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Translatabilitas Phrasal Verbs ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia 短语动词在印度尼西亚语中的可翻译性
Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.58839/jd.v20i2.1321
Terweline Tapilatu, August Lewaherilla
This qualitative study focuses on the translatability of phrasal verbs by exploring  the problem of their untranslatability into Indonesian, strategies for overcoming this issue and achieving meaning equivalence between the source and the target texts. The issue of untranslatability of phrasal verbs can arise due to the lack of equivalents with the same meaning as the source text, target language equivalents that are too formal and not commonly used in informal conversations, the absence of specific equivalents for the  phrasal verbs, target language equivalents that are too lengthy and may result in inefficient sentences, and the phrasal verb’s meaning being too specific for its equivalents to be used in all contexts. This problem of untranslatability can be addressed by implementing strategies such as paraphrasing, offering additional information to complete the target text meaning, and applying modulation. Equivalence between the two texts is attained by using equivalents that can function in the same situation as the source text, providing equivalents in the form of explanations or additional information, using equivalents that explain the meaning from a different perspective. Additionally, equivalents have to be determined based on context in which the phrasal verbs are used, and the selection of equivalents should not be limited to the verb category only. Although there are no phrasal verbs in Indonesian, they can still be translated because the transfer is of the meaning rather than the language form. When both texts are equivalent, it suggests that the translator has a strong grasp of the source and target languages and has made appropriate adjustments to convey the intended meaning. This study aims to enhance the field of translation studies, specifically in regards to the translatability of phrasal verbs.
本定性研究侧重于短语动词的可译性,探讨了短语动词无法译成印尼语的问题、克服这一问题的策略以及实现源文本和目标文本之间意义对等的问题。出现短语动词不可译问题的原因包括:缺乏与源语言文本意义相同的对等词;目标语言对等词过于正式,在非正式对话中不常用;短语动词缺乏特定的对等词;目标语言对等词过于冗长,可能导致句子效率低下;短语动词的意义过于具体,其对等词无法在所有语境中使用。要解决这种无法翻译的问题,可以采取一些策略,如转述、提供补充信息以完善目标文本的意思,以及使用调式。两个文本之间的等效性是通过以下方式实现的:使用能在与源文本相同的情况下发挥作用的等效词;以解释或补充信息的形式提供等效词;使用从不同角度解释含义的等效词。此外,必须根据使用短语动词的语境来确定等值词,而且选择等值词时不应只局限于动词类别。虽然印尼语中没有短语动词,但它们仍然可以被翻译,因为转换的是意义而不是语言形式。当两个文本等值时,说明译者对源语言和目标语言都有很好的掌握,并进行了适当的调整以表达预期的意思。本研究旨在加强翻译研究领域,特别是短语动词的可译性研究。
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引用次数: 0
AKUNTABILITAS KEUANGAN DALAM ORGANISASI KEAGAMAAN STUDI KASUS PADA GEREJA KRISTEN INJILI ONOMI FLAVAUW SENTANI 宗教组织调查基督教福音ONOMI FLAVAUW SENTANI案例的财务责任
Pub Date : 2023-07-21 DOI: 10.58839/jd.v20i1.1279
G. D. Puspita, Miraclin Yuliana S K
Gereja merupakan salah satu bentuk organisasi nonprofit, yaitu organisasi yang tidak bertujuan mencari keuntungan melainkan untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat karena dana yang digunakan untuk operasional gereja tidak berasal dari kegiatan operasional gereja melainkan dari masyarakat. Oleh sebab itu maka penting bagi gereja untuk bertanggung jawab atas penggunaan dana tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menggambarkan bagaimana akuntabilitas keuangan yang diterapkan pada Gereja Kristen Injili Onomi Flavauw Sentani. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Penelitian ini melihat pertanggungjawaban keuangan dari pengelola Gereja. Data dalam penelitian ini yaitu data primer yang diperoleh secara langsung dari Gereja Kristen Injili Onomi Flavauw Sentani. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi (Pengamatan), Wawancara, dan Dokumentasi, dan Teknik analisis data engan mengunakan Teknik analisis data kualitatif yang terdiri dari reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa kepercayaan dan wujud nyata dari penginaan keuangan menjadi hal utama dalam praktik akuntabilitas serta pertanggungjawaban keuangan gereja dimana sumber keuangan gereja berasal dari para jemaaat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian pengurus Gereja telah 90% memahami pentingnya akuntabilitas keuangan dan sudah menerapkan praktek akuntasi dalam laporan keuangan walaupun masih menggunakan metode pembukuan yang sederhana serta telah menerapkannya sesuai acuan pokok – pokok ajaran di Gereja.
教会是一种非营利组织,它的目的不是盈利,而是为社会福利服务,因为用于教会运作的资金不是来自教会的活动,而是来自社区。因此,教会对这些资金的使用负责是很重要的。这项研究的目的是了解并描述对基督教福音福音Onomi Flavauw Sentani教会的财务责任。本研究采用定性方法。这项研究涉及教会管理人员的财务责任。本研究的数据是直接从公元基督教会Flavauw Sentani获得的主要数据。数据收集技术是通过观察、采访和文档,以及通过基于数据还原、数据演示和提取结论的定性数据分析技术进行的。根据这项研究,我们可以发现,在教会的财政资源来自教会成员的情况下,金融活动的信仰和实际表现成为教会会计和会计实践的中心。根据这项研究,教会管理人员90%的人已经认识到财务责任的重要性,并在财务报告中实施会计实践,尽管他们仍然使用简单的会计方法,并根据教会的教义要点参考资料。
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引用次数: 0
KESEPADANAN PENERJEMAHAN DEIKSIS I KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA PADA NOVEL TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD
Pub Date : 2023-07-21 DOI: 10.58839/jd.v20i1.1267
Terweline Tapilatu, A. Lewaherilla
This qualitative research aims at understanding how first person deixis ‘I’ is translated into Indonesian and in what ways it differs from its equivalents. The method used is content analysis. The data were collected using purposeful sampling from the English novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and its Indonesian translation. The findings reveal that deixis ‘I’ was translated into deixis ‘saya’, ‘aku’, ‘ku-‘ and ‘-ku’ which are in the pronominal category and the kinship term ‘ibu' which belongs to the noun category. ‘I’ was also translated into phrases, adverbs, adjectives, nouns, second person deixis ‘you’ which was ellipsed, and ‘I’ which was not translated into the target language. Deixis ‘I’ differs from ‘saya’, ‘aku’, ‘ku-’, ‘-ku’ and ‘ibu’ in social relations between the speaker and the addressee, their social status, the speech context, and the cultural background of both texts. Other equivalents are different from ‘I’ in terms of their status as non-deictic expressions. The use of various forms of equivalent aside from ‘saya’, ‘aku’, and ‘ku-’, either deictic or non-deictic, indicates that the results of translation are not always predictable. The reason for using those equivalents is to maintain the acceptability and naturalness of the target text. To maintain equivalence between both texts, certain procedures or strategies are applied, i.e., unit shifts, class shifts, modulation, and translation by omission. This research may contribute to enriching translation studies, in particular of deixis, by providing information about the translation of first person deixis ‘I’ into Indonesian.
本定性研究旨在了解第一人称指示语“我”是如何翻译成印尼语的,以及它与同类指示语有何不同。使用的方法是内容分析。数据是通过有目的的抽样从哈珀·李的英文小说《杀死一只知更鸟》及其印尼语译本中收集的。结果表明,指示语“I”可译为代词类别的指示语“saya”、“aku”、“ku-”和“-ku”,而亲属术语“ibu”则可译为名词类别。“我”也被翻译成短语、副词、形容词、名词,第二人称指示语“你”被省略,“我”没有被翻译成目标语言。指示语“I”与“saya”、“aku”、“ku-”、“-ku”和“ibu”在说话人和受说话人之间的社会关系、社会地位、言语语境以及两种文本的文化背景等方面都有所不同。其他等价物与“我”的不同之处在于它们作为非指示性表达的地位。除了“saya”、“aku”和“ku-”外,指示或非指示的各种形式的对等词的使用表明,翻译的结果并不总是可预测的。使用这些对等物的原因是为了保持目标文本的可接受性和自然性。为了保持两种文本之间的对等,采用了一定的程序或策略,即单位移位、类移位、调制和省略翻译。本研究通过提供有关第一人称指示语“我”翻译成印尼语的信息,可能有助于丰富翻译研究,特别是指示语研究。
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引用次数: 0
FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI SEDIAAN OBAT KUMUR EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI PINANG (Areca catechu L.) SEBAGAI ANTISEPTIK 草药配方和药量漱口水槟榔籽乙醇(Areca catechu L)。作为防腐剂
Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.58839/jd.v20i1.1216
Gabriela Welma Litaay, Fara Jesi Anggraeni Serpara, Sendy Stefanie Longe
Pinang (Areca catechu L.) merupakan salah satu dari jenis tumbuhan yang tersebar dan tumbuh luas, terutama di daerah tropis atau subtropis seperti di Papua. Senyawa aktif yang terkandung dalam biji pinang diketahui sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui evaluasi sediaan obat kumur ekstrak etanol biji pinang dengan variasi konsentrasi gliserin FI (5%), F2 (10%), dan F3 (15%). Gliserin sebagai humektan untuk menjaga zat aktif agar tidak menguap dan memperbaiki stabilitas suatu bahan dalam jangka lama. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimental yang merupakan penelitian laboratorium dengan sampel biji pinang yang diperoleh dari Kecamatan Sentani Kota, Kabupaten Jayapura. Hasil penelitian pada uji organoleptis menunjukan hasil yaitu ketiga formula berwarna merah bata, rasa sepat, khas pinang dan khas mint, bau mint dan bentuk cair. Pada uji pH untuk ketiga formula telah memenuhi syarat yaitu ketiga formula memiliki pH 6. Pada uji kejernihan untuk ketiga formulasi terlihat bahwa tidak terdapat partikel hitam dan putih dan yang paling jernih adalah formula I dan formula II. Pada uji volume terpindahkan untuk ketiga  formula telah memenuhi syarat yaitu volume awal 100 mL dan volume setelah dipindahkan dari wadah ke gelas ukur tetap 100 mL. Pada uji hedonik yaitu panelis lebih menyukai formula I dengan kosentrasi gliserin 5%.   Kata Kunci: Biji Pinang (Areca catechu L.), obat kumur, evaluasi, gliserin.
Pinang (Areca catechu L)是一种分布广泛的植物,主要分布在热带或亚热带地区,如巴布亚。槟榔种子中含有一种活性化合物,已知为链球菌抗菌。本研究的目的是确定医用漱口水乙醇提取的事实,其浓度有甘油(5%)、F2(10%)和F3(15%)的变化。甘油作为一种humektan,可以让活性物质在长时间内保持蒸发和稳定。这项研究是通过杰亚普拉县圣田市获得的pinang种子样本进行的实验研究。有机考古学家检测的研究发现,三种砖色配方、丝束、槟榔和薄荷特有的味道、薄荷味和液体形式。在这三个公式的pH值测试中,这三个公式有pH 6的资格。在这三种配方的清晰测试中,似乎没有黑色和白色的颗粒,最清晰的是配方一和公式二。在移至三种配方的三种配方前的体积测试中,已符合初始体积为100毫升,而在将其从容器移至固定量杯后的体积为100毫升。关键词:槟榔籽(Areca catechu L)、漱口水、评价、甘油。
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引用次数: 0
ANALISA PEMAKAIAN JENIS DAYA LAMPU LED TERHADAP ENERGI DAN EFISIENSI BIAYA DI RUMAH SUSUN SEWA USTJ 分析LED灯对USTJ租金能源和效率的使用情况
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.58839/jd.v20i1.1288
A. Fabanyo, Tanwir Tanwir, Usman Tahir
Konsumsi energi listrik di Rumah Susun Sewa Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Jayapura mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya dengan rata-rata pembayaran pertahun Rp. 44.997.300, sehingga perlu dilakukan perhitungan ulang konsumsi energi listrik guna mengetahui apakah konsumsi energi listriknya masih hemat dan efisien atau tidak. Setelah dilakukan perhitungan konsumsi energi listrik,kemudian mencarialternatif peluang untuk penghematannya.Untuk maksudinilah perlu dilaksanakan kegiatan konservasi energi listrikdi Rumah Susun Sewa Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Jayapura.Konservasi energimeliputi analisa energi dan manajemen energi pada saat perencanaan,pengoperasian dan pengawasan dalam  pemanfaatan energi. Analisa energi listrik diawali dengan pengumpulan datadi Rumah Susun Sewa Univeritas Sains dan Teknologi Jayapura.Kemudian menghitungIntensitas Konsumsi Energi (IKE) listrik selama 12  bulanterakhir dari data rekening listrik yang ada di Rumah susun sewa UniversitasSains dan Teknologi Jayapura. Dilanjutkan pengukuran tingkatpencahayaan disetiap ruangan. Dari hasil perhitungan besarnya intensitas konsumsi energi IKE 147.90 kWh/m2 akan diketahui tingkat efisiensi konsumsi energi listrik pada Rumah Susun Sewa Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Jayapura. Peningkatan efisiensi konsumsi energi listrik di Rumah Susun Sewa Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Jayapura disektor penerangan atau pencahayaan dapat dilakukan dengan mengganti daya lampuyang ada di setiap ruangan, dimana daya lampu tersebut penggunaannya melewati batas standar tingkat pencahayaan sesuai fungsi ruangan, dengan menggunakan lampu LED 18 Watt biaya  menurun menjadi Rp.32.726.940 pertahun sehingga disarankan dalam pemakaian menggunakan Lampu LED (Light Emitting Diode)  
Jayapura科技大学(university of sciences of sciences)的电力消费每年都在增加,平均每年4万4997,300卢比(约合44.99万7300美元)的支出,因此有必要重新计算电力消费,以确定电力消费是否仍然有效和有效。电能消耗量的计算,完成后mencarialternatif penghematannya机会。为了做到这一点,我们需要在Jayapura科学技术大学的租赁住房进行电力保护活动。能量保护包括能源分析和能源管理,在规划、操作和监控能源利用方面。能源分析始于收集Jayapura科学技术大学的特许住房。然后计算能源消耗(艾克)在过去12个月里能源消耗的强度,这些数据来自多层科学技术大学的电气记录。继续测量房间的照明水平。计算结果显示,艾克能源消费强度为147。90 kWh/m2,将知道电力消费效率的水平。能源消费效率增加科学和技术大学在出租公寓Jayapura一天或者灯光照明可以通过更换lampuyang资源在每个房间,这些灯功率越界了照明水平标准用法根据房间的功能,用LED灯照亮18瓦成本下降成Rp。每年32726940使用中建议使用LED灯(Light Emitting二极管)
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引用次数: 0
Analysis Of River Cleaning Ship Design With The Trasher Boat Concept By Using MAXSURF 利用MAXSURF分析以垃圾船为概念的河道清扫船设计
Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.32734/dinamis.v11i1.12486
Ahmad Yunus Nasution, Syamsuri Alpha Joshua Sinamoi
Ships are a means of transportation for moving materials and goods from one place to another. Along with this increase, it was also followed by the development of other industries so that it had an impact. However, in increasing these activities, in addition to generating benefits, it also creates new impacts through the waste produced. Several work boats are made to solve problems related to the type of work according to needs. The solution that can be used to overcome the accumulation of garbage in the river is to use the help of a Trash Skimmer Boat. This work boat is a type of special ship that is used to carry out waste collection in rivers, lakes, seas and canals. By using the help of Maxsurf Software, the main size is L = 100 cm, B = 30 cm H = 15 cm, T = 3.54 cm with a payload capacity of 3 kg. It has the following data: Displacement = 6,968 kg ; block coefficient (Cb) = 0.387; Prismatic Coef (Cp) = 0.832. Keyword : Ship, Workboat, Trasher boat, Trash Skimmer Boat
船是一种把物资和货物从一个地方运到另一个地方的运输工具。随着这一增长,其他行业也随之发展,从而产生了影响。然而,在增加这些活动的同时,除了产生效益外,它还通过产生的废物产生新的影响。根据需要,制作几艘工作船来解决与工作类型有关的问题。解决河里垃圾堆积的办法是利用垃圾清除船的帮助。该工作船是一种用于在江河、湖泊、海洋和运河中进行垃圾收集的专用船。在Maxsurf软件的帮助下,主要尺寸为L = 100 cm, B = 30 cm, H = 15 cm, T = 3.54 cm,有效载荷能力为3 kg。其数据如下:排水量= 6,968 kg;块系数(Cb) = 0.387;棱镜系数(Cp) = 0.832. 关键词:船舶,工作船,垃圾船,垃圾清除船
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Forging Process on Impact Strength in Brass Materials 锻造工艺对黄铜材料冲击强度的影响
Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.32734/dinamis.v11i1.12476
Muhammad Yusuf Rahmansyah Siahaan Yusuf Siahaan, Rakhmad Arief Siregar Rakhmad A. Siregar, None Amru Siregar, None Ahmad Yunus Nasution
Brass material which generally has low corrosion properties and low frictional forces is very suitable for use as a construction material, piping, ammunition sleeves, jewelry and household appliances. Knowledge of strengthening the mechanical properties of brass materials is needed. In this study, the brass material was forged so that it experienced a volume reduction of 44% at three forging temperatures namely room temperature (28°C), 350°C and 450°C. To observe the impact strength, the brass material specimens were tested using the Charpy Impact tester. The ratio of energy absorbed for forged and unwrought brass specimens was observed using linear regression. The results of physical observations of the fracture pattern show a complete fracture, and the form of a grained fracture. which can be classified as brittle.
黄铜材料通常具有低腐蚀性能和低摩擦力,非常适合用作建筑材料,管道,弹药套,珠宝和家用电器。需要加强黄铜材料机械性能的知识。在本研究中,黄铜材料在室温(28°C)、350°C和450°C三种锻造温度下进行锻造,使其体积减小44%。为了观察黄铜材料的冲击强度,使用Charpy冲击试验机对试样进行了测试。采用线性回归方法对锻造和未锻造黄铜试样的能量吸收比进行了分析。对断裂模式的物理观察结果显示断裂是完整的,且呈粒状断裂。它可以被归类为脆性。
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引用次数: 0
Design of an Automated Sliding Door Using Ultrasonic Sensors and an Arduino Board to Halt the Spread of Covid-19 利用超声波传感器和Arduino板设计自动滑动门以阻止Covid-19的传播
Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.32734/dinamis.v11i1.12610
None Sidik Susilo, None Erny Listijorini, None Fikri Ardiansyah, Shofiatul Ula Ula
Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Sars-CoV-2), therefore a study is conducted to break the chain the spread of the coronavirus is a touchless automatic door. In this study, an automatic door is made, and this door uses an Arduino-based ultrasonic sensor. This research aims to be able to design and build sliding doors for automatic doors and can create an Arduino system that is suitable for automatic doors and can use ultrasonic sensors as a touchless medium. This research uses tools and materials, namely Arduino Uno, ultrasonic sensor, dc motor, l298n motor driver, and for the driving mechanism is a dc motor connected to the pinion sprocket and a chain connected to the door surface. This research designs doors in SolidWorks 2018 software and builds doors with specifications (Material: PVC, Height: 1900 mm, Width: 610 mm, Thickness: 40 mm, Mass: 7.5 kg, Weight: 73.5 N) in a street workshop in Leuweung Sawo Cilegon-Banten, as well as making an Arduino system for doors that can move automatically by making a coding program in the Arduino IDE software, for opening and closing the door with an ultrasonic sensor that is set at a distance of about 5 cm..
Covid-19是一种由急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (Sars-CoV-2)引起的传染病,因此进行了一项研究,以打破冠状病毒传播链是一种非接触式自动门。在本研究中,我们制作了一扇自动门,这扇门使用了基于arduino的超声波传感器。本研究的目的是能够设计和建造自动门滑动门,可以创建一个Arduino系统,适用于自动门和可以使用超声波传感器作为光学介质。本研究使用的工具和材料为Arduino Uno、超声波传感器、直流电机、l298n电机驱动器,驱动机构为直流电动机连接小齿轮链轮,链条连接门面。本研究设计门2018年SolidWorks软件和构建门与规格(材料:PVC、身高:1900毫米,宽度:610毫米,厚度:40毫米,质量:7.5公斤,体重:73.5 N)在街头车间Leuweung Sawo Cilegon-Banten,以及使门Arduino系统可以自动通过Arduino IDE的编码程序软件,打开和关闭的门与超声波传感器设置在距离约5厘米。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of Packaging Carton Production at PT X with the Hungarian Method and Multi Attribute Utility Theory 用匈牙利法和多属性效用理论对PT X包装纸盒生产进行优化
Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.32734/dinamis.v11i1.11821
Chindy E. Revadi, Aldiko Banjarnahor, Khairullah Zikri
Household shopping activities in Indonesia have increased by 51% percent since the pandemic period (BPS, 2022). The increase affects household ingredients in packaging. PT X produces various types of packaging for household needs with various size specifications through the make to order system has experienced an overload of production quantity resulting in a delay of 36.19%. PT X needs to conduct problem analysis and production planning to improve ontime delivery. Problem analysis is carried out by direct observation methods and management interviews. Production planning is carried out by dividing and prioritizing tasks using the Hungarian optimization method and Multi Attribute Utility Theory
自大流行时期以来,印度尼西亚的家庭购物活动增加了51% (BPS, 2022年)。这一增长影响了包装中的家用成分。PT X通过订制系统生产各种尺寸规格的各种家用包装,生产数量过载,导致延误36.19%。PT X需要进行问题分析和生产计划,以提高准时交货。通过直接观察法和管理层访谈进行问题分析。采用匈牙利优化方法和多属性效用理论对任务进行划分和排序,实现生产计划
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引用次数: 1
Energy Absorption and Deformation Pattern Analysis of Crash Box with Tapered Wall Angle and Trigger Circles under Quasi-Static Loading 准静态载荷下锥形壁角与触发圆碰撞箱的能量吸收与变形模式分析
Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.32734/dinamis.v11i1.12156
None M. Sabri, None Otniel Wahana Christian Simanjuntak
Crash box merupakan sistem keselamatan pasif yang digunakan untuk mengurangi tingkat keparahan kecelakaan yang dialami penumpang atau bagian kendaraan yang vital akibat tabrakan. Penelitian ini meninjau pengaruh variasi sudut tirus dinding dan trigger circles pada crash box berpenampang lingkaran (circular) terhadap penyerapan energi dan pola deformasi pada uji simulasi pembebanan quasi-static. Penelitian dilakukan dengan software berbasis Finite Element Method (FEM). Variasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu crash box dengan sudut tirus 1° dan 5,7° dan letak trigger circles A, B, C dan D dengan material crash box Aluminium 6061-T4. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa pola deformasi yang terbentuk adalah pola aksial dengan mode campuran (concertina + diamond). Deformasi mode campuran terjadi pada crash box sudut tirus 1° dan 5,7°. Penyerapan dengan kemampuan menyerap energi terbesar pada crash box dengan sudut tirus (α) 5,7° sebesar 3124,0 J.
撞车箱是一种被动的安全系统,用于降低事故事故的严重程度。该研究考察了在准静态混合型试验中,轮辋崩盘和圆形滚轮转换器对能量吸收和变形模式的影响。该研究采用了一种基于Finite Element Method的软件。这项研究中使用的变化就是碰撞盒泰尔1°的角度和5.7°和扳机怪圈的位置A, B, C和D与碰撞盒6061-T4铝材料。研究发现,变形模式是混合模式的轴形模式。混合模式发生变形的碰撞盒泰尔1°的角度和5.7°。吸收碰撞盒子最大的吸收能量的能力与泰尔(α)角度5.7°3124.0大J。
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引用次数: 0
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DINAMIS
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