Pub Date : 2015-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2015.1040640
J. Ademba, J. Kwach, A. Esilaba, S. Ngari
ABSTRACT Phosphorus, nitrogen and Striga hermonthica are the major constraints to maize production in the Nyanza Province of Kenya. Field trials were conducted on-farm in Nyanza Province to investigate the effects of phosphate fertilizers and manure on maize yields. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with maize as the test crop. The maize was top dressed with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) fertilizer at a uniform rate of 30 kg N/ha diammonium phosphate (DAP), Minjingu rock phosphate (MRP) and triple super phosphate (TSP) fertilizers were applied at 60 kg/ha P2O5, farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t/ha and a non-phosphorus (P) treatment (control) plus lime only. Responses (P ≤ 0.01) from grain yield, total dry matter yield and harvest index to phosphate fertilizers and manure treatments were found. Nutrient uptake and removal by the crop increased (P ≤ 0.01) due to fertilizers and manure application. Phosphate fertilizers and manure application increased (P ≤ 0.01)) available soil P, agronomic phosphorus use efficiency (APUE) and Physiological P use efficiency (PPUE). The results indicate that phosphate fertilizers and manure applications are essential to improve maize yield and nutrient P use efficiency.
{"title":"The Effects of Phosphate Fertilizers and Manure on Maize Yields in South Western Kenya","authors":"J. Ademba, J. Kwach, A. Esilaba, S. Ngari","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2015.1040640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2015.1040640","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Phosphorus, nitrogen and Striga hermonthica are the major constraints to maize production in the Nyanza Province of Kenya. Field trials were conducted on-farm in Nyanza Province to investigate the effects of phosphate fertilizers and manure on maize yields. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with maize as the test crop. The maize was top dressed with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) fertilizer at a uniform rate of 30 kg N/ha diammonium phosphate (DAP), Minjingu rock phosphate (MRP) and triple super phosphate (TSP) fertilizers were applied at 60 kg/ha P2O5, farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t/ha and a non-phosphorus (P) treatment (control) plus lime only. Responses (P ≤ 0.01) from grain yield, total dry matter yield and harvest index to phosphate fertilizers and manure treatments were found. Nutrient uptake and removal by the crop increased (P ≤ 0.01) due to fertilizers and manure application. Phosphate fertilizers and manure application increased (P ≤ 0.01)) available soil P, agronomic phosphorus use efficiency (APUE) and Physiological P use efficiency (PPUE). The results indicate that phosphate fertilizers and manure applications are essential to improve maize yield and nutrient P use efficiency.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87425400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2015.1041263
Brigitte L. Maass, C. Midega, M. Mutimura, Volatsara Baholy Rahetlah, Paulo Salgado, Jolly M. Kabirizi, Zeyaur R. Khan, S. Ghimire, Idupulapati M. Rao
ABSTRACT Species of the genus Brachiaria originate primarily from Africa, where they are constituents of natural grasslands. Due to their adaptation to acidic, low-fertility soils, millions of hectares of Brachiaria species have been sown as improved pastures in South and Central America, especially B. brizantha cv. Marandu and B. decumbens cv. Basilisk. Due to B. decumbens’ susceptibility to spittlebug insect pests in the Americas, CIAT in Colombia and EMBRAPA in Brazil initiated breeding programmes in the 1980s. First cultivars released from CIAT's breeding programme – cvs. Mulato and Mulato-II – have also been investigated in African countries. They have been examined for integration in conservation agriculture systems (Madagascar), for drought and acidic soil tolerance (Rwanda) and for intercropping forages in dairy systems (Uganda, Madagascar), among others. Seed sales to African countries suggest that an area of at least 1,000 ha has been sown so far. The largest adoption of cv. Mulato-II is currently happening in eastern Africa, where it is used by over 20,000 farmers as a trap plant in the push-pull system for control of maize stem borers and parasitic Striga weed. Cv. Mulato-II's particular advantage is its relatively high crude protein content due to greater leafiness and thinner stems than those of traditional Napier grass, resulting in higher nutritive quality. Yet new pest challenges have emerged, requiring further research attention. Diverse hybrids are in the pipeline for release, among them those that are suitable for cut-and-carry systems which are prevalent in eastern Africa. This paper reviews research, development and incipient adoption of new Brachiaria hybrids in African countries.
腕足属植物主要起源于非洲，在那里它们是天然草原的组成部分。由于它们对酸性、低肥力土壤的适应性，在南美洲和中美洲，数百万公顷的Brachiaria物种被用作改良牧场，特别是B. brizantha cv。Marandu和B. decumbens等。蛇怪。由于在美洲产的瓢虫对吐虫的易感性，哥伦比亚的CIAT和巴西的EMBRAPA在20世纪80年代启动了繁殖计划。CIAT育种计划发布的首批品种- cvs。在非洲国家也对Mulato和Mulato- ii -进行了调查。对它们进行了研究，以便将它们纳入保护性农业系统(马达加斯加)、耐旱和耐酸土壤(卢旺达)以及在乳制品系统中间作饲料(乌干达、马达加斯加)等等。向非洲国家出售的种子表明，到目前为止已经播种了至少1000公顷的土地。最大的采用cv。Mulato-II目前正在东非进行，那里有2万多名农民将其用作推拉系统中的诱骗植物，以控制玉米茎蛀虫和寄生的斯特里加杂草。简历。Mulato-II的特别优势在于其相对较高的粗蛋白质含量，因为它比传统的纳匹尔草更大的叶片和更细的茎，从而获得更高的营养质量。然而，新的害虫挑战已经出现，需要进一步的研究关注。各种混合动力车正在准备发布，其中一些适用于在东非流行的切割和携带系统。本文综述了非洲国家腕足属新杂交种的研究、开发和初步采用情况。
{"title":"Homecoming of Brachiaria: Improved Hybrids Prove Useful for African Animal Agriculture","authors":"Brigitte L. Maass, C. Midega, M. Mutimura, Volatsara Baholy Rahetlah, Paulo Salgado, Jolly M. Kabirizi, Zeyaur R. Khan, S. Ghimire, Idupulapati M. Rao","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2015.1041263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2015.1041263","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Species of the genus Brachiaria originate primarily from Africa, where they are constituents of natural grasslands. Due to their adaptation to acidic, low-fertility soils, millions of hectares of Brachiaria species have been sown as improved pastures in South and Central America, especially B. brizantha cv. Marandu and B. decumbens cv. Basilisk. Due to B. decumbens’ susceptibility to spittlebug insect pests in the Americas, CIAT in Colombia and EMBRAPA in Brazil initiated breeding programmes in the 1980s. First cultivars released from CIAT's breeding programme – cvs. Mulato and Mulato-II – have also been investigated in African countries. They have been examined for integration in conservation agriculture systems (Madagascar), for drought and acidic soil tolerance (Rwanda) and for intercropping forages in dairy systems (Uganda, Madagascar), among others. Seed sales to African countries suggest that an area of at least 1,000 ha has been sown so far. The largest adoption of cv. Mulato-II is currently happening in eastern Africa, where it is used by over 20,000 farmers as a trap plant in the push-pull system for control of maize stem borers and parasitic Striga weed. Cv. Mulato-II's particular advantage is its relatively high crude protein content due to greater leafiness and thinner stems than those of traditional Napier grass, resulting in higher nutritive quality. Yet new pest challenges have emerged, requiring further research attention. Diverse hybrids are in the pipeline for release, among them those that are suitable for cut-and-carry systems which are prevalent in eastern Africa. This paper reviews research, development and incipient adoption of new Brachiaria hybrids in African countries.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"217 1","pages":"71 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77139278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2015.1041261
F. Wanyoike, N. Mtimet, N. Ndiwa, Karen Marshall, L. Godiah, A. Warsame
ABSTRACT This study focused on market participation and producers’ knowledge of the indigenous livestock grading and pricing system applied to small ruminant marketing in Somaliland. Data were collected from a random sample of 144 men and women producers in three livelihood zones: Hawd pastoral, West Golis pastoral and Togdheer agro-pastoral zones. Results confirmed the importance of small ruminants as sources of income in producer households. Knowledge about the grading system was generally widespread, and this was important for market participation. Factors that significantly influenced market participation were number of animals kept, gender of sales/decision maker, age of household head and livelihood zone.
{"title":"Knowledge of Livestock Grading and Market Participation among Small Ruminant Producers in Northern Somalia","authors":"F. Wanyoike, N. Mtimet, N. Ndiwa, Karen Marshall, L. Godiah, A. Warsame","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2015.1041261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2015.1041261","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study focused on market participation and producers’ knowledge of the indigenous livestock grading and pricing system applied to small ruminant marketing in Somaliland. Data were collected from a random sample of 144 men and women producers in three livelihood zones: Hawd pastoral, West Golis pastoral and Togdheer agro-pastoral zones. Results confirmed the importance of small ruminants as sources of income in producer households. Knowledge about the grading system was generally widespread, and this was important for market participation. Factors that significantly influenced market participation were number of animals kept, gender of sales/decision maker, age of household head and livelihood zone.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"64 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85449573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2015.1040644
S. Chenyambuga, D. S. Shija, L. Kusiluka, F. Lekule
ABSTRACT This study was carried out to compare the growth rate, lactation performance and tolerance to gastrointestinal nematode infection of Toggenburg and Norwegian breeds in Kongwa district, Tanzania with a semi-arid environment and Mvomero district with a sub-humid environment. Milk production of does, nematode eggs per gramme of faeces (EPG) and packed cell volume (PCV) were recorded for one year in 57 Toggenburg crosses and 72 Norwegian crosses raised by 107 small-scale farmers in the two districts. Kid body weights and mortality were recorded for 65 kids. Kid birth weights of Norwegian crosses (3.07 ± 0.13 kg) and Toggenburg crosses (2.91 ± 0.14) were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The growth rate of Norwegian crossbred kids from birth to one year (54.26 ± 4.33 g/day) was lower than that of Toggenburg crossbreds (61.50 ± 4.38 g/day). Toggenburg crossbred does produced slightly higher average daily milk yield (0.81 ± 0.08 l/day) compared to Norwegian crossbred does (0.64 ± 0.09 l/day). Norwegian crosses had higher mean EPG (211.78 ± 0.02) and lower PCV (23.93 ± 0.96%) than the Toggenburg crosses (129.51 ± 0.02 EPG and 26.71 ± 0.99% PCV). It is concluded that the Toggenburg crosses are relatively better suited to the smallholder production environments in rural areas of Tanzania compared to the Norwegian crosses.
{"title":"Comparison of Production Performance and Tolerance to Helminthosis of Toggenburg and Norwegian Crossbred Goats Under Smallholder Production Systems in Tanzania","authors":"S. Chenyambuga, D. S. Shija, L. Kusiluka, F. Lekule","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2015.1040644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2015.1040644","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study was carried out to compare the growth rate, lactation performance and tolerance to gastrointestinal nematode infection of Toggenburg and Norwegian breeds in Kongwa district, Tanzania with a semi-arid environment and Mvomero district with a sub-humid environment. Milk production of does, nematode eggs per gramme of faeces (EPG) and packed cell volume (PCV) were recorded for one year in 57 Toggenburg crosses and 72 Norwegian crosses raised by 107 small-scale farmers in the two districts. Kid body weights and mortality were recorded for 65 kids. Kid birth weights of Norwegian crosses (3.07 ± 0.13 kg) and Toggenburg crosses (2.91 ± 0.14) were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The growth rate of Norwegian crossbred kids from birth to one year (54.26 ± 4.33 g/day) was lower than that of Toggenburg crossbreds (61.50 ± 4.38 g/day). Toggenburg crossbred does produced slightly higher average daily milk yield (0.81 ± 0.08 l/day) compared to Norwegian crossbred does (0.64 ± 0.09 l/day). Norwegian crosses had higher mean EPG (211.78 ± 0.02) and lower PCV (23.93 ± 0.96%) than the Toggenburg crosses (129.51 ± 0.02 EPG and 26.71 ± 0.99% PCV). It is concluded that the Toggenburg crosses are relatively better suited to the smallholder production environments in rural areas of Tanzania compared to the Norwegian crosses.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"18 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89353885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-12DOI: 10.1080/00128325.1993.11663165
C. Njoroge, E. Kerbel
Calcium chloride solution (0.75% and/or 1.5% w/v) in distilled water was calcium infiltrated into tomato fruits either at mature green or pink stages of development. The tomatoes were ripened in air at 20°C, up to red stage, as determined by USDA colour charts. The red-ripe tomatoes were then evaluated for soluble solids, pH, firmness and colour. There were no differences between the calcium-treated tomatoes and the controls in soluble solids, pH and colour. However, calcium treatment delayed ripening as measured by the delay in the attainment of the desired red colour. The storage period of calcium-treated tomatoes was prolonged by 2-3 days.
{"title":"Effect of postharvest calcium treatment on soluble solids, pH,","authors":"C. Njoroge, E. Kerbel","doi":"10.1080/00128325.1993.11663165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.1993.11663165","url":null,"abstract":"Calcium chloride solution (0.75% and/or 1.5% w/v) in distilled water was calcium infiltrated into tomato fruits either at mature green or pink stages of development. The tomatoes were ripened in air at 20°C, up to red stage, as determined by USDA colour charts. The red-ripe tomatoes were then evaluated for soluble solids, pH, firmness and colour. There were no differences between the calcium-treated tomatoes and the controls in soluble solids, pH and colour. However, calcium treatment delayed ripening as measured by the delay in the attainment of the desired red colour. The storage period of calcium-treated tomatoes was prolonged by 2-3 days.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82336793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2004.11663416
P. Kamau, B. Mochoge
There is an increased interest in the study of soil structure because of its role in soil productivity. Most of the studies on soil structure relate the organisation of primary particles into aggregates and their resistance to water detachment (Quirk; 1978; Caron and Kay, 1982). The distinction between flocculation and aggregate stability has not always been appreciated by many researchers. According to Sharma and Tunny (1978), flocculation operates at the fundamental level of the finest clay particles and is mediated by polyvalent cations while stabilisation of aggregates results from the cementation of soil particles and aggregates by the action of organic and synthetic by-products. The role of microbial polysaccharides in stabilising clay particles even at very small quantities has also been emphasised (Foster, 1981; Rasiah et al., 1992). Most of the studies reported involve strong aggregation (aggregates that are stable to water (Harris et al, 1966; Hamblin and Greenland, 1977; Greenland et al., 1962; Rasiah et al., 1992). Little interest has been shown in evaluating factors controlling microaggregation or dispersion in soils (DeshPande et al, 1968; Krishna Murti et al., 1977; Shanmu Ganathan; Oades, 1982; Emerson, 1983; Oades, 1984; Emerson and Greenland, 1990; BenHur et al, 1992) and yet microaggregation plays an important role in crusting, surface sealing, soil permeability, infiltration characteristics, aeration, soil erosion, seedling emergence and soil productivity potential (Dong et al, 1983; Miller and Baharuddin, 1986; Loch, 1994; Le Bissonnais, 1996).
由于土壤结构在土壤生产力中的作用，人们对土壤结构的研究越来越感兴趣。大多数关于土壤结构的研究都涉及原生颗粒成团聚体的组织及其对水分离的抵抗力(Quirk;1978;Caron and Kay, 1982)。絮凝性和骨料稳定性之间的区别并没有得到许多研究者的重视。根据Sharma和Tunny(1978)的研究，絮凝作用在最细的粘土颗粒的基础水平上起作用，由多价阳离子介导，而团聚体的稳定是由有机和合成副产品作用下土壤颗粒和团聚体的胶结作用产生的。微生物多糖在稳定粘土颗粒方面的作用，即使在非常小的数量也得到了强调(Foster, 1981;Rasiah et al.， 1992)。报道的大多数研究涉及强聚集(对水稳定的聚集)(Harris等，1966;汉布林和格陵兰，1977;Greenland et al.， 1962;Rasiah et al.， 1992)。很少有人对评估控制土壤微聚集或分散的因素表现出兴趣(DeshPande等人，1968;Krishna Murti等人，1977;Shanmu Ganathan;外形尺寸,1982;爱默生,1983;外形尺寸,1984;爱默生和格陵兰，1990;BenHur et al .， 1992)，而微团聚体在结壳、地表密封、土壤渗透性、入渗特性、通气性、土壤侵蚀、幼苗出苗和土壤生产力潜力等方面发挥着重要作用(Dong et al .， 1983;Miller and Baharuddin, 1986;尼斯,1994;Le Bissonnais, 1996)。
{"title":"Effect of Antecedent Moisture Content and Organic Waste Amendment on the Stability of Microaggregates of Some Kenyan Soils","authors":"P. Kamau, B. Mochoge","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2004.11663416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2004.11663416","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increased interest in the study of soil structure because of its role in soil productivity. Most of the studies on soil structure relate the organisation of primary particles into aggregates and their resistance to water detachment (Quirk; 1978; Caron and Kay, 1982). The distinction between flocculation and aggregate stability has not always been appreciated by many researchers. According to Sharma and Tunny (1978), flocculation operates at the fundamental level of the finest clay particles and is mediated by polyvalent cations while stabilisation of aggregates results from the cementation of soil particles and aggregates by the action of organic and synthetic by-products. The role of microbial polysaccharides in stabilising clay particles even at very small quantities has also been emphasised (Foster, 1981; Rasiah et al., 1992). Most of the studies reported involve strong aggregation (aggregates that are stable to water (Harris et al, 1966; Hamblin and Greenland, 1977; Greenland et al., 1962; Rasiah et al., 1992). Little interest has been shown in evaluating factors controlling microaggregation or dispersion in soils (DeshPande et al, 1968; Krishna Murti et al., 1977; Shanmu Ganathan; Oades, 1982; Emerson, 1983; Oades, 1984; Emerson and Greenland, 1990; BenHur et al, 1992) and yet microaggregation plays an important role in crusting, surface sealing, soil permeability, infiltration characteristics, aeration, soil erosion, seedling emergence and soil productivity potential (Dong et al, 1983; Miller and Baharuddin, 1986; Loch, 1994; Le Bissonnais, 1996).","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"70 1","pages":"23 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77950017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2004.11663414
V. Sugavanam, K. Udaiyan, S. Manian
Mismanagement of forests resulting from uncontrolled fires unsustainable commercial logging or overgrazing, and the harmful effects of airborne pollutants can result in degradation of soil and water resources, loss of wildlife and biological diversity, aggravation of global warming, and climate change. Hence, many countries have launched massive plantation programmes either through afforestation or reforestation. For plantation programmes, good quality seedlings with high trasplant survival and field performance are needed.
{"title":"Influence of Formadehyde Fumigation and Fytolan Drench on the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Status of Some Forest Tree Seedlings in an Indian Nursery","authors":"V. Sugavanam, K. Udaiyan, S. Manian","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2004.11663414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2004.11663414","url":null,"abstract":"Mismanagement of forests resulting from uncontrolled fires unsustainable commercial logging or overgrazing, and the harmful effects of airborne pollutants can result in degradation of soil and water resources, loss of wildlife and biological diversity, aggravation of global warming, and climate change. Hence, many countries have launched massive plantation programmes either through afforestation or reforestation. For plantation programmes, good quality seedlings with high trasplant survival and field performance are needed.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"85 1","pages":"11 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83262520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2004.11663413
W. B. Muhuyi, A. Carles
To increase the reproductive life of cattle, heifers should be raised properly so that they reach puberty and a safe calving size at an early age (Tanner et al., 1995). Early calvers may have an advantage in lifetime milk production and produce more calves than heifers that calve first at later age. The age at first calving of Bos indicus cattle is 38-48 months (Alim, 1960; Mahadevan and Marples, 1961; Bhat et al., 1978; Trail and Gregory, 1981; Mrodc and Akinokun, 1986). To reduce the interval from birth to first calving and minimise the rearing cost it is important to identify the genetic and environmental factors affecting age at first calving.
为了增加牛的繁殖寿命，应适当饲养小母牛，使它们在早期达到青春期和安全的产犊尺寸(Tanner等人，1995年)。较早产犊的母牛在一生的产奶量上可能有优势，并且比较晚产犊的母牛产犊更多。牛头产犊年龄为38-48个月(Alim, 1960;Mahadevan and Marples, 1961;Bhat et al.， 1978;Trail和Gregory, 1981;Mrodc and Akinokun, 1986)。为了缩短从出生到第一次产犊的间隔时间并最大限度地降低饲养成本，确定影响第一次产犊年龄的遗传和环境因素非常重要。
{"title":"Genetic and Environmental Influences on Age at First Calving of the Kenya Sahiwal Cattle","authors":"W. B. Muhuyi, A. Carles","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2004.11663413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2004.11663413","url":null,"abstract":"To increase the reproductive life of cattle, heifers should be raised properly so that they reach puberty and a safe calving size at an early age (Tanner et al., 1995). Early calvers may have an advantage in lifetime milk production and produce more calves than heifers that calve first at later age. The age at first calving of Bos indicus cattle is 38-48 months (Alim, 1960; Mahadevan and Marples, 1961; Bhat et al., 1978; Trail and Gregory, 1981; Mrodc and Akinokun, 1986). To reduce the interval from birth to first calving and minimise the rearing cost it is important to identify the genetic and environmental factors affecting age at first calving.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"10 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81306819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2004.11663417
M.E. Omunyin, J.N. Kimamira, A. Mailu
Rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger, is of economic importance in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production particularly in the tropics with yield losses of 18-100% (Vargas, 1980; Bokosi, 1996). In East Africa, the disease has been a major factor limiting production because it may reach epidemic levels at any time during the vegetative stage of the crop (Marcatney, 1966; Nderitu, 2001). Crop failure may result particularly if plants are affected during the pre-flowering and flowering stages of development (Vargas, 1980; Omunyin etal., 1984).
{"title":"Chemical Control Studies and Resistance to Bean Rust in Bean Germplasm","authors":"M.E. Omunyin, J.N. Kimamira, A. Mailu","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2004.11663417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2004.11663417","url":null,"abstract":"Rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger, is of economic importance in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production particularly in the tropics with yield losses of 18-100% (Vargas, 1980; Bokosi, 1996). In East Africa, the disease has been a major factor limiting production because it may reach epidemic levels at any time during the vegetative stage of the crop (Marcatney, 1966; Nderitu, 2001). Crop failure may result particularly if plants are affected during the pre-flowering and flowering stages of development (Vargas, 1980; Omunyin etal., 1984).","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"29 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74441698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2004.11663415
R.A. Amolo, N. Karanja
In view of the world energy crisis and continuing rise in cost of mineral fertilisers and questions as to their future availability and safety to environment, there is renewed interest in organic matter recycling to improve soil fertility (Wccraratna, 1979; Warren, 1992). Filtermud (FM), a by-product of white sugar manufacture, is such an organic input. It is readily available from all sugar factories in Kenya with annual production for the 10 years (1982-1991) of 187,407 t (Anon., 1991). The decomposed filtcrmud (> 6 months) contains 1.44% nitrogen (Anyango 1984), 0.77% phosphorus and 0.36% potassium (Mutanda, 1978). This would give an estimated 2670, 1429 and 668 t annually of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively from FM which could be used to partially meet the need for inorganic fertilisers. Extensive and efficient utilisation of filtcrmud would save the country foreign exchange. Mutanda (1991) reported 50% saving if filtennud was used. Decomposed filtermud has a narrow carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio of 17.73 (Anyango, 1984) and would perhaps have positive effect on nitrogen release.
{"title":"Nitrogen Mineralisation from Filtermud, Cattle Manure, Factory Ash and Nitrogen Uptake by Maize in a Glasshouse Experiment","authors":"R.A. Amolo, N. Karanja","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2004.11663415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2004.11663415","url":null,"abstract":"In view of the world energy crisis and continuing rise in cost of mineral fertilisers and questions as to their future availability and safety to environment, there is renewed interest in organic matter recycling to improve soil fertility (Wccraratna, 1979; Warren, 1992). Filtermud (FM), a by-product of white sugar manufacture, is such an organic input. It is readily available from all sugar factories in Kenya with annual production for the 10 years (1982-1991) of 187,407 t (Anon., 1991). The decomposed filtcrmud (> 6 months) contains 1.44% nitrogen (Anyango 1984), 0.77% phosphorus and 0.36% potassium (Mutanda, 1978). This would give an estimated 2670, 1429 and 668 t annually of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively from FM which could be used to partially meet the need for inorganic fertilisers. Extensive and efficient utilisation of filtcrmud would save the country foreign exchange. Mutanda (1991) reported 50% saving if filtennud was used. Decomposed filtermud has a narrow carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio of 17.73 (Anyango, 1984) and would perhaps have positive effect on nitrogen release.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"17 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85410880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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