotype A accounted for all HBV infections; HCV genotype 4 accounted for all HCV infections. None of the assessed factors were associated with HBV infection while occupation type and scarification were significantly associated with HCV infection (P values were .03 and <.01 respectively). All cases of infection were discordant with their respective partners. Conclusion: Prevalence rates of HBsAg and anti-HCV are low in couples attending antenatal clinics in rural Rwanda. Consideration should be given to interventions aimed at reducing the risk of transmission in discordant couples and infants of infected mothers.
{"title":"Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B\u0000 and C Viruses Among Couples Attending Antenatal Care in a Rural\u0000 Community in Rwanda","authors":"Onesphore Majyambere, A. Nyerere, Louis S. Nkaka, N. Rujeni, Raphael L. Wekessa","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.15","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Globally, over 325 and 170 million people are infected\u0000 with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively.\u0000 If untreated, these infections can progress to cirrhosis or\u0000 hepatocellular carcinoma. The primary aim of this study was to determine\u0000 the prevalence, genetic diversity, and factors associated with HBV and\u0000 HCV among couples attending antenatal care in rural Rwanda.\u0000 Methods: This was a\u0000 cross-sectional survey of HBV and HCV seroprevalence. Study participants\u0000 were administered a brief structured questionnaire to obtain information\u0000 on sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors for HBV and HCV.\u0000 Participant blood samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen\u0000 (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) using rapid diagnostic kits;\u0000 confirmatory testing was done by enzyme immunoassay and nucleic acid\u0000 tests. HBV genotypes were determined using nested polymerase chain\u0000 reaction; HCV genotypes were determined by reverse transcriptase PCR\u0000 followed by hybridisation with sequence-specific oligonucleotides.\u0000 Statistical associations between risk factors and infection status were\u0000 determined using Chi-square tests and bivariate logistic\u0000 regression. Results:\u0000 In total, 220 individuals participated in the study. This\u0000 includes 110 pregnant women and 110 male partners who were attending\u0000 antenatal care at Gitare and Cyanika health centres. Two participants\u0000 (0.9%) had serological evidence of HBV infection, and 4 participants\u0000 (1.8%) were infected with HCV. HBV genotype A accounted for all HBV\u0000 infections; HCV genotype 4 accounted for all HCV infections. None of the\u0000 assessed factors were associated with HBV infection while occupation\u0000 type and scarification were significantly associated with HCV infection\u0000 (P values were .03 and <.01 respectively).\u0000 All cases of infection were discordant with their respective\u0000 partners. Conclusion:\u0000 Prevalence rates of HBsAg and anti-HCV are low in couples\u0000 attending antenatal clinics in rural Rwanda. Consideration should be\u0000 given to interventions aimed at reducing the risk of transmission in\u0000 discordant couples and infants of infected mothers.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80892024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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