To solve large-gradient deformation in mining areas unavailable by SAR data, a method combining PIM Exponent Knothe (PEK) model and InSAR technology (InSAR-PEK) was proposed to predict the mining-induced subsidence and obtain the large-gradient deformation dynamically. Firstly, the maximum subsidence value predicted by the probability integration method was combined with SAR data, and the subsidence values in the initial and residual periods were obtained. Secondly, three groups of power exponent Knothe function parameters were obtained, including csar and ksar based on SAR data, clevel_wz, and klevel_wz based on leveling data over a complete observation period, and clevel_bf and klevel_bf based on the elimination of the leveling data in the main period. Finally, the predicted values of the three groups of parameters were compared with the measured data, respectively, and the root mean square errors (RMSE) were obtained. The engineering example verified that RMSEs were 28.1mm~91.7mm in the main period and 30.9mm~58.7mm in the whole period estimated by the InSAR-PEK method. The results showed that the subsidence values in the main period were relatively stable by the InSAR-PEK method, and some points' prediction accuracy was better than that of leveling data. The predicted values obtained by the InSAR-PEK method and those extracted by SAR were compared with the measured values. In the main period, the values extracted by SAR differed greatly from the measured values, which were false values. However, the predicted values by the InSAR method were close to the measured values, which can be used to independently get subsidence values in the main period from SAR data.
{"title":"Study on large-gradient deformation of mining areas based on InSAR-PEK technology","authors":"Hao Tan, Xuexiang Yu, Mingfei Zhu, Shenshen Chi, Chao Liu, Hengzhi Chen","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v27n2.107056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n2.107056","url":null,"abstract":"To solve large-gradient deformation in mining areas unavailable by SAR data, a method combining PIM Exponent Knothe (PEK) model and InSAR technology (InSAR-PEK) was proposed to predict the mining-induced subsidence and obtain the large-gradient deformation dynamically. Firstly, the maximum subsidence value predicted by the probability integration method was combined with SAR data, and the subsidence values in the initial and residual periods were obtained. Secondly, three groups of power exponent Knothe function parameters were obtained, including csar and ksar based on SAR data, clevel_wz, and klevel_wz based on leveling data over a complete observation period, and clevel_bf and klevel_bf based on the elimination of the leveling data in the main period. Finally, the predicted values of the three groups of parameters were compared with the measured data, respectively, and the root mean square errors (RMSE) were obtained. The engineering example verified that RMSEs were 28.1mm~91.7mm in the main period and 30.9mm~58.7mm in the whole period estimated by the InSAR-PEK method. The results showed that the subsidence values in the main period were relatively stable by the InSAR-PEK method, and some points' prediction accuracy was better than that of leveling data. The predicted values obtained by the InSAR-PEK method and those extracted by SAR were compared with the measured values. In the main period, the values extracted by SAR differed greatly from the measured values, which were false values. However, the predicted values by the InSAR method were close to the measured values, which can be used to independently get subsidence values in the main period from SAR data.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135021863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v27n2.108083
Guanyao Lu
As the focus and difficulty of global ecological governance, rock-soluble graphite ecological issues have been plagued by the research and exploration of ecologists for many years. This article studies the current development status of rock-soluble graphite. Features and laws targeted implementing the ecological restoration strategies of rock-soluble graphite regions under the background of big data and the Internet of Things. By establishing a mathematical analysis model of the total ecological assets, the theoretical research on the restoration process and means of ecology. In the past 20 years, the southwest region’s ecological improvement and governance situation has been summarized and analyzed, and the key aspects and main contents of ecological restoration are analyzed and demonstrated.
{"title":"Ecological restoration strategies of rock-soluble stone desertification regions under the background of big data and the Internet of Things","authors":"Guanyao Lu","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v27n2.108083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n2.108083","url":null,"abstract":"As the focus and difficulty of global ecological governance, rock-soluble graphite ecological issues have been plagued by the research and exploration of ecologists for many years. This article studies the current development status of rock-soluble graphite. Features and laws targeted implementing the ecological restoration strategies of rock-soluble graphite regions under the background of big data and the Internet of Things. By establishing a mathematical analysis model of the total ecological assets, the theoretical research on the restoration process and means of ecology. In the past 20 years, the southwest region’s ecological improvement and governance situation has been summarized and analyzed, and the key aspects and main contents of ecological restoration are analyzed and demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135022117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v27n2.107274
Siti Nurkhalidah Husainy, Andy Anderson Bery, Ismail Ahmad Abir, Wien Lestari, Adedibu Sunny Akingboye
Malaysia is one of the countries in the world experiencing landslides yearly due to natural events and human activities. Penang Island is Malaysia’s second most developed state and the largest by population. It is prone to landslides with devastating environmental impacts. Hence, the need to characterize its near-surface soil-rock conditions. This study uses remotely sensed data via frequency ratio (FR) techniques to identify landslide-prone areas based on different categories of landslide causative factors. To further understand the conditions and hydrodynamics of the soil-rock profiles causing landslides, electrical resistivity tomography and seismic refraction tomography were carried out at a landslide-suspected section in the study area. Also, the satellite-derived Bouguer gravity anomaly modeling was performed to map the varied gravity anomalies associated with landslide-triggering factors in lithologic units. The multi-geophysical models offer strongly correlated results with the causative remote sensed maps and the landslide susceptibility index (LSI) map. The likelihood of landslides occurring in the area, as suggested by the area under curve modeling of LSI data, yielded a high predicted success rate of 83.47%. Hence, prospective landslides were identified at the hilly and elevated sections, while the less susceptible sections were identified on flat reliefs. Landslides may also be triggered, for instance, at steep sections with varied contractive soil bodies and shallow structures. Most importantly, leveraging the LSI map would help the necessary agencies to forestall and mitigate future landslide occurrences in the area.
{"title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping of Penang Island, Malaysia, using remote sensing and multi-geophysical methods","authors":"Siti Nurkhalidah Husainy, Andy Anderson Bery, Ismail Ahmad Abir, Wien Lestari, Adedibu Sunny Akingboye","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v27n2.107274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n2.107274","url":null,"abstract":"Malaysia is one of the countries in the world experiencing landslides yearly due to natural events and human activities. Penang Island is Malaysia’s second most developed state and the largest by population. It is prone to landslides with devastating environmental impacts. Hence, the need to characterize its near-surface soil-rock conditions. This study uses remotely sensed data via frequency ratio (FR) techniques to identify landslide-prone areas based on different categories of landslide causative factors. To further understand the conditions and hydrodynamics of the soil-rock profiles causing landslides, electrical resistivity tomography and seismic refraction tomography were carried out at a landslide-suspected section in the study area. Also, the satellite-derived Bouguer gravity anomaly modeling was performed to map the varied gravity anomalies associated with landslide-triggering factors in lithologic units. The multi-geophysical models offer strongly correlated results with the causative remote sensed maps and the landslide susceptibility index (LSI) map. The likelihood of landslides occurring in the area, as suggested by the area under curve modeling of LSI data, yielded a high predicted success rate of 83.47%. Hence, prospective landslides were identified at the hilly and elevated sections, while the less susceptible sections were identified on flat reliefs. Landslides may also be triggered, for instance, at steep sections with varied contractive soil bodies and shallow structures. Most importantly, leveraging the LSI map would help the necessary agencies to forestall and mitigate future landslide occurrences in the area.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135021866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v27n2.105917
Syed Bilawal Ali Shah
This study demonstrates how an integrated geochemical and petrophysical analysis can be used to evaluate the petroleum generation potential of source and reservoir rocks. The Eocene and Palaeocene sequences of the Potwar Basin, located in the upper Indus Basin of Pakistan, were analyzed. Well logs and Schlumberger log interpretation charts were used for the petrophysical analysis of the Chorgali Formation's reservoir potential. Geochemical methods were applied to 34 well-cutting Sakesar and Patala formations samples. Results from Vitrinite Reflectance (VR) (%Ro) and Tmax data suggest that both formations have reached the peak of their oil generation window. The Sakesar Formation has a mean TOC of 1.88 wt. % and HI values of 375 mg HC/g TOC. The Patala Formation has a mean TOC of 3.33 wt.% in well A and HI values ranging from 2.4 to 369 mg HC/g TOC in well B, with a mean TOC of 3.52 wt%. Both formations have mixed Type II/III kerogen. The findings indicate that both the Sakesar and Patala formations possess good oil/gas-generation potential and may act as source rocks in the Potwar Basin. Petrophysical analysis of the Chorgali Formation shows an average porosity of 10.32%, water saturation of 36.14%, and hydrocarbon saturation of 63.85%. This indicates that the Chorgali Formation has an average to good reservoir potential. The research findings will aid exploration and production companies in the Fimkassar Oilfield.
{"title":"Integrated Interpretation of Eocene-Palaeocene Rocks in Potwar Basin, Pakistan: Implications for Petroleum Generation","authors":"Syed Bilawal Ali Shah","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v27n2.105917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n2.105917","url":null,"abstract":"This study demonstrates how an integrated geochemical and petrophysical analysis can be used to evaluate the petroleum generation potential of source and reservoir rocks. The Eocene and Palaeocene sequences of the Potwar Basin, located in the upper Indus Basin of Pakistan, were analyzed. Well logs and Schlumberger log interpretation charts were used for the petrophysical analysis of the Chorgali Formation's reservoir potential. Geochemical methods were applied to 34 well-cutting Sakesar and Patala formations samples. Results from Vitrinite Reflectance (VR) (%Ro) and Tmax data suggest that both formations have reached the peak of their oil generation window. The Sakesar Formation has a mean TOC of 1.88 wt. % and HI values of 375 mg HC/g TOC. The Patala Formation has a mean TOC of 3.33 wt.% in well A and HI values ranging from 2.4 to 369 mg HC/g TOC in well B, with a mean TOC of 3.52 wt%. Both formations have mixed Type II/III kerogen. The findings indicate that both the Sakesar and Patala formations possess good oil/gas-generation potential and may act as source rocks in the Potwar Basin. Petrophysical analysis of the Chorgali Formation shows an average porosity of 10.32%, water saturation of 36.14%, and hydrocarbon saturation of 63.85%. This indicates that the Chorgali Formation has an average to good reservoir potential. The research findings will aid exploration and production companies in the Fimkassar Oilfield.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135022113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v27n2.101556
Jorge Alberto Leal, Luis Hernan Ochoa Gutierrez, Sergio Francisco Acosta Lenis
In this research computer vision techniques are applied to borehole resistivity imaging in order to establish an alternative procedure to the mean square dip (MSD) processing. The MSD is regularly applied to detect sinusoids and dips automatically in borehole imaging and dipmeter logs. The present proposal is based on Gabor’s filters, morphological transformations, Hough’s transform, and clustering techniques. The MSD method and the computer vision proposal were tested in 1012 m of images, showing 7.986% of false positives for the MSD processing and 0.879% for the computer vision approach. This methodology tries to emulate the geologists behavior when they make image interpretation; instead of making correlations between resistivity curves like the MSD does. There are no special computer requirements, and it can be applied directly in the field for quick well-site dip results. This procedure can be easily integrated into log units and most commercial borehole-imaging processing software. The processing workflow was developed in python using standard libraries.
{"title":"Computer vision techniques applied to automatic detection of sinusoids in borehole resistivity imaging – A comparison with the MSD method","authors":"Jorge Alberto Leal, Luis Hernan Ochoa Gutierrez, Sergio Francisco Acosta Lenis","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v27n2.101556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n2.101556","url":null,"abstract":"In this research computer vision techniques are applied to borehole resistivity imaging in order to establish an alternative procedure to the mean square dip (MSD) processing. The MSD is regularly applied to detect sinusoids and dips automatically in borehole imaging and dipmeter logs. The present proposal is based on Gabor’s filters, morphological transformations, Hough’s transform, and clustering techniques. The MSD method and the computer vision proposal were tested in 1012 m of images, showing 7.986% of false positives for the MSD processing and 0.879% for the computer vision approach. This methodology tries to emulate the geologists behavior when they make image interpretation; instead of making correlations between resistivity curves like the MSD does. There are no special computer requirements, and it can be applied directly in the field for quick well-site dip results. This procedure can be easily integrated into log units and most commercial borehole-imaging processing software. The processing workflow was developed in python using standard libraries.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135021865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v27n2.103801
Dilbarkhon Fazilova, Obidjon Arabov
In this study, the vertical accuracy of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Model Version 2.0 (SRTM30), the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global DEM Version 2.0 (ASTER GDEM2), and Advanced Land Observing Satellite World 3D Digital Surface Model Version 2.1 (ALOS AW3D30) was statistically assessed using GPS data. The Fergana Valley area was chosen as a study region, where the land surface can reflect tectonic processes. The values of ellipsoidal heights of 27 points of the regional GPS network were chosen as reference data. The geometric approach using GPS/leveling data and EGM96 global geopotential model-based geoid undulations was applied for geoid surface fitting. The geoid height corrections range ranged from –0.66 m to 0.87 m. Root-Mean-Square errors of ~10.0 m, ~16.4 m, and ~6.6 m was obtained for SRTM30, ASTER GDEM2, and ALOS AW3D30, respectively. It was found that compared with the reference model, all the global DEMs in mountainous areas generally overestimated elevation and the value of vertical accuracy at a 90% confidence level by 3-6 meters exceeded the declared by distributors. But ALOS AW3D30 proved to be the most accurate DEM that best represents the topography of the earth’s surface and could be used for some engineering applications in Fergana Valley.
{"title":"Vertical accuracy evaluation free access digital elevation models (DEMs): case Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan","authors":"Dilbarkhon Fazilova, Obidjon Arabov","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v27n2.103801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n2.103801","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the vertical accuracy of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Model Version 2.0 (SRTM30), the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global DEM Version 2.0 (ASTER GDEM2), and Advanced Land Observing Satellite World 3D Digital Surface Model Version 2.1 (ALOS AW3D30) was statistically assessed using GPS data. The Fergana Valley area was chosen as a study region, where the land surface can reflect tectonic processes. The values of ellipsoidal heights of 27 points of the regional GPS network were chosen as reference data. The geometric approach using GPS/leveling data and EGM96 global geopotential model-based geoid undulations was applied for geoid surface fitting. The geoid height corrections range ranged from –0.66 m to 0.87 m. Root-Mean-Square errors of ~10.0 m, ~16.4 m, and ~6.6 m was obtained for SRTM30, ASTER GDEM2, and ALOS AW3D30, respectively. It was found that compared with the reference model, all the global DEMs in mountainous areas generally overestimated elevation and the value of vertical accuracy at a 90% confidence level by 3-6 meters exceeded the declared by distributors. But ALOS AW3D30 proved to be the most accurate DEM that best represents the topography of the earth’s surface and could be used for some engineering applications in Fergana Valley.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135022115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v27n2.107646
Asem Hassan
In geotechnical practice, there is a continuous demand for an efficient method for measuring the soil moisture content and dry unit weight of compacted soils used in a wide range of earthwork constructions. The Electrical Resistivity method has increasingly been used for rapid and non-invasive assessment of some geotechnical properties. This study aims to evaluate the influence of Moisture Content (MC), Dry Unit Weight (DUW), and Compaction Energy (E) on the Electrical Resistivity (ER) of soil collected from the east of Baghdad City, Iraq. To achieve this goal, soil specimens were compacted to various MC and DUW found in geotechnical practice using different E levels. The ER of prepared specimens was measured using the two electrodes method and compared with various geotechnical parameters related to the compaction process. The results showed that the employed MC, DUW, and E levels influenced the ER. The higher the MC, DUW, and E, the lower the ER. However, the ER was more sensitive to these variables for specimens compacted dry of the optimum. Furthermore, the ER was correlated very well with Volumetric Moisture Content ϴ and Degree of Saturation Sr of soil, with a high correlation coefficient (R2 >94%) and very low p-values, which indicated that these correlations were statistically significant. The current findings indicate the usefulness of the ER method for predicting these parameters. Therefore, using the ER method as a rapid and cost-effective technique for the preliminary evaluation of soil compaction variables in earthwork constructions is recommended. However, the current laboratory findings must be confirmed on different soil types.
{"title":"Influence of Compaction on Electrical Resistivity Characteristics of Fine-grained Soil East of Baghdad City, Iraq","authors":"Asem Hassan","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v27n2.107646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n2.107646","url":null,"abstract":"In geotechnical practice, there is a continuous demand for an efficient method for measuring the soil moisture content and dry unit weight of compacted soils used in a wide range of earthwork constructions. The Electrical Resistivity method has increasingly been used for rapid and non-invasive assessment of some geotechnical properties. This study aims to evaluate the influence of Moisture Content (MC), Dry Unit Weight (DUW), and Compaction Energy (E) on the Electrical Resistivity (ER) of soil collected from the east of Baghdad City, Iraq. To achieve this goal, soil specimens were compacted to various MC and DUW found in geotechnical practice using different E levels. The ER of prepared specimens was measured using the two electrodes method and compared with various geotechnical parameters related to the compaction process. The results showed that the employed MC, DUW, and E levels influenced the ER. The higher the MC, DUW, and E, the lower the ER. However, the ER was more sensitive to these variables for specimens compacted dry of the optimum. Furthermore, the ER was correlated very well with Volumetric Moisture Content ϴ and Degree of Saturation Sr of soil, with a high correlation coefficient (R2 >94%) and very low p-values, which indicated that these correlations were statistically significant. The current findings indicate the usefulness of the ER method for predicting these parameters. Therefore, using the ER method as a rapid and cost-effective technique for the preliminary evaluation of soil compaction variables in earthwork constructions is recommended. However, the current laboratory findings must be confirmed on different soil types.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135021867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v27n2.98795
Mohamed Diaeldin Babkir Hassan Babkir, Matthew E. Nton, Ali A. M. Eisawi
This study examines both vertical and lateral facies changes as well as petrographic characteristics of the outcropping section of the Upper Cretaceous Shendi Formation in the Musawwarat-Naga area with a view of interpreting the depositional environment, provenance, and tectonic setting that prevailed during the deposition of the sediments. Field studies revealed the presence of eight different sedimentary lithofacies. The predominant is the trough cross-bedded sandstone facies (St), representing 75% of the total succession. Four architectural elements were recognized: sandy bedforms (SB), channel fill (CH), gravelly bars and bedforms (GB), and overbank fines (OF). Moreover, the mean value of paleocurrent directions was 285.3°, suggesting a southeasterly located source area. The majority of the sandstones were classified as quartz arenites with subordinate sublithic-arenites. Ternary plots of quartz-feldspar-lithic fragments (QFL) revealed that the tectonic setting is predominantly within the interior craton. It can be suggested that the sediments were sourced from the southeast region and associated with a braided, proximal, fluvial depositional environment. The results of this study provide outcrop analog data that might be useful in exploring hydrocarbons. Specifically, it can enhance the understanding and prediction of the proximal fluvial depositional styles in the subsurface deposits in the Shendi-Atbara Basin and similar rift basins in Sudan and Africa.
{"title":"Depositional environment and hydrocarbon exploration potential based on sedimentary facies and architectural analysis of the Upper Cretaceous Shendi Formation in Musawwarat-Naga area, Shendi-Atbara Basin, Sudan","authors":"Mohamed Diaeldin Babkir Hassan Babkir, Matthew E. Nton, Ali A. M. Eisawi","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v27n2.98795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n2.98795","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines both vertical and lateral facies changes as well as petrographic characteristics of the outcropping section of the Upper Cretaceous Shendi Formation in the Musawwarat-Naga area with a view of interpreting the depositional environment, provenance, and tectonic setting that prevailed during the deposition of the sediments. Field studies revealed the presence of eight different sedimentary lithofacies. The predominant is the trough cross-bedded sandstone facies (St), representing 75% of the total succession. Four architectural elements were recognized: sandy bedforms (SB), channel fill (CH), gravelly bars and bedforms (GB), and overbank fines (OF). Moreover, the mean value of paleocurrent directions was 285.3°, suggesting a southeasterly located source area. The majority of the sandstones were classified as quartz arenites with subordinate sublithic-arenites. Ternary plots of quartz-feldspar-lithic fragments (QFL) revealed that the tectonic setting is predominantly within the interior craton. It can be suggested that the sediments were sourced from the southeast region and associated with a braided, proximal, fluvial depositional environment. The results of this study provide outcrop analog data that might be useful in exploring hydrocarbons. Specifically, it can enhance the understanding and prediction of the proximal fluvial depositional styles in the subsurface deposits in the Shendi-Atbara Basin and similar rift basins in Sudan and Africa.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135022116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v27n2.86211
Haijun Xie, Jingrui Li, Zhiqiang Li, Sheng Li
To ensure safety during coal mining, the DC electric method is frequently used for the advanced detection of concealed water-rich abnormal geological bodies located ahead of a drivage roadway. However, to some extent, the accuracy of the detection is influenced by the roadway cavity, resulting in a deviation from the actual location of the anomaly. To investigate this phenomenon, the principle of advanced detection based on a spheroidal physical model was analyzed via “comparative analyses” and “simulated” methods using COSMOL Multiphysics software. Following the principle of numerical simulations, the influence of the roadway cavity on the accuracy of the advanced DC detection method was introduced, and the ratio of apparent resistivity calculated from actual data to that calculated only with the roadway cavity was carried out to obtain the roadway correction coefficient. This coefficient was employed to correct the apparent resistivity data for advanced 3-D detection. Additionally, the response characteristics of the anomalies at different electrode layout locations in the roadway were discussed. The results show that the ratio method effectively corrects the influence of the roadway during advance detection using the DC electric method and simultaneously improves the resolution of geological anomalies and the accuracy of positioning. Additionally, the influence of the roadway was related to the relative positions of the electrodes along the roadway. When the electrodes are set at the junction of the floor and the sidewall, the obtained resistivity curve is less affected. Therefore, the resolutions of the anomalies are higher, and their positioning is more accurate. Furthermore, a practical application of the ratio method indicated that the corrected curves reflected the geological anomalies better.
{"title":"Analysis of the influence characteristics and correction effect of the mine direct current method in advance detection of roadway cavities","authors":"Haijun Xie, Jingrui Li, Zhiqiang Li, Sheng Li","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v27n2.86211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n2.86211","url":null,"abstract":"To ensure safety during coal mining, the DC electric method is frequently used for the advanced detection of concealed water-rich abnormal geological bodies located ahead of a drivage roadway. However, to some extent, the accuracy of the detection is influenced by the roadway cavity, resulting in a deviation from the actual location of the anomaly. To investigate this phenomenon, the principle of advanced detection based on a spheroidal physical model was analyzed via “comparative analyses” and “simulated” methods using COSMOL Multiphysics software. Following the principle of numerical simulations, the influence of the roadway cavity on the accuracy of the advanced DC detection method was introduced, and the ratio of apparent resistivity calculated from actual data to that calculated only with the roadway cavity was carried out to obtain the roadway correction coefficient. This coefficient was employed to correct the apparent resistivity data for advanced 3-D detection. Additionally, the response characteristics of the anomalies at different electrode layout locations in the roadway were discussed. The results show that the ratio method effectively corrects the influence of the roadway during advance detection using the DC electric method and simultaneously improves the resolution of geological anomalies and the accuracy of positioning. Additionally, the influence of the roadway was related to the relative positions of the electrodes along the roadway. When the electrodes are set at the junction of the floor and the sidewall, the obtained resistivity curve is less affected. Therefore, the resolutions of the anomalies are higher, and their positioning is more accurate. Furthermore, a practical application of the ratio method indicated that the corrected curves reflected the geological anomalies better.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135022114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v27n2.106442
Hale Eriskin, Özlem Terzi
Due to the lack of precipitation in recent years, some regions of Turkey are in danger of drought. This situation increases the importance of planning water resources and makes it necessary to develop water budget calculations. One of the important steps in water budget calculations is the correct estimation of the amount of evaporation. For this reason, a different method has been developed for evaporation estimation and the applicability of this developed method has been tested with the meteorological parameters of Lake Eğirdir, one of most important freshwater resources of Turkey. Eğirdir Lake is located within the borders of Isparta province in the Mediterranean Region, Turkey. Firstly, evaporation estimation models were developed by artificial neural networks (ANN) method using 490 days of air temperature, water temperature, sunshine duration, and solar radiation parameters of Lake Eğirdir. After the meteorological parameters were transformed into a dimensionless form through normalization, the norm function was applied to these parameters as a part of the modeling process. The values obtained by the function are used as input parameters in the N-ANN method. In both cases, the pan evaporation values obtained with different network structures were compared and it was seen that the N-ANN models developed with the norm operator in general gave more appropriate results.
{"title":"Estimation of evaporation from the water surface using the norm operator","authors":"Hale Eriskin, Özlem Terzi","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v27n2.106442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n2.106442","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the lack of precipitation in recent years, some regions of Turkey are in danger of drought. This situation increases the importance of planning water resources and makes it necessary to develop water budget calculations. One of the important steps in water budget calculations is the correct estimation of the amount of evaporation. For this reason, a different method has been developed for evaporation estimation and the applicability of this developed method has been tested with the meteorological parameters of Lake Eğirdir, one of most important freshwater resources of Turkey. Eğirdir Lake is located within the borders of Isparta province in the Mediterranean Region, Turkey. Firstly, evaporation estimation models were developed by artificial neural networks (ANN) method using 490 days of air temperature, water temperature, sunshine duration, and solar radiation parameters of Lake Eğirdir. After the meteorological parameters were transformed into a dimensionless form through normalization, the norm function was applied to these parameters as a part of the modeling process. The values obtained by the function are used as input parameters in the N-ANN method. In both cases, the pan evaporation values obtained with different network structures were compared and it was seen that the N-ANN models developed with the norm operator in general gave more appropriate results.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135021864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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