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Time to Build and Bond Risk Premia 时间建立和债券风险溢价
Pub Date : 2020-10-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3709118
Binbin Guo, F. Huang, Kai Li
Abstract This paper studies the impact of time to build on the term structure of interest rates in an otherwise standard (Cox et al., 1985a; Cox et al., 1985b, CIR) production economy. Due to time to build, production depends not only on the current business condition as in the original CIR, but also on past conditions over the production period. This causes equilibrium quantities, including the short rate, forward rates, and bond returns, to depend on the historical path of the production opportunities. Production delay that accumulates uncertainty over the time to build generates significant time variations in bond risk premia. Bond returns can be predicted by current forward rates, as well as their lagged values, since current market states not only affect the current short rate but also the short rate in a distant future. Due to the path dependence, risk premia cannot be fully spanned by current yields. We find evidence that time to build improves the ability of the CIR in generating empirical facts.
本文在另一种标准下研究了时间构建对利率期限结构的影响(Cox et al., 1985;Cox et al., 1985b, CIR)生产经济。由于构建时间的原因,生产不仅取决于原始CIR中当前的业务状况,还取决于生产期间的过去状况。这导致均衡数量,包括短期利率、远期利率和债券回报,取决于生产机会的历史路径。随着建造时间的推移,不确定性不断累积的生产延迟会导致债券风险溢价的显著时间变化。债券收益可以通过当前远期利率及其滞后值来预测,因为当前市场状态不仅影响当前短期利率,还会影响遥远未来的短期利率。由于路径依赖,风险溢价不能被当前收益率完全跨越。我们发现证据表明,构建时间提高了CIR生成经验事实的能力。
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引用次数: 3
SRSK - The Bloomberg Sovereign Risk Model 彭博主权风险模型
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3911338
Lili Cai, Harvey J. Stein
The Bloomberg sovereign risk function (SRSK) provides quantitative estimates of a sovereign entity's default probability (DP) term structure. The SRSK model was last updated in June 2017. This year we have reviewed and revised the model. This white paper documents the newly updated DP model and analyzes its performance.
彭博主权风险函数(SRSK)提供了主权实体违约概率(DP)期限结构的定量估计。SRSK模型最后一次更新是在2017年6月。今年我们对模型进行了审核和修改。本白皮书记录了新更新的DP模型,并分析了其性能。
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引用次数: 0
Resiliency: Cross-Venue Dynamics with Hawkes Processes 弹性:霍克斯过程的跨场地动态
Pub Date : 2020-09-16 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3711976
L. Pelizzon, Satchit Sagade, Katia Vozian
Market fragmentation and technological advances increasing the speed of trading altered the functioning and stability of global equity limit order markets. Taking market resiliency as an indicator of market quality, we investigate how resilient are trading venues in a high-frequency environment with cross-venue fragmented order flow. Employing a Hawkes process methodology on high-frequency data for FTSE 100 stocks on LSE, a traditional exchange, and on Chi-X, an alternative venue, we find that when liquidity becomes scarce Chi-X is a less resilient venue than LSE with variations existing across stocks and time. In comparison with LSE, Chi-X has more, longer, and severer liquidity shocks. Whereas the vast majority of liquidity droughts on both venues disappear within less than one minute, the recovery is not lasting, as liquidity shocks spiral over the time dimension. Over half of the shocks on both venues are caused by spiralling. Liquidity shocks tend to spiral more on Chi-X than on LSE for large stocks suggesting that the liquidity supply on Chi-X is thinner than on LSE. Finally, a significant amount of liquidity shocks spill over cross-venue providing supporting evidence for the competition for order flow between LSE and Chi-X.
市场分化和技术进步提高了交易速度,改变了全球股票限价订单市场的功能和稳定性。我们将市场弹性作为市场质量的一个指标,考察了交易场所在跨场所碎片化订单流的高频环境下的弹性。采用Hawkes过程方法对伦敦证券交易所(LSE)和Chi-X (Chi-X)的富时100指数股票的高频数据进行分析,我们发现,当流动性变得稀缺时,Chi-X的弹性低于伦敦证券交易所,其股票和时间存在差异。与LSE相比,Chi-X的流动性冲击更多、时间更长、更严重。尽管这两个市场的绝大多数流动性干旱在不到一分钟的时间内就消失了,但由于流动性冲击在时间维度上呈螺旋式上升,复苏不会持续。这两个地方一半以上的冲击都是由螺旋上升引起的。对于大盘股,Chi-X的流动性冲击往往比LSE更螺旋,这表明Chi-X的流动性供应比LSE更薄。最后,大量的流动性冲击溢出跨场所,为LSE和Chi-X之间的订单流竞争提供了支持证据。
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引用次数: 0
Fundamental Reasons for Exxonmobil's Expulsion from the Dow Jones Industrial Average on Aug 31, 2020: Lessons and Implications for the Global Oil Market and Kazakhstan 埃克森美孚于2020年8月31日被道琼斯工业平均指数除名的根本原因:对全球石油市场和哈萨克斯坦的教训和影响
Pub Date : 2020-09-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3700733
Zhaksybek A. Kulekeyev, Yevgeniya Pak
This article provides a reasonable explanation for Exxonmobils unprecedented expulsion from the Dow Jones Industrial Average on August 31, 2020 based on the Kondratieff Wave Concept and Capital Overaccumulation Theory. Authors of this paper suggest that the crisis in the oil market in 2020, triggered by the coronavirus, was expected and could be explained by the economic origins of development, namely, the change of the 5th technological mode to the 6th one. Taking into account the fact that oil is the main energy source of the 5th technological mode, it is obvious that its change will affect the oil market. At the same time, the process of the oil market losing its positions is not spontaneous, since the intensive development of new technologies and a sharp increase in renewable energy investments have led to a decrease in oil consumption.
本文基于康德拉季耶夫波浪概念和资本过度积累理论,对埃克森美孚在2020年8月31日被道琼斯工业平均指数史无前例地除名提供了合理的解释。本文的作者认为,2020年由冠状病毒引发的石油市场危机是意料之中的,可以用发展的经济根源来解释,即第五种技术模式向第六种技术模式的转变。考虑到石油是第五种技术模式的主要能源来源,其变化对石油市场的影响是显而易见的。与此同时,石油市场失去其地位的过程并非自发的,因为新技术的密集开发和可再生能源投资的急剧增加导致了石油消费的减少。
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引用次数: 0
Empirical Regularities in Stock Market Crashes 股票市场崩盘的经验规律
Pub Date : 2020-09-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3679630
Edward J. Egan
When a stock market crash is defined as the period from an index's prior peak until its recovery, crashes demonstrate empirical regularities in their scale and timing. For instance, measures of the duration, maximum decline, and lost value of crashes are very highly correlated. These correlations suggest that crashes belong to well-defined categories based on their size and become increasingly predictable as they progress. Accordingly, I advance four stock market crash categories, which are logarithmic in size. Crashes then range from small scale market disturbances like 'flash crashes' in Category 1 to the Wall Street Crash of 1929, America's sole Category 4. Furthermore, I find that U.S. stock markets are bimodal, switching between crashes and booms, and that this switching is regular. Specifically, I find that either a Category 2 or 3 crash occurs every four years, with a variance of just two years. Moreover, by definition, growth during a crash is close to zero. During boom periods, however, the average annual growth rate is 21.5%. Together, these results suggest a new foundation for examining patterns of returns and other characteristics of stock markets.
当股市崩盘被定义为从指数之前的峰值到其恢复的时期时,崩盘在规模和时间上表现出经验规律。例如,持续时间、最大跌幅和崩盘损失价值的度量是高度相关的。这些相关性表明,根据其规模,崩溃属于明确定义的类别,并且随着它们的发展变得越来越可预测。因此,我提出了四种股票市场崩溃的类别,它们在规模上是对数的。崩盘的范围从第一类的“闪电崩盘”这样的小规模市场动荡,到1929年的华尔街崩盘(美国唯一的第四级崩盘)。此外,我发现美国股市是双峰的,在崩溃和繁荣之间切换,这种切换是有规律的。具体来说,我发现第2类或第3类崩盘每四年发生一次,变化幅度仅为两年。此外,根据定义,崩盘期间的经济增长接近于零。然而,在经济繁荣时期,年均增长率为21.5%。总之,这些结果为研究股票市场的回报模式和其他特征提供了一个新的基础。
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引用次数: 0
Corporate Social Responsibility and Credit Risk 企业社会责任与信用风险
Pub Date : 2020-09-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3686025
C. Bannier, Yannik Bofinger, Björn Rock
We study the effects of corporate social responsibility on credit risk for U.S. and European firms over the period 2003 to 2018. Differentiating between the various facets of corporate social responsibility shows that only environmental aspects reduce different measures of credit risk for U.S. firms, whereas both environmental and social aspects do so for European firms. Surprisingly, we find that credit ratings do not reflect these credit-risk reducing effects of corporate social responsibility. Our results are robust against different estimation methods.
本文研究了2003年至2018年美国和欧洲企业社会责任对信用风险的影响。区分企业社会责任的各个方面表明,只有环境方面降低了美国公司的不同信用风险指标,而环境和社会方面对欧洲公司都有影响。令人惊讶的是,我们发现信用评级并没有反映企业社会责任降低信用风险的效果。我们的结果对不同的估计方法都是稳健的。
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引用次数: 32
Structural Systemic Risk: Evolution and Main Drivers 结构性系统性风险:演变与主要驱动因素
Pub Date : 2020-09-02 DOI: 10.21314/jntf.2019.059
Nuno Azevedo, Vítor Oliveira
This paper analyzes how systemic risk structurally evolved between 2007 and 2017. The main contributions of the paper to the literature include the methodology, analysis and potential use for macroprudential policies. The methodology, known as network analysis, comprises direct (credit and liquidity risk) and indirect (concentration risk) contagion channels as well as other specificities that improve the methodologies exploited so far in the literature. Using a consolidated sample, which varies between 14 and 17 banks over the period 2007–17, we show that the structural systemic risk of the Portuguese banking system reduced between 2007 and 2017. Further, in line with most of the literature, this paper highlights that direct contagion is not significant compared with contagion that stems from banks’ common exposures to asset classes. Finally, this paper supports the role played by capital in mitigating structural systemic risk, and the model behind the analysis can be used to perform stress tests with a macroprudential dimension as well as to calibrate structural capital buffers such as the other systemically important institutions and systemic risk buffers.
本文分析了2007年至2017年间系统性风险的结构演变。本文对文献的主要贡献包括宏观审慎政策的方法、分析和潜在用途。这种方法被称为网络分析,包括直接(信贷和流动性风险)和间接(集中风险)传染渠道,以及其他改进文献中迄今为止所利用的方法的特性。我们使用合并样本,在2007年至2017年期间在14至17家银行之间变化,表明葡萄牙银行体系的结构性系统性风险在2007年至2017年期间有所降低。此外,与大多数文献一致,本文强调,与源于银行对资产类别的共同敞口的传染相比,直接传染并不显著。最后,本文支持资本在缓解结构性系统性风险方面发挥的作用,分析背后的模型可用于执行宏观审慎维度的压力测试,以及校准结构性资本缓冲,如其他系统重要性机构和系统性风险缓冲。
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引用次数: 1
Regulatory Changes and Long-run Relationships of the EMU Sovereign Debt Markets: Implications for Future Policy Framework 欧洲货币联盟主权债务市场的监管变化和长期关系:对未来政策框架的影响
Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3758499
Erdinç Akyıldırım, S. Corbet, D. K. Nguyen, A. Şensoy
Abstract We estimate the time-varying long-run correlations of European sovereign bond markets to identify specific effects that are attributed to changing European regulatory and political dynamics over the last twenty years. Our empirical results from using the DCC-MIDAS methodology indicate that regulatory changes in Europe have created significant and negative impact on the long-run correlations within the month where the regulation is decided to be taken into action. This impact still remains in the following months and robust with respect to the trend component of the long-run correlations. A direct implication is that the more regulations the EU attempts to put in place, the lower the long-run convergence process of sovereign bond markets is. We then analyse the structural shifts in the long-run correlation dynamics with penalized contrasts methodology and try to find out the reasons of these severe changes. Accordingly, some of the structural shifts overlap with the dates of a limited number of regulatory changes, in addition to the major global economic and political events.
摘要:我们估计了欧洲主权债券市场的时变长期相关性,以确定在过去二十年中归因于不断变化的欧洲监管和政治动态的具体影响。我们使用DCC-MIDAS方法的实证结果表明,欧洲的监管变化对决定采取监管措施的月份内的长期相关性产生了重大的负面影响。这种影响在接下来的几个月里仍然存在,并且相对于长期相关性的趋势部分来说是强劲的。一个直接的暗示是,欧盟试图实施的监管越多,主权债券市场的长期趋同进程就越慢。然后,我们用惩罚对比的方法分析了长期相关动态中的结构性变化,并试图找出这些剧烈变化的原因。因此,除了重大的全球经济和政治事件外,一些结构性变化与有限数量的监管变化的日期重叠。
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引用次数: 3
Dynamic Movement of Indonesian Stock Exchanges: Analysis of Global Stock Exchanges and Macroeconomic Variables 印尼证券交易所的动态变动:全球证券交易所与宏观经济变量分析
Pub Date : 2020-08-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3669773
Endri Endri
This study aims to study the effect of global markets and macroeconomics on joint stock price movements. This research was conducted at the Indonesia Stock Exchange with the period 2014-2018. The model used in this study uses the VAR/VECM method with the results of the DJIA Variable there is a significant influence on the movement of the CSPI, this means that an increase in the Dow Jones index will have an effect on increasing the value of the CSPI. Significantly, there was no influence between the NIKKEI225 variable on the movement of the CSPI because t-statistics were greater than t-tables at the coefficient level. The results of the STI index influence, the value of t-statistics in the short term the effect of the STI shows that the STI has a significant effect on the CSPI, this is indicated by t-statistics smaller than the t-table. Inflation research results, in the short term, there is a significant influence between inflation variables on the movement of the CSPI. BiRate has a significant influence on the CSPI with the t-statistic value in the short term is smaller than the t-table, meaning that in the short term the BiRate increase of 1% will affect the movement of the Composite Stock Price Index (CSPI). The t-statistic value in the short term variable USD/IDR exchange rate has a positive effect on the movement of the CSPI. This means that an increase in the exchange rate (IDR/USD) will have an effect on increasing the value of the CSPI and conversely a decrease in the exchange rate (IDR/USD) will have an effect of reducing the value of the CSPI.
本研究旨在研究全球市场和宏观经济对股票价格变动的影响。本研究在印度尼西亚证券交易所进行,期间为2014-2018年。本研究使用的模型采用VAR/VECM方法,结果显示DJIA变量对CSPI的运动存在显著影响,这意味着道琼斯指数的上升将对CSPI的数值增加产生影响。值得注意的是,NIKKEI225变量之间对CSPI的运动没有影响,因为在系数水平上t统计量大于t表。结果表明STI指数的影响,在短期内STI的影响的t统计值表明STI对CSPI有显著的影响,这是由t统计量小于t表表示的。通货膨胀研究结果表明,在短期内,通货膨胀变量之间对cpi的变动存在显著影响。BiRate对CSPI有显著影响,短期内t统计值小于t表,即短期内BiRate每增加1%都会影响CSPI的走势。短期变量美元/印尼盾汇率的t统计值对CSPI的变动有正向影响。这意味着汇率的上升(印尼盾/美元)将对增加CSPI的价值产生影响,相反,汇率的下降(印尼盾/美元)将对降低CSPI的价值产生影响。
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引用次数: 2
A One-Factor Model of Corporate Bond Premia 公司债券溢价的单因素模型
Pub Date : 2020-08-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3669068
Redouane Elkamhi, Chanik Jo, Yoshio Nozawa
A one-factor model based on long-run consumption growth explains the risk premiums on corporate bond portfolios sorted on credit rating, credit spreads, downside risk, idiosyncratic volatility, long-term reversals, maturity, and sensitivity to the financial intermediary capital factor. The estimated risk-aversion coefficient is lower when we use the consumption growth of wealthy households over a longer horizon as a risk factor, and a model with a 20-quarter horizon yields a risk-aversion coefficient of 15, a value similar to the one estimated from equity portfolios. This paper was accepted by Bruno Biais, finance. Funding: Y. Nozawa acknowledges funding from the Center for Investing at the Hong Kong University and Science and Technology. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4784 .
基于长期消费增长的单因素模型解释了按信用评级、信用利差、下行风险、特殊波动率、长期逆转、期限和对金融中介资本因素的敏感性排序的公司债券投资组合的风险溢价。当我们使用较长时期内富裕家庭的消费增长作为风险因素时,估计的风险厌恶系数较低,而一个20个季度的模型产生的风险厌恶系数为15,这个值与股票投资组合的估计值相似。这篇论文被Bruno Biais接受。资助:Y. Nozawa接受了香港大学及科技投资中心的资助。补充材料:数据文件和在线附录可在https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4784上获得。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Econometric Modeling: Capital Markets - Risk eJournal
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