Pub Date : 2021-10-27DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v25n3.86525
E. Bekin, F. Ozcep
Soil liquefaction is one of the ground failures induced by earthquakes. Determining the safety factor and the settlements are the most common analyses to decrease liquefaction-induced failures and hazards. Scientists have suggested numerous empirical formulas to detect and mitigate liquefaction-based hazards, and they have been used over the decades. This study aims to present a user-friendly and interactive program for deterministic soil liquefaction analyses. The algorithm presented in this study, soiLique, is the first MATLAB® program, including a graphical user interface that provides the deterministic liquefaction analysis with the computation of parameters propounded with the formulas. One of the advantages of soiLique is that it allows picking the physical property of every layer (i.e., fine or coarse), which provides dealing with liquefaction prone layer(s) directly when necessary. Not only can one calculate parameters regarding soil liquefaction with the help of this program, but one also can see graphically supported results. The robustness of soiLique is checked with another soil liquefaction analysis program, SoilEngineering, which was introduced by Ozcep (2010). Calculations were done separately using real SPT data and synthetic data such as VS measurements and CPT data. The real SPT data and synthetic VS data were used to compare soiLique and SoilEngineering (Ozcep, 2010). The present study presents an example of CPT data analysis but could not be used for comparison. Comparisons reveal that outputs of soiLique and results of SoilEngineering showed a good agreement.
{"title":"A comparative soil liquefaction analysis with a Matlab® based algorithm: soiLique","authors":"E. Bekin, F. Ozcep","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v25n3.86525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n3.86525","url":null,"abstract":"Soil liquefaction is one of the ground failures induced by earthquakes. Determining the safety factor and the settlements are the most common analyses to decrease liquefaction-induced failures and hazards. Scientists have suggested numerous empirical formulas to detect and mitigate liquefaction-based hazards, and they have been used over the decades. This study aims to present a user-friendly and interactive program for deterministic soil liquefaction analyses. The algorithm presented in this study, soiLique, is the first MATLAB® program, including a graphical user interface that provides the deterministic liquefaction analysis with the computation of parameters propounded with the formulas. One of the advantages of soiLique is that it allows picking the physical property of every layer (i.e., fine or coarse), which provides dealing with liquefaction prone layer(s) directly when necessary. Not only can one calculate parameters regarding soil liquefaction with the help of this program, but one also can see graphically supported results. The robustness of soiLique is checked with another soil liquefaction analysis program, SoilEngineering, which was introduced by Ozcep (2010). Calculations were done separately using real SPT data and synthetic data such as VS measurements and CPT data. The real SPT data and synthetic VS data were used to compare soiLique and SoilEngineering (Ozcep, 2010). The present study presents an example of CPT data analysis but could not be used for comparison. Comparisons reveal that outputs of soiLique and results of SoilEngineering showed a good agreement.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44512215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-27DOI: 10.15446/ESRJ.V25N3.79170
Brahiam Hincapié, Alexander Cortés-Soto, M. Bermúdez, Santiago Yepez, Juan Sebastián Trujillo-Hernández, Blanca Myriam Salguero-Londoño, Sebastián Grande
The presence of iron oxides may provide a sensitive indicator of the effects of cropping practices on coffee plantations. Authors characterized the mineral phases present in soil A horizons at three different farms located in the Department of Tolima within the regions of Líbano and Villahermosa. Our analysis includes X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and remote sensing to discriminate the distribution of the different magnetic mineral phases. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the mineralogical properties of iron oxide such as hematite, goethite, and ferrihydrite (Fh), as well as tectosilicate minerals such as albite and sanidine. Mössbauer spectroscopy results for samples taken at room temperature indicate the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ mineral phases, which possibly correspond to ilmenite or magnetite. Finally, Sentinel-2A multi-spectral imager (MSI) data was used to map the distribution of iron oxides and study the influence of their distribution throughout the study area. A high correlation between Mössbauer spectroscopy and Sentinel-2A MSI data exists throughout the study area. The results suggest that farms close to the main Nevado del Ruíz Volcano have a more significant mineralogical variability. In contrast, more distant farms are characterized by soils with more iron oxides, the product of weathering, erosion, and human activities.
{"title":"Coffee plantation soil characterization using a multi-method approach near the Volcano Nevado del Ruiz, Colombian Central Cordillera","authors":"Brahiam Hincapié, Alexander Cortés-Soto, M. Bermúdez, Santiago Yepez, Juan Sebastián Trujillo-Hernández, Blanca Myriam Salguero-Londoño, Sebastián Grande","doi":"10.15446/ESRJ.V25N3.79170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ESRJ.V25N3.79170","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of iron oxides may provide a sensitive indicator of the effects of cropping practices on coffee plantations. Authors characterized the mineral phases present in soil A horizons at three different farms located in the Department of Tolima within the regions of Líbano and Villahermosa. Our analysis includes X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and remote sensing to discriminate the distribution of the different magnetic mineral phases. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the mineralogical properties of iron oxide such as hematite, goethite, and ferrihydrite (Fh), as well as tectosilicate minerals such as albite and sanidine. Mössbauer spectroscopy results for samples taken at room temperature indicate the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ mineral phases, which possibly correspond to ilmenite or magnetite. Finally, Sentinel-2A multi-spectral imager (MSI) data was used to map the distribution of iron oxides and study the influence of their distribution throughout the study area. A high correlation between Mössbauer spectroscopy and Sentinel-2A MSI data exists throughout the study area. The results suggest that farms close to the main Nevado del Ruíz Volcano have a more significant mineralogical variability. In contrast, more distant farms are characterized by soils with more iron oxides, the product of weathering, erosion, and human activities.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44497406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v25n2.84631
J. Mo, X. Tian, W. Shen
To effectively prevent heavy metal pollution in water sources in tourist attractions, clarify the degree of control of heavy metal pollution sources, and improve the accuracy of tracing results, a GIS-based remote sensing method of heavy metal pollution in tourist attractions is proposed. Using GIS spatial analysis method, the DEM elevation data monitored by remote sensing is obtained, the watershed geographic information is compiled, and the GPS obtains the longitude and latitude coordinates to locate the source of heavy metal pollution. The plug-in application framework is designed, and the watershed geographic information and plug-in application framework are integrated to build the pollution tracing platform. According to the mixing direction of pollutants after entering the water source, the migration and diffusion coordinate system of heavy metal pollution in the water source is established. The spatial-temporal distribution function model of heavy metal pollutants in water sources is constructed through the migration, transformation, and concentration of heavy metal pollutants in water sources. The tracing results of heavy metal pollution in water sources of scenic spots are obtained. The results showed that the order of variation coefficient of heavy metal pollution elements was Cr > Cd > Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb. The spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution elements was extremely uneven. There was a certain positive correlation between Ni and Cr, and the correlation coefficient of Cu and Zn was 0.78. The positive correlation was very significant, and the homology was very strong. Moreover, the identification result of the proposed method is very close to the real value, which can accurately trace the source of heavy metal pollution in the water source of tourist attractions, with small tracing error and high accuracy of tracing result evaluation.
{"title":"Tracing the source of heavy metal pollution in water sources of Tourist Attractions Based on GIS remote sensing","authors":"J. Mo, X. Tian, W. Shen","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v25n2.84631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n2.84631","url":null,"abstract":"To effectively prevent heavy metal pollution in water sources in tourist attractions, clarify the degree of control of heavy metal pollution sources, and improve the accuracy of tracing results, a GIS-based remote sensing method of heavy metal pollution in tourist attractions is proposed. Using GIS spatial analysis method, the DEM elevation data monitored by remote sensing is obtained, the watershed geographic information is compiled, and the GPS obtains the longitude and latitude coordinates to locate the source of heavy metal pollution. The plug-in application framework is designed, and the watershed geographic information and plug-in application framework are integrated to build the pollution tracing platform. According to the mixing direction of pollutants after entering the water source, the migration and diffusion coordinate system of heavy metal pollution in the water source is established. The spatial-temporal distribution function model of heavy metal pollutants in water sources is constructed through the migration, transformation, and concentration of heavy metal pollutants in water sources. The tracing results of heavy metal pollution in water sources of scenic spots are obtained. The results showed that the order of variation coefficient of heavy metal pollution elements was Cr > Cd > Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb. The spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution elements was extremely uneven. There was a certain positive correlation between Ni and Cr, and the correlation coefficient of Cu and Zn was 0.78. The positive correlation was very significant, and the homology was very strong. Moreover, the identification result of the proposed method is very close to the real value, which can accurately trace the source of heavy metal pollution in the water source of tourist attractions, with small tracing error and high accuracy of tracing result evaluation.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43379632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v25n2.86025
Gladys Marcela Avendaño, L. F. Cruz, Luis Enrique Cruz, Mario Garcia
The tectonic complexity to which the post-Cretaceous Cesar-Ranchería basin has been subjected has generated alterations in the evolution of its oil system, evidence of this is the lack of stratigraphic record in the Cesar sub-basin belonging to ages ranging from the Eocene to the Early Miocene. These units that are no longer present could have been deposited and eroded during this period of time, leaving their mark on the closest overlying units. Previously mentioned hypothesis oriented this research to study how the basin filling was in the time range from the Eocene to the early Miocene based on both organic (24 Tmax and 14 %Ro data) and inorganic (514 data of porosity) paleo-geothermometer data of Paleocene age formations present in two new wells ANH-LA LOMA-2 and ANH-CR-LOS CEREZOS-1X. In addition to the data provided by the wells drilled for this study, 31 published Tmax and 13 %Ro data from Los Cuervos Formation in the Calenturitas and La Jagua Mines were used. The results obtained indicate that the continuous deposition of sedimentary units did occur from the Paleocene to the middle Eocene and it is expected that the Sedimentitas del Eoceno Formation has reached a thickness between 2.5 to 3.5km with characteristics of quartz sandstones (density and compaction). This thickness of rock began to be eroded in the late Eocene to the Miocene according to recent thermo-chronological studies. The evidence obtained allow to improve the thermal evolution models of the oil system, to establish when the greatest advances were made in the transformation ratios and to estimate how the oldest source rocks of the Cesar sub-basin are currently in the studied area.
{"title":"Thermal evolution of Los Cuervos formation in the southern area of the Cesar sub-basin (Colombia), based on geochemical and petrophysical data","authors":"Gladys Marcela Avendaño, L. F. Cruz, Luis Enrique Cruz, Mario Garcia","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v25n2.86025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n2.86025","url":null,"abstract":"The tectonic complexity to which the post-Cretaceous Cesar-Ranchería basin has been subjected has generated alterations in the evolution of its oil system, evidence of this is the lack of stratigraphic record in the Cesar sub-basin belonging to ages ranging from the Eocene to the Early Miocene. These units that are no longer present could have been deposited and eroded during this period of time, leaving their mark on the closest overlying units. Previously mentioned hypothesis oriented this research to study how the basin filling was in the time range from the Eocene to the early Miocene based on both organic (24 Tmax and 14 %Ro data) and inorganic (514 data of porosity) paleo-geothermometer data of Paleocene age formations present in two new wells ANH-LA LOMA-2 and ANH-CR-LOS CEREZOS-1X. In addition to the data provided by the wells drilled for this study, 31 published Tmax and 13 %Ro data from Los Cuervos Formation in the Calenturitas and La Jagua Mines were used. The results obtained indicate that the continuous deposition of sedimentary units did occur from the Paleocene to the middle Eocene and it is expected that the Sedimentitas del Eoceno Formation has reached a thickness between 2.5 to 3.5km with characteristics of quartz sandstones (density and compaction). This thickness of rock began to be eroded in the late Eocene to the Miocene according to recent thermo-chronological studies. The evidence obtained allow to improve the thermal evolution models of the oil system, to establish when the greatest advances were made in the transformation ratios and to estimate how the oldest source rocks of the Cesar sub-basin are currently in the studied area.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67811791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most of the coal mining in China is underground, which will inevitably cause surface deformation and trigger a series of geological disasters. Therefore, it is essential to find a suitable method to forecast the ground sinking caused by underground mining. The most commonly used prediction model in China is the probability integral model (PIM). But when this model is used in the geological condition of mining under thick loose layers, the predicted edge of the sinking basin will converge faster than the actual measured sinking situation. A geometric model (GM) with a similar model shape as the PIM but with a larger boundary value was established in this paper to solve this problem. Then an improved cuckoo search algorithm (ICSA) was proposed in this paper to calculate the GM parameters. The stability and reliability of the ICSA were verified through a simulated working face. At last, the ICSA, in combination with the GM and the PIM, was used to fit 6 working faces with the geological mining condition of thick loose layers in the Huainan mining area. The results prove that GM can solve the above-mentioned PIM problem when it is used in geological mining conditions of thick loose layers. And it was obtained through comparative analysis that the GM and the PIM parameters can take the same value except for the main influence radius.
{"title":"Research on the establishment of a mining subsidence prediction model under thick loose layer and its parameter inversion method","authors":"JingXian Li, Xuexiang Yu, Deshu Chen, Xinjian Fang","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v25n2.79537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n2.79537","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the coal mining in China is underground, which will inevitably cause surface deformation and trigger a series of geological disasters. Therefore, it is essential to find a suitable method to forecast the ground sinking caused by underground mining. The most commonly used prediction model in China is the probability integral model (PIM). But when this model is used in the geological condition of mining under thick loose layers, the predicted edge of the sinking basin will converge faster than the actual measured sinking situation. A geometric model (GM) with a similar model shape as the PIM but with a larger boundary value was established in this paper to solve this problem. Then an improved cuckoo search algorithm (ICSA) was proposed in this paper to calculate the GM parameters. The stability and reliability of the ICSA were verified through a simulated working face. At last, the ICSA, in combination with the GM and the PIM, was used to fit 6 working faces with the geological mining condition of thick loose layers in the Huainan mining area. The results prove that GM can solve the above-mentioned PIM problem when it is used in geological mining conditions of thick loose layers. And it was obtained through comparative analysis that the GM and the PIM parameters can take the same value except for the main influence radius.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43235203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v25n2.80895
F. Shang, Maojun Cao, Caizhi Wang
In low permeability reservoirs, the conversion accuracy of the existing petroleum logging lithology identification method to small pore capillary pressure curve is not high, resulting in a low rock mass identification accuracy. Therefore, artificial intelligence technology is considered in this study to enhance the accuracy of lithology identification in low permeability reservoirs. Firstly, the radar mapping program is used to predict the position of reservoir oil logging, and then the small pore capillary pressure curve is converted by using the conversion method of piecewise power function scale to obtain the pore characteristics of low-permeability reservoir rocks. On this basis, the crossplot method is used to gather the pore characteristic data in well logging and form a plan, and the response parameters of well logging rock mass are obtained to realize the identification and analysis of lithology. The experimental results show that, compared with the existing identification methods, the accuracy of lithology identification in low-permeability reservoir logging is significantly increased after the application of artificial intelligence technology, and the identification process takes less time, which fully proves that the application of artificial intelligence technology is conducive to improving the performance of lithology identification.
{"title":"Application of Artificial Intelligence in Lithology Recognition of Petroleum Logging in Low Permeability Reservoirs","authors":"F. Shang, Maojun Cao, Caizhi Wang","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v25n2.80895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n2.80895","url":null,"abstract":"In low permeability reservoirs, the conversion accuracy of the existing petroleum logging lithology identification method to small pore capillary pressure curve is not high, resulting in a low rock mass identification accuracy. Therefore, artificial intelligence technology is considered in this study to enhance the accuracy of lithology identification in low permeability reservoirs. Firstly, the radar mapping program is used to predict the position of reservoir oil logging, and then the small pore capillary pressure curve is converted by using the conversion method of piecewise power function scale to obtain the pore characteristics of low-permeability reservoir rocks. On this basis, the crossplot method is used to gather the pore characteristic data in well logging and form a plan, and the response parameters of well logging rock mass are obtained to realize the identification and analysis of lithology. The experimental results show that, compared with the existing identification methods, the accuracy of lithology identification in low-permeability reservoir logging is significantly increased after the application of artificial intelligence technology, and the identification process takes less time, which fully proves that the application of artificial intelligence technology is conducive to improving the performance of lithology identification.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42264437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v25n2.84601
C. Martínez López, Albin Osvaldo Rivera Paja, Juan Carlos Menjivar Flores
In Colombia almost half of the soils are prone to erosion, where Valle del Cauca is one of the most affected departments with respect to its severity. In order to identify the susceptibility to erosion risks in terms of the rainfall erosivity and the incidence of the topographic factor in the main pineapple producing municipalities of the department, a study was carried out that contemplated the historical climatological information of more than 50 years, for which all available weather stations in the area were selected. The erosivity index (R–EI30), the modified Fournier index (MFI), and the topographic factor (LS) were estimated. The results indicate that the average MFI values ranged between (91.31 and 582.79) which correspond to the moderate, high and very high categories, the results of R-EI30 presented moderate, high, very high and extremely severe values (5076.91 MJ.mm.ha-1 - 22718.83 MJ.mm.ha-1), while the highest values of the topographic factor (with slopes up to 81°) coincide with the upper part of the river basin Dagua, predominantly in the municipality of Dagua. These values indicate that the soils in the area are susceptible to erosion risks depending on the rainfall erosivity and the topographic factor at a moderate, high and very high level, which can generate significant soil losses, and therefore they should be considered when establishing a pineapple crop.
{"title":"Susceptibility to erosion risks in soils dedicated to the pineapple cultivation in the state of Valle del Cauca, Colombia","authors":"C. Martínez López, Albin Osvaldo Rivera Paja, Juan Carlos Menjivar Flores","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v25n2.84601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n2.84601","url":null,"abstract":"In Colombia almost half of the soils are prone to erosion, where Valle del Cauca is one of the most affected departments with respect to its severity. In order to identify the susceptibility to erosion risks in terms of the rainfall erosivity and the incidence of the topographic factor in the main pineapple producing municipalities of the department, a study was carried out that contemplated the historical climatological information of more than 50 years, for which all available weather stations in the area were selected. The erosivity index (R–EI30), the modified Fournier index (MFI), and the topographic factor (LS) were estimated. The results indicate that the average MFI values ranged between (91.31 and 582.79) which correspond to the moderate, high and very high categories, the results of R-EI30 presented moderate, high, very high and extremely severe values (5076.91 MJ.mm.ha-1 - 22718.83 MJ.mm.ha-1), while the highest values of the topographic factor (with slopes up to 81°) coincide with the upper part of the river basin Dagua, predominantly in the municipality of Dagua. These values indicate that the soils in the area are susceptible to erosion risks depending on the rainfall erosivity and the topographic factor at a moderate, high and very high level, which can generate significant soil losses, and therefore they should be considered when establishing a pineapple crop.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43873974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v25n2.74025
Mehdi Nazari Sarem, Mansour Vosoghi Abedini, R. Dabiri, M. Ansari
Structurally, the study area belongs to the tectonic range of the Central Alborz. The rocks were analyzed to detect main elements as well as rare and rare earth elements. Based on microscopic studies, the rocks in the region include basalt, trachyandesite and basaltic andesite with alkaline geochemical properties. According to geochemical studies, the early magma was affected by Nb, Ti, Ta, Eu negative anomalies, the enrichment of Rhizosphere rocks of rare earth elements (LRRE), high LREE/HREE ratio and low K/Nb ratio and high ratios of Th/Nb, La/Nb, Ba/Nb, Zr/ Nb magmatic contamination. The early basaltic magma has been formed of a garnet lherzolite mantle with phlogopite/pargasite by metasomatism at a pressure of 2.5-5.3 GPa at depths of more than 80-150 km. Structural evidence suggests the formation of these volcanic rocks in intercontinental rift zones. The formation of these rocks can be attributed to the effects of intercontinental extensional phases in deep faults during Eocene Alpine orogeny phases.
{"title":"Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Basic Paleogene Volcanic Rocks in Alamut Region","authors":"Mehdi Nazari Sarem, Mansour Vosoghi Abedini, R. Dabiri, M. Ansari","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v25n2.74025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n2.74025","url":null,"abstract":"Structurally, the study area belongs to the tectonic range of the Central Alborz. The rocks were analyzed to detect main elements as well as rare and rare earth elements. Based on microscopic studies, the rocks in the region include basalt, trachyandesite and basaltic andesite with alkaline geochemical properties. According to geochemical studies, the early magma was affected by Nb, Ti, Ta, Eu negative anomalies, the enrichment of Rhizosphere rocks of rare earth elements (LRRE), high LREE/HREE ratio and low K/Nb ratio and high ratios of Th/Nb, La/Nb, Ba/Nb, Zr/ Nb magmatic contamination. The early basaltic magma has been formed of a garnet lherzolite mantle with phlogopite/pargasite by metasomatism at a pressure of 2.5-5.3 GPa at depths of more than 80-150 km. Structural evidence suggests the formation of these volcanic rocks in intercontinental rift zones. The formation of these rocks can be attributed to the effects of intercontinental extensional phases in deep faults during Eocene Alpine orogeny phases.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45823729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v25n2.62287
Ya Chu, Song-yu Liu, G. Cai
Small strain shear modulus plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of site response parameters. Only few authors used measured density and shear wave velocity (Vs) to estimate small strain shear modulus. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop the regression relationship between standard penetration test (SPT) N values and the small strain shear modulus (Gmax). For this purpose, field investigations SPT and seismic piezocone penetration test (SCPTU) data from locations in Su-Xin Expressway of China, have been used, which were also used for ground improvement project. The in situ density of soil layer was estimated using undisturbed soil samples from the boreholes. The Vs profiles with depth were obtained for the locations close to the boreholes. The values for small strain shear modulus have been calculated by measured Vs and in situ soil density. About 50 pairs of SPT-N and Gmax values were used for regression analysis. The differences between measured and corrected values which were used in fitted regression relations were analyzed. Most of the existing correlations were developed based on the studies carried out in Japan and in India, where N values are measured with hammer energy of 78%, which may not be directly applicable for other regions because of the variation in SPT hammer energy which in China is about 55%. A new correlation has been generated using the measured values in silts of China. From this study, it is found that uncorrected values of N and modulus gives the best fit regression relations when compared to corrected N and corrected modulus values. With most equation was used for sand and clay, the regression relations between corrected values of N and modulus gives the equation of silts in China.
{"title":"Characterization on the correlation between SPT-N and small strain shear modulus Gmax of Jiangsu silts of China","authors":"Ya Chu, Song-yu Liu, G. Cai","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v25n2.62287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n2.62287","url":null,"abstract":"Small strain shear modulus plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of site response parameters. Only few authors used measured density and shear wave velocity (Vs) to estimate small strain shear modulus. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop the regression relationship between standard penetration test (SPT) N values and the small strain shear modulus (Gmax). For this purpose, field investigations SPT and seismic piezocone penetration test (SCPTU) data from locations in Su-Xin Expressway of China, have been used, which were also used for ground improvement project. The in situ density of soil layer was estimated using undisturbed soil samples from the boreholes. The Vs profiles with depth were obtained for the locations close to the boreholes. The values for small strain shear modulus have been calculated by measured Vs and in situ soil density. About 50 pairs of SPT-N and Gmax values were used for regression analysis. The differences between measured and corrected values which were used in fitted regression relations were analyzed. Most of the existing correlations were developed based on the studies carried out in Japan and in India, where N values are measured with hammer energy of 78%, which may not be directly applicable for other regions because of the variation in SPT hammer energy which in China is about 55%. A new correlation has been generated using the measured values in silts of China. From this study, it is found that uncorrected values of N and modulus gives the best fit regression relations when compared to corrected N and corrected modulus values. With most equation was used for sand and clay, the regression relations between corrected values of N and modulus gives the equation of silts in China.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47257775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.15446/ESRJ.V25N2.89652
R. Muzio, N. Martino, E. Peel
Mafic dykes of lamprophyric affinity cropping out along the coastal area of Montevideo city are described. These dykes trend N75o-85o and crosscut 2.1 Ga Paleoproterozoic metamorphic units of the Rio de la Plata craton. They show mainly porphyritic textures with phlogopite and clinopyroxene macrocrysts in a groundmass composed of carbonates, phlogopite, augite, and feldspathoids. Ocellar structures filled by leucite, carbonates and fibrous alkaline amphibole are present. The mineralogical assembly allows their classification as lamprophyres (minettes), but according to their chemical nature, they can be classified as alkaline lamprophyres. A crystallization age of 1.42 Ga, by Ar-Ar method (on biotite/phlogopite) was obtained.
{"title":"Petrologic features of mesoproterozoic lamprophyric dykes from Montevideo (Piedra Alta terrane, South Uruguay)","authors":"R. Muzio, N. Martino, E. Peel","doi":"10.15446/ESRJ.V25N2.89652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ESRJ.V25N2.89652","url":null,"abstract":"Mafic dykes of lamprophyric affinity cropping out along the coastal area of Montevideo city are described. These dykes trend N75o-85o and crosscut 2.1 Ga Paleoproterozoic metamorphic units of the Rio de la Plata craton. They show mainly porphyritic textures with phlogopite and clinopyroxene macrocrysts in a groundmass composed of carbonates, phlogopite, augite, and feldspathoids. Ocellar structures filled by leucite, carbonates and fibrous alkaline amphibole are present. The mineralogical assembly allows their classification as lamprophyres (minettes), but according to their chemical nature, they can be classified as alkaline lamprophyres. A crystallization age of 1.42 Ga, by Ar-Ar method (on biotite/phlogopite) was obtained.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"157-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42333666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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