Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1186/s13717-024-00502-y
Xinye Wang, Ni Zhang, Kelong Chen, Tiexi Chen, Desheng Qi, Yuanxi Ma
Changes in precipitation patterns crucially impact soil microbial communities, and the ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is highly vulnerable to climate change. However, we do not fully understand how soil microbial communities in the source wetlands of QTP respond to changes in precipitation. In this study, we employed advanced techniques such as high-throughput sequencing and metabolomics to investigate how soil microbial communities in a source wetland of Qinghai Lake respond to changes in precipitation after quadrennial precipitation treatment. Our findings showed that the predominant microbiota in the source wetland was Proteobacteria. Interestingly, alterations in precipitation levels, whether increased or reduced, did not significantly impact the diversity or functional groups of the microbial community. However, the structure of the microbial community did respond notably to changes in precipitation, leading to shifts in the relative abundance of Spirochaetes and Treponema. A notable finding was that reduced precipitation levels (– 25% and − 50%) and mild increases in precipitation (25%) within the region contributed to increased soil carbon content. However, this effect ceased to manifest when precipitation increased by 50%. Additionally, the reduction in precipitation prompted the release of soil metabolites like syringic acid and aldosterone, while enhanced precipitation resulted in a decrease in aldosterone content. Precipitation changes altered the relative abundance of soil microbial communities and metabolites, which was conducive to increasing carbon storage in this alpine wetland.
{"title":"Response mechanism of soil microorganisms to simulated precipitation in the source wetland of Qinghai Lake","authors":"Xinye Wang, Ni Zhang, Kelong Chen, Tiexi Chen, Desheng Qi, Yuanxi Ma","doi":"10.1186/s13717-024-00502-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00502-y","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in precipitation patterns crucially impact soil microbial communities, and the ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is highly vulnerable to climate change. However, we do not fully understand how soil microbial communities in the source wetlands of QTP respond to changes in precipitation. In this study, we employed advanced techniques such as high-throughput sequencing and metabolomics to investigate how soil microbial communities in a source wetland of Qinghai Lake respond to changes in precipitation after quadrennial precipitation treatment. Our findings showed that the predominant microbiota in the source wetland was Proteobacteria. Interestingly, alterations in precipitation levels, whether increased or reduced, did not significantly impact the diversity or functional groups of the microbial community. However, the structure of the microbial community did respond notably to changes in precipitation, leading to shifts in the relative abundance of Spirochaetes and Treponema. A notable finding was that reduced precipitation levels (– 25% and − 50%) and mild increases in precipitation (25%) within the region contributed to increased soil carbon content. However, this effect ceased to manifest when precipitation increased by 50%. Additionally, the reduction in precipitation prompted the release of soil metabolites like syringic acid and aldosterone, while enhanced precipitation resulted in a decrease in aldosterone content. Precipitation changes altered the relative abundance of soil microbial communities and metabolites, which was conducive to increasing carbon storage in this alpine wetland.","PeriodicalId":11419,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Processes","volume":"311 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140313784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1186/s13717-024-00506-8
Leonardo Morini, Claudio Ferrari, Marco Bartoli, Mindaugas Zilius, Elias Broman, Giovanna Visioli
Macrophytes may modify benthic biodiversity and biogeochemistry via radial oxygen loss from roots. This condition contrasts sediments anoxia, allows roots respiration, and facilitates aerobic microbial communities and processes in the rhizosphere. Simultaneously, the rhizosphere can stimulate anaerobic microorganisms and processes via exudates or by favoring the build-up of electron acceptors as nitrate. As eutrophication often results in organic enrichment in sediments and large internal nutrients recycling, an interesting research question is to investigate whether plants maintain the capacity to stimulate aerobic or anaerobic microbial communities and processes also under elevated organic pollution. A manipulative experiment was carried out under laboratory-controlled conditions. Microcosms containing bare sediments and sediments transplanted with the macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis L. were created. The effect of the plant was investigated on sediments with moderate (8%) and elevated (21%) organic matter content, after an acclimatization period of 30 days. Chemical and physical parameters, microbial community composition and the potential rates of nitrification, denitrification and nitrate ammonification were measured at two different depths (0–1 and 1–5 cm) after the acclimatization period to evaluate the role of roots. Vallisneria spiralis grew and assimilated pore water nutrients at the two organic matter levels and vegetated sediments had always nutrient-depleted porewaters as compared to bare sediments. Nitrifying microbes had a lower relative abundance and diversity compared to denitrifying bacteria. However, regardless of the organic content, in vegetated sediments nitrifiers were detected in deeper horizons as compared to bare sediments, where nitrification was confined near the surface. In contrast, potential denitrification rates were not affected by the presence of roots, but probably regulated by the presence of nitrate and by root-dependent nitrification. Potential nitrate ammonification rates were always much lower (< 3%) than potential denitrification rates. Vallisneria spiralis affects N-related microbial diversity and biogeochemistry at moderate and elevated organic matter content, smoothing bottom water–pore water chemical gradients and stimulating nitrification and nitrogen loss via denitrification. These results suggest the possibility to deploy V. spiralis as a nature-based solution to counteract eutrophication in freshwater systems impacted by high loads of organic matter, for example, downstream of wastewater treatment plants.
{"title":"Vallisneria spiralis L. adaptive capacity improves pore water chemistry and increases potential nitrification in organic polluted sediments","authors":"Leonardo Morini, Claudio Ferrari, Marco Bartoli, Mindaugas Zilius, Elias Broman, Giovanna Visioli","doi":"10.1186/s13717-024-00506-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00506-8","url":null,"abstract":"Macrophytes may modify benthic biodiversity and biogeochemistry via radial oxygen loss from roots. This condition contrasts sediments anoxia, allows roots respiration, and facilitates aerobic microbial communities and processes in the rhizosphere. Simultaneously, the rhizosphere can stimulate anaerobic microorganisms and processes via exudates or by favoring the build-up of electron acceptors as nitrate. As eutrophication often results in organic enrichment in sediments and large internal nutrients recycling, an interesting research question is to investigate whether plants maintain the capacity to stimulate aerobic or anaerobic microbial communities and processes also under elevated organic pollution. A manipulative experiment was carried out under laboratory-controlled conditions. Microcosms containing bare sediments and sediments transplanted with the macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis L. were created. The effect of the plant was investigated on sediments with moderate (8%) and elevated (21%) organic matter content, after an acclimatization period of 30 days. Chemical and physical parameters, microbial community composition and the potential rates of nitrification, denitrification and nitrate ammonification were measured at two different depths (0–1 and 1–5 cm) after the acclimatization period to evaluate the role of roots. Vallisneria spiralis grew and assimilated pore water nutrients at the two organic matter levels and vegetated sediments had always nutrient-depleted porewaters as compared to bare sediments. Nitrifying microbes had a lower relative abundance and diversity compared to denitrifying bacteria. However, regardless of the organic content, in vegetated sediments nitrifiers were detected in deeper horizons as compared to bare sediments, where nitrification was confined near the surface. In contrast, potential denitrification rates were not affected by the presence of roots, but probably regulated by the presence of nitrate and by root-dependent nitrification. Potential nitrate ammonification rates were always much lower (< 3%) than potential denitrification rates. Vallisneria spiralis affects N-related microbial diversity and biogeochemistry at moderate and elevated organic matter content, smoothing bottom water–pore water chemical gradients and stimulating nitrification and nitrogen loss via denitrification. These results suggest the possibility to deploy V. spiralis as a nature-based solution to counteract eutrophication in freshwater systems impacted by high loads of organic matter, for example, downstream of wastewater treatment plants.","PeriodicalId":11419,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Processes","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140313562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent changes in climatic trends are resulting in an increased frequency and intensity of extreme events, with unknown effect on ecosystem dynamics in the near future. Extreme drought episodes are recognized as disturbance factors capable of modifying forest dynamics and tree growth. Within this context, dioecious tree species may be impacted by climatic extremes, affecting male/female proportions and, consequently, reproductive processes and species persistence. Therefore, there is an urgent need for species-specific assessments of growth tolerance to extreme dry spells in dioecious tree species, to establish effective conservation strategies for these particular natural resources. Araucaria araucana (araucaria), an endangered dioecious Patagonian tree species, has recently undergone decay and mortality episodes in response to increasing dry climatic conditions. While sex-dependent tolerance to extreme drought episodes has been assessed in the species’ humid distribution range, there is still a lack of information on the gender-based resilience of trees growing in the drier environments of the species’ distribution. We reconstructed, through dendrochronological methods, the sex-dependent response of 105 araucaria individuals (55 female and 50 male trees) to five regional extreme dry spells employing a set of different indices. Resistance, recovery period, and average growth reduction of standardized tree-ring growth were examined, analysing the effect of biotic (sex, pre-drought stem tree growth) and abiotic (local climatic conditions before, during, and after extreme climatic episodes) factors on tree resilience. Sex influences only the species resistance to climatic disturbance, with male individuals showing lower tolerance to extreme drought events. Pre-drought radial growth rates and local meteorological conditions preceding, during, and following extreme dry spells strongly modulated araucaria radial growth resilience regardless of tree sex, influencing the species resistance, recovery period, and average growth reduction. We provide novel and crucial information for the species conservation and management in the current climate change scenario, and contribute to the debate regarding the role of tree sex as a factor influencing woody species growth under particularly adverse climatic conditions. In the face of climate change, an increase in extreme drought events is expected in the easternmost araucaria xeric end distribution area, which will likely decrease the species resilience.
{"title":"Sex-dependent resilience to extreme drought events: implications for climate change adaptation of a South American endangered tree species","authors":"Sergio Piraino, Martín Ariel Hadad, Yanina Antonia Ribas‑Fernández, Fidel Alejandro Roig","doi":"10.1186/s13717-024-00505-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00505-9","url":null,"abstract":"Recent changes in climatic trends are resulting in an increased frequency and intensity of extreme events, with unknown effect on ecosystem dynamics in the near future. Extreme drought episodes are recognized as disturbance factors capable of modifying forest dynamics and tree growth. Within this context, dioecious tree species may be impacted by climatic extremes, affecting male/female proportions and, consequently, reproductive processes and species persistence. Therefore, there is an urgent need for species-specific assessments of growth tolerance to extreme dry spells in dioecious tree species, to establish effective conservation strategies for these particular natural resources. Araucaria araucana (araucaria), an endangered dioecious Patagonian tree species, has recently undergone decay and mortality episodes in response to increasing dry climatic conditions. While sex-dependent tolerance to extreme drought episodes has been assessed in the species’ humid distribution range, there is still a lack of information on the gender-based resilience of trees growing in the drier environments of the species’ distribution. We reconstructed, through dendrochronological methods, the sex-dependent response of 105 araucaria individuals (55 female and 50 male trees) to five regional extreme dry spells employing a set of different indices. Resistance, recovery period, and average growth reduction of standardized tree-ring growth were examined, analysing the effect of biotic (sex, pre-drought stem tree growth) and abiotic (local climatic conditions before, during, and after extreme climatic episodes) factors on tree resilience. Sex influences only the species resistance to climatic disturbance, with male individuals showing lower tolerance to extreme drought events. Pre-drought radial growth rates and local meteorological conditions preceding, during, and following extreme dry spells strongly modulated araucaria radial growth resilience regardless of tree sex, influencing the species resistance, recovery period, and average growth reduction. We provide novel and crucial information for the species conservation and management in the current climate change scenario, and contribute to the debate regarding the role of tree sex as a factor influencing woody species growth under particularly adverse climatic conditions. In the face of climate change, an increase in extreme drought events is expected in the easternmost araucaria xeric end distribution area, which will likely decrease the species resilience.","PeriodicalId":11419,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Processes","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140301396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pesticide use contributes to national food security. The dissipation pathways and degradation mechanisms of pesticides have been widely studied and pesticide residues have remained a focus of public concern. However, studies on the migration and transformation behaviors of pesticide residues in real-world greenhouse soils are insufficient. Therefore, in this study, we collected greenhouse soil from Shouguang, Shandong Province, and investigated the photodegradation and leaching of 17 common pesticides, which leave residues in the soil and are the most frequently used pesticides in Shouguang. The environmental behavior of pesticides in greenhouse soils will provide new information on pesticide residues in the real environment and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of pesticide pollution in greenhouse soils. The photodegradation of trifloxystrobin followed a first-order kinetic equation, whereas those of emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, buprofezin, difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, tebuconazole, isoprothiolane, metalaxyl, and oxadixyl followed second-order kinetics. The half-lives of 17 pesticides under light and dark conditions ranged from 2.5–104 (mean: 36.2) and 2.6–110 (mean: 31.4) days, respectively. The half-lives of emamectin benzoate, pyraclostrobin, and metalaxyl in the light were 86.6%, 68.5%, and 94.5% of their half-lives in the dark, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole, metalaxyl, nitenpyram, diethofencarb, acetamiprid, carbendazim, and oxadixyl were leached to ≥ 90% in aqueous solution. Six pesticides, avermectin B1A, emamectin benzoate, trifloxystrobin, difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin, and buprofezin, were difficult to leach from aqueous solutions. The degradation rate of some pesticides was higher in the light environment than in the dark. The leaching potential of the leachable pesticides was nitenpyram ≫ metalaxyl > acetamiprid > carbendazim > diethofencarb ≈ chlorantraniliprole > isoprothiolane > oxadixyl > boscalid ≈ tebuconazole > hexaconazole. Pesticides that are easy to leach but not easily degraded, such as chlorantraniliprole and metalaxyl, have a high potential risk of groundwater pollution, and additional degradation technologies should be used to reduce their pollution risk. The study of the photodegradation and vertical migration behavior of various pesticides is conducive to providing references for the agricultural use and pollution control of pesticides.
{"title":"Experimental study on photodegradation and leaching of typical pesticides in greenhouse soil from Shouguang, Shandong Province, East China","authors":"Li-Ting Hua, Rui-Lin Wu, Cun-Lu Li, Chao-Nan Wang, Yi-Long Li, Fu-Liu Xu","doi":"10.1186/s13717-024-00503-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00503-x","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticide use contributes to national food security. The dissipation pathways and degradation mechanisms of pesticides have been widely studied and pesticide residues have remained a focus of public concern. However, studies on the migration and transformation behaviors of pesticide residues in real-world greenhouse soils are insufficient. Therefore, in this study, we collected greenhouse soil from Shouguang, Shandong Province, and investigated the photodegradation and leaching of 17 common pesticides, which leave residues in the soil and are the most frequently used pesticides in Shouguang. The environmental behavior of pesticides in greenhouse soils will provide new information on pesticide residues in the real environment and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of pesticide pollution in greenhouse soils. The photodegradation of trifloxystrobin followed a first-order kinetic equation, whereas those of emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, buprofezin, difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, tebuconazole, isoprothiolane, metalaxyl, and oxadixyl followed second-order kinetics. The half-lives of 17 pesticides under light and dark conditions ranged from 2.5–104 (mean: 36.2) and 2.6–110 (mean: 31.4) days, respectively. The half-lives of emamectin benzoate, pyraclostrobin, and metalaxyl in the light were 86.6%, 68.5%, and 94.5% of their half-lives in the dark, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole, metalaxyl, nitenpyram, diethofencarb, acetamiprid, carbendazim, and oxadixyl were leached to ≥ 90% in aqueous solution. Six pesticides, avermectin B1A, emamectin benzoate, trifloxystrobin, difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin, and buprofezin, were difficult to leach from aqueous solutions. The degradation rate of some pesticides was higher in the light environment than in the dark. The leaching potential of the leachable pesticides was nitenpyram ≫ metalaxyl > acetamiprid > carbendazim > diethofencarb ≈ chlorantraniliprole > isoprothiolane > oxadixyl > boscalid ≈ tebuconazole > hexaconazole. Pesticides that are easy to leach but not easily degraded, such as chlorantraniliprole and metalaxyl, have a high potential risk of groundwater pollution, and additional degradation technologies should be used to reduce their pollution risk. The study of the photodegradation and vertical migration behavior of various pesticides is conducive to providing references for the agricultural use and pollution control of pesticides.","PeriodicalId":11419,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Processes","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140147632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.1186/s13717-024-00495-8
Camille Bernery, Céline Bellard, Franck Courchamp, Sébastien Brosse, Boris Leroy
The invasion success of introduced freshwater fishes is influenced by many factors, including ecological, species, and socioeconomic characteristics. Most studies that document the importance of these characteristics are conducted at local scales and/or focus on a single step of the invasion process. In this study, we aim to determine the species characteristics, ecological characteristics, and socioeconomic characteristics of non-native freshwater fish invasions. Our assessment was done at the global scale and considers all three steps of the invasion (i.e., introduction, establishment, and impact). For this purpose, we applied generalized linear models to 20 variables collected for 307 non-native species and modeled them as a function of ecological characteristics (i.e., environmental features), species traits (i.e., functional and morphological), and socioeconomic characteristics (i.e., human use and introduction pathways). We considered the number of countries in which each species was introduced, established, or had ecological impacts as a proxy of invasion step success. We also explored the specifics of species introduced through the aquaculture and the ornamental fish trade pathways. We found that non-native freshwater fishes with broad diets, high parental care, and multiple introduction pathways are the most widely introduced and established worldwide. The number of countries with impacts reported was best explained by the type of introduction pathway (i.e., aquaculture or fisheries). Moreover, among non-native species introduced through aquaculture, those belonging to Cypriniformes and having broad diets were the most widely introduced and established species. In contrast, the species introduced through the ornamental fish trade pathway belonged to various taxonomic orders but were mainly native to tropical regions. Considering several types of factors is important when analyzing the invasion success of freshwater fish and disentangling the different invasion steps. These findings have strong implications for anticipating the profile of species with a high potential to invade many countries.
{"title":"A global analysis of the introduction pathways and characteristics associated with non-native fish species introduction, establishment, and impacts","authors":"Camille Bernery, Céline Bellard, Franck Courchamp, Sébastien Brosse, Boris Leroy","doi":"10.1186/s13717-024-00495-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00495-8","url":null,"abstract":"The invasion success of introduced freshwater fishes is influenced by many factors, including ecological, species, and socioeconomic characteristics. Most studies that document the importance of these characteristics are conducted at local scales and/or focus on a single step of the invasion process. In this study, we aim to determine the species characteristics, ecological characteristics, and socioeconomic characteristics of non-native freshwater fish invasions. Our assessment was done at the global scale and considers all three steps of the invasion (i.e., introduction, establishment, and impact). For this purpose, we applied generalized linear models to 20 variables collected for 307 non-native species and modeled them as a function of ecological characteristics (i.e., environmental features), species traits (i.e., functional and morphological), and socioeconomic characteristics (i.e., human use and introduction pathways). We considered the number of countries in which each species was introduced, established, or had ecological impacts as a proxy of invasion step success. We also explored the specifics of species introduced through the aquaculture and the ornamental fish trade pathways. We found that non-native freshwater fishes with broad diets, high parental care, and multiple introduction pathways are the most widely introduced and established worldwide. The number of countries with impacts reported was best explained by the type of introduction pathway (i.e., aquaculture or fisheries). Moreover, among non-native species introduced through aquaculture, those belonging to Cypriniformes and having broad diets were the most widely introduced and established species. In contrast, the species introduced through the ornamental fish trade pathway belonged to various taxonomic orders but were mainly native to tropical regions. Considering several types of factors is important when analyzing the invasion success of freshwater fish and disentangling the different invasion steps. These findings have strong implications for anticipating the profile of species with a high potential to invade many countries.","PeriodicalId":11419,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Processes","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140105461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1186/s13717-024-00490-z
Esteban D. Ceriani-Nakamurakare, Mariel Slodowicz, Cecilia Carmarán, Paola Gonzalez-Audino
In ambrosia and bark beetles–fungi interaction, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a central role in mediating various aspects of community dynamics of beetles and/or fungi. These functions include facilitating beetle habitat location, mate identification, and fungal partner differentiation. However, the understanding on this context remains limited, especially in the globally distributed subfamily Platypodinae, which comprises predominantly ambrosia beetles. There is a lack of chemical data on ambrosia fungi from native South American species. This study addresses this gap by characterizing VOCs from twelve fungal species associated with Megaplatypus mutatus and assessing species-specific behavioral responses during dispersal. Fungal VOCs were collected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combined with solid-phase microextraction and Y-olfactometry assays of males and females were performed at dispersal stage. Statistical analyses involved: non-metric multidimensional scaling multivariate plot and PermanovaPERMANOVA test, a cluster analysis through unweighted pair group method with Jaccard index, and finally, a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for beetle behavioral assays. We identified 72 VOCs from the fungal species isolated from M. mutatus galleries, exocuticle, and gut. The olfactory behavior of M. mutatus demonstrated its capacity to discriminate between volatile profiles, showing a preference for either the fungus or the control source. Our results also enhance the understanding in a chemotaxonomic context and in the behavioral responses of M. mutatus revealing the beetle's remarkable low temperature tolerance and its capability to maintain mobility and orientation toward volatile sources even after zero-degree Celsius exposure. This study presents a comprehensive insight into fungal VOC profiles, emphasizing the sources of isolation within pest associated fungi, as well as its symbiotic species from the Raffaelea genus. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Megaplatypus mutatus exhibits a general aversion to its fungal VOCs symbiont. However, a notable exception arises when the beetles are pre-exposed for 48 h to freezing conditions, highlighting the beetles' ability to withstand freezing conditions as adults and to exhibit altered responses to their fungal associates under these circumstances.
{"title":"Volatile organic compounds emitted by Megaplatypus mutatus associated fungi: chemical identification and temperature-modulated responses by the ambrosial beetle","authors":"Esteban D. Ceriani-Nakamurakare, Mariel Slodowicz, Cecilia Carmarán, Paola Gonzalez-Audino","doi":"10.1186/s13717-024-00490-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00490-z","url":null,"abstract":"In ambrosia and bark beetles–fungi interaction, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a central role in mediating various aspects of community dynamics of beetles and/or fungi. These functions include facilitating beetle habitat location, mate identification, and fungal partner differentiation. However, the understanding on this context remains limited, especially in the globally distributed subfamily Platypodinae, which comprises predominantly ambrosia beetles. There is a lack of chemical data on ambrosia fungi from native South American species. This study addresses this gap by characterizing VOCs from twelve fungal species associated with Megaplatypus mutatus and assessing species-specific behavioral responses during dispersal. Fungal VOCs were collected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combined with solid-phase microextraction and Y-olfactometry assays of males and females were performed at dispersal stage. Statistical analyses involved: non-metric multidimensional scaling multivariate plot and PermanovaPERMANOVA test, a cluster analysis through unweighted pair group method with Jaccard index, and finally, a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for beetle behavioral assays. We identified 72 VOCs from the fungal species isolated from M. mutatus galleries, exocuticle, and gut. The olfactory behavior of M. mutatus demonstrated its capacity to discriminate between volatile profiles, showing a preference for either the fungus or the control source. Our results also enhance the understanding in a chemotaxonomic context and in the behavioral responses of M. mutatus revealing the beetle's remarkable low temperature tolerance and its capability to maintain mobility and orientation toward volatile sources even after zero-degree Celsius exposure. This study presents a comprehensive insight into fungal VOC profiles, emphasizing the sources of isolation within pest associated fungi, as well as its symbiotic species from the Raffaelea genus. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Megaplatypus mutatus exhibits a general aversion to its fungal VOCs symbiont. However, a notable exception arises when the beetles are pre-exposed for 48 h to freezing conditions, highlighting the beetles' ability to withstand freezing conditions as adults and to exhibit altered responses to their fungal associates under these circumstances.","PeriodicalId":11419,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Processes","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140097217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate estimation of potential evapotranspiration (PET) is the key for studying land-air interaction hydrological processes. Several models are used to estimate the PET based on standardized meteorological data. Although combination-based models have the highest level performance estimation of PET, they require more meteorological data and may therefore be difficult to apply in areas lacking meteorological observation data. The results showed significant differences in the spatial trends of PET calculated by different models in China, the Doorenbots–Pruitts model revealed the highest PET (1902.6 mm), and the Kuzmin model revealed the lowest PET (349.6 mm), with the largest difference being 5.5 times. The Romanenko and the Rohwer models were the recommended temperature-based and aerodynamic-based models. On the other hand, the Abtew model was more suitable for arid and semi-arid regions, while the Priestley–Taylor model was more suitable for humid regions. Combination-based models revealed ideal calculation accuracies, among which the Penman–Monteith model was the best option for PET calculation. The accuracy range of Romanenko, Rohwer, Abten, Priestley Taylor, and Penman Monteith models improved in MPZ and TCZ is higher than that improved in TMZ and SMZ. This does not mean that the improved models have higher accuracy in MPZ and TCZ than in TMZ and SMZ. On the contrary, the original model performed poorly in MPZ and TCZ, so the improved accuracy was relatively large. The unimproved model was already more suitable in TMZ and SMZ, so the improved accuracy was relatively small. Therefore, regional calibration of the PET models can improve the accuracy and applicability of PET calculation, providing a reference for studying hydrological processes in different climatic zones.
准确估算潜在蒸散量（PET）是研究陆气相互作用水文过程的关键。根据标准化气象数据，有多种模型可用于估算 PET。虽然基于组合的模型具有最高水平的潜在蒸散量估算性能，但它们需要更多的气象数据，因此在缺乏气象观测数据的地区可能难以应用。结果表明，不同模式计算出的中国 PET 空间变化趋势存在明显差异，Doorenbots-Pruitts 模式计算出的 PET 最高（1902.6 毫米），Kuzmin 模式计算出的 PET 最低（349.6 毫米），最大差异为 5.5 倍。Romanenko 模型和 Rohwer 模型是推荐的基于温度的模型和基于空气动力学的模型。另一方面，Abtew 模型更适合干旱和半干旱地区，而 Priestley-Taylor 模型更适合潮湿地区。基于组合的模型显示出理想的计算精度，其中 Penman-Monteith 模型是 PET 计算的最佳选择。在 MPZ 和 TCZ 中改进的 Romanenko、Rohwer、Abten、Priestley Taylor 和 Penman Monteith 模型的精度范围高于在 TMZ 和 SMZ 中改进的模型。这并不意味着改进后的模型在 MPZ 和 TCZ 中的精度高于在 TMZ 和 SMZ 中的精度。相反，原模型在 MPZ 和 TCZ 的表现较差，因此提高的精度相对较大。而未经改进的模型在 TMZ 和 SMZ 已经比较合适，因此提高的精度相对较小。因此，对 PET 模型进行区域校核可以提高 PET 计算的精度和适用性，为研究不同气候区的水文过程提供参考。
{"title":"Applicability and improvement of different potential evapotranspiration models in different climate zones of China","authors":"Zedong Li, Yiran Li, Xinxiao Yu, Guodong Jia, Peng Chen, Pengfei Zheng, Yusong Wang, Bingbing Ding","doi":"10.1186/s13717-024-00488-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00488-7","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate estimation of potential evapotranspiration (PET) is the key for studying land-air interaction hydrological processes. Several models are used to estimate the PET based on standardized meteorological data. Although combination-based models have the highest level performance estimation of PET, they require more meteorological data and may therefore be difficult to apply in areas lacking meteorological observation data. The results showed significant differences in the spatial trends of PET calculated by different models in China, the Doorenbots–Pruitts model revealed the highest PET (1902.6 mm), and the Kuzmin model revealed the lowest PET (349.6 mm), with the largest difference being 5.5 times. The Romanenko and the Rohwer models were the recommended temperature-based and aerodynamic-based models. On the other hand, the Abtew model was more suitable for arid and semi-arid regions, while the Priestley–Taylor model was more suitable for humid regions. Combination-based models revealed ideal calculation accuracies, among which the Penman–Monteith model was the best option for PET calculation. The accuracy range of Romanenko, Rohwer, Abten, Priestley Taylor, and Penman Monteith models improved in MPZ and TCZ is higher than that improved in TMZ and SMZ. This does not mean that the improved models have higher accuracy in MPZ and TCZ than in TMZ and SMZ. On the contrary, the original model performed poorly in MPZ and TCZ, so the improved accuracy was relatively large. The unimproved model was already more suitable in TMZ and SMZ, so the improved accuracy was relatively small. Therefore, regional calibration of the PET models can improve the accuracy and applicability of PET calculation, providing a reference for studying hydrological processes in different climatic zones.","PeriodicalId":11419,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Processes","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140055207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1186/s13717-024-00500-0
Benny Selle
<br/><p><b>Correction: Ecol Process (2024) 13:8</b> <b>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-023-00482-5</b></p><br/><p>Following publication of the original article (Selle 2024), the author reported an error in Eqs. 1 and 2.</p><p>Caused by a typesetting error, four spare brackets were mistakenly added to Eqs. 1 and 2:</p><ol><li><span>(1)</span><p><i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> = (<i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub> − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>) = 0.463,</p></li><li><span>(2)</span><p><i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)<i>;EC</i></sub> = (<i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub><i> ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>) = 0.206</p></li></ol><p>The correct Eq. 1 and 2 should read:</p><ol><li><span>(1)</span><p><i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> = (<i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub> − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup> = 0.463,</p></li><li><span>(2)</span><p><i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)<i>;EC</i></sub> = (<i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub><i> ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup> = 0.206</p></li></ol><p>The original article (Selle 2024) has been updated.</p><ul data-track-component="outbound reference"><li><p>Selle B (2024) An approach for finding causal relations in environmental systems: with an application to understand drivers of a toxic algal bloom. Ecol Process 13:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-023-00482-5</p><p>Article Google Scholar </p></li></ul><p>Download references<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" role="img" width="16"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use></svg></p><h3>Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol><li><p>Berliner Hochschule Für Technik, Luxemburger Straße 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland</p><p>Benny Selle</p></li><li><p>Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland</p><p>Benny Selle</p></li></ol><span>Authors</span><ol><li><span>Benny Selle</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li></ol><h3>Corresponding author</h3><p>Correspondence to Benny Selle.</p><h3>Publisher's Note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard t
更正：1 和 2：(1)ρQ;EC;LN(AL) = (ρQ;EC - ρQ;LN(AL) ρEC;LN(AL))/(1 - ρQ;LN(AL)2)0.5)/(1 - ρEC;LN(AL)2)0.5) = 0.463，(2)ρQ;LN(AL);EC = (ρQ;LN(AL) - ρQ;EC ρEC;LN(AL))/(1 - ρQ;EC2)0.5)/(1 - ρEC;LN(AL)2)0.5) = 0.206正确的公式 1 和 2 应为：(1)ρQ;EC;LN(AL) = (ρQ;EC - ρQ;LN(AL) ρEC;LN(AL))/(1 - ρQ;LN(AL)2)0.5/(1 - ρEC;LN(AL)2)0.5 = 0.463,(2)ρQ;LN(AL);EC = (ρQ;LN(AL) - ρQ;EC ρEC;LN(AL))/(1 - ρQ;EC2)0.5/(1 - ρEC;LN(AL)2)0.5 = 0.206原文（Selle 2024）已更新。Selle B (2024) An approach for finding causal relations in environmental systems: with an application to understand drivers of a toxic algal bloom. Ecol Process 13:8.Ecol Process 13:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-023-00482-5Article Google Scholar 下载参考文献作者和单位Berliner Hochschule Für Technik, Luxemburger Straße 10, 13353, Berlin, DeutschlandBenny SelleFachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, DeutschlandBenny Selle作者Benny Selle查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者通讯作者Benny Selle。开放获取本文采用知识共享署名 4.0 国际许可协议进行许可，该协议允许以任何媒介或格式使用、共享、改编、分发和复制，只要您适当注明原作者和来源，提供知识共享许可协议的链接，并说明是否进行了修改。本文中的图片或其他第三方材料均包含在文章的知识共享许可协议中，除非在材料的署名栏中另有说明。如果材料未包含在文章的知识共享许可协议中，且您打算使用的材料不符合法律规定或超出许可使用范围，您需要直接从版权所有者处获得许可。要查看该许可的副本，请访问 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Reprints and permissionsCite this articleSelle, B. Correction：在环境系统中寻找因果关系的方法：应用于了解有毒藻类大量繁殖的驱动因素。Ecol Process 13, 18 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00500-0Download citationPublished: 05 March 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00500-0Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
{"title":"Correction: An approach for finding causal relations in environmental systems: with an application to understand drivers of a toxic algal bloom","authors":"Benny Selle","doi":"10.1186/s13717-024-00500-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00500-0","url":null,"abstract":"<br/><p><b>Correction: Ecol Process (2024) 13:8</b> <b>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-023-00482-5</b></p><br/><p>Following publication of the original article (Selle 2024), the author reported an error in Eqs. 1 and 2.</p><p>Caused by a typesetting error, four spare brackets were mistakenly added to Eqs. 1 and 2:</p><ol>\u0000<li>\u0000<span>(1)</span>\u0000<p><i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> = (<i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub> − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>) = 0.463,</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<span>(2)</span>\u0000<p><i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)<i>;EC</i></sub> = (<i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub><i> ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>) = 0.206</p>\u0000</li>\u0000</ol><p>The correct Eq. 1 and 2 should read:</p><ol>\u0000<li>\u0000<span>(1)</span>\u0000<p><i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> = (<i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub> − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup> = 0.463,</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<span>(2)</span>\u0000<p><i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)<i>;EC</i></sub> = (<i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub> − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub><i> ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub>)/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>Q;EC</i></sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup>/(1 − <i>ρ</i><sub><i>EC;</i>LN(<i>AL</i>)</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup> = 0.206</p>\u0000</li>\u0000</ol><p>The original article (Selle 2024) has been updated.</p><ul data-track-component=\"outbound reference\"><li><p>Selle B (2024) An approach for finding causal relations in environmental systems: with an application to understand drivers of a toxic algal bloom. Ecol Process 13:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-023-00482-5</p><p>Article Google Scholar </p></li></ul><p>Download references<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" role=\"img\" width=\"16\"><use xlink:href=\"#icon-eds-i-download-medium\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"></use></svg></p><h3>Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol><li><p>Berliner Hochschule Für Technik, Luxemburger Straße 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland</p><p>Benny Selle</p></li><li><p>Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland</p><p>Benny Selle</p></li></ol><span>Authors</span><ol><li><span>Benny Selle</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li></ol><h3>Corresponding author</h3><p>Correspondence to Benny Selle.</p><h3>Publisher's Note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard t","PeriodicalId":11419,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Processes","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140035538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Araucaria araucana is a mast species that presents a high variability in annual cone production. Researchers have recorded synchronization events in cone production in different populations, which allows the seed production to be concentrated, reducing the percentage of seeds consumed by different animal species. We sampled three populations located in the Andes Mountains, Araucanía Region, Chile. In 2004 we began the collection of data on cone production, for which we installed permanent plots (1200 m2 each) at each location. We identified and labeled each female tree in each plot to monitor its cone production. In 2012 we selected a total of 30 trees near the plots to evaluate the number of seeds per cone. In each February from 2012 to 2014 we selected two mature cones and covered them with a porous mesh for subsequent collection and storage in March. At the beginning of June, we counted and weighed the seeds, determining the average weight, the number of seeds per cone, the germination capacity (GC), and the germination speed (GS). Cone production was synchronous across the three locations. We observed significant differences among the locations and years evaluated. The cones had fewer seeds in 2013 (high production) compared to those in 2012 (low production), but their weights were similar. In 2014 the cones produced smaller seeds in fewer quantities. The difference between the years 2013 and 2014 resulted from the high-energy expenditure in 2013. Regarding GC and GS, there were significant differences among the three locations (GC: F = 45.41, p < 0.01; GS: F = 96.08, p < 0.01), where the highest values were observed in 2013. Both GC and GS are related to seed weight but not to the number of cones produced in a given year. These annual fluctuations in seed production are determining factors in the population dynamics of forest species. Our results allow a better understanding of the reproductive phenology of A. araucana and could help define sustainable use and conservation actions for this species.
{"title":"Reproductive patterns in Araucaria araucana forests in the Andean range, Chile","authors":"Sergio Donoso, Karen Peña-Rojas, Claudia Espinoza, Carolain Badaracco, Rómulo Santelices-Moya, Antonio Cabrera-Ariza","doi":"10.1186/s13717-024-00497-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00497-6","url":null,"abstract":"Araucaria araucana is a mast species that presents a high variability in annual cone production. Researchers have recorded synchronization events in cone production in different populations, which allows the seed production to be concentrated, reducing the percentage of seeds consumed by different animal species. We sampled three populations located in the Andes Mountains, Araucanía Region, Chile. In 2004 we began the collection of data on cone production, for which we installed permanent plots (1200 m2 each) at each location. We identified and labeled each female tree in each plot to monitor its cone production. In 2012 we selected a total of 30 trees near the plots to evaluate the number of seeds per cone. In each February from 2012 to 2014 we selected two mature cones and covered them with a porous mesh for subsequent collection and storage in March. At the beginning of June, we counted and weighed the seeds, determining the average weight, the number of seeds per cone, the germination capacity (GC), and the germination speed (GS). Cone production was synchronous across the three locations. We observed significant differences among the locations and years evaluated. The cones had fewer seeds in 2013 (high production) compared to those in 2012 (low production), but their weights were similar. In 2014 the cones produced smaller seeds in fewer quantities. The difference between the years 2013 and 2014 resulted from the high-energy expenditure in 2013. Regarding GC and GS, there were significant differences among the three locations (GC: F = 45.41, p < 0.01; GS: F = 96.08, p < 0.01), where the highest values were observed in 2013. Both GC and GS are related to seed weight but not to the number of cones produced in a given year. These annual fluctuations in seed production are determining factors in the population dynamics of forest species. Our results allow a better understanding of the reproductive phenology of A. araucana and could help define sustainable use and conservation actions for this species.","PeriodicalId":11419,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Processes","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140035695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.1186/s13717-024-00493-w
Qingsong Zhu, Jiquan Chen, Liangxu Wu, Yuting Huang, Changliang Shao, Gang Dong, Zhe Xu, Xianglan Li
Grasslands in drylands are increasingly influenced by human activities and climate change, leading to alterations in albedo and radiative energy balance among others. Surface biophysical properties and their interactions change greatly following disturbances. However, our understanding of these processes and their climatic impacts remains limited. In this study, we used multi-year observations from satellites and eddy-covariance towers to investigate the response of albedo to variables closely associated with human disturbances, including vegetation greenness (EVI) and surface soil volumetric water content (VWC), as well as snow cover and clearness index (Ta) for their potential relationships. EVI and VWC during the growing season were the primary factors influencing albedo. EVI and VWC were negatively correlated with albedo, with VWC’s total direct and indirect impacts being slightly smaller than those of EVI. During the non-growing season, snow cover was the most influential factor on albedo. VWC and Ta negatively affected albedo throughout the year. We estimated the impact of variations in EVI and VWC on climate to be in the range of 0.004 to 0.113 kg CO2 m−2 yr−1 in CO2 equivalent. This study indicates the significant impacts of climate change and human disturbances on vulnerable grassland ecosystems from the perspective of altered albedo. Changes in vegetation greenness and soil properties induced by climate change and human activities may have a substantial impact on albedo, which in turn feedback on climate change, indicating that future climate policies should take this factor into consideration.
干旱地区的草地日益受到人类活动和气候变化的影响，导致反照率和辐射能量平衡等发生变化。地表生物物理特性及其相互作用在受到干扰后会发生很大变化。然而，我们对这些过程及其气候影响的了解仍然有限。在这项研究中，我们利用卫星和涡度协方差塔的多年观测数据，研究了反照率对与人类干扰密切相关的变量的响应，这些变量包括植被绿度（EVI）和地表土壤容积含水量（VWC），以及雪盖和晴朗指数（Ta），以了解它们之间的潜在关系。生长季节的 EVI 和 VWC 是影响反照率的主要因素。EVI 和 VWC 与反照率呈负相关，其中 VWC 的直接和间接总影响略小于 EVI。在非生长季节，雪盖是对反照率影响最大的因素。VWC 和 Ta 全年都对反照率产生负面影响。我们估计，EVI 和 VWC 的变化对气候的影响在 0.004 至 0.113 kg CO2 m-2 yr-1 CO2 当量之间。这项研究从反照率改变的角度指出了气候变化和人类干扰对脆弱的草原生态系统的重大影响。气候变化和人类活动引起的植被绿度和土壤性质的变化可能会对反照率产生重大影响，反照率又会对气候变化产生反馈作用，这表明未来的气候政策应考虑这一因素。
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