Abstract One of the medical manuscripts recovered from Tomb No. 3 at Mawangdui (dated 186 b.c.e.) states that, “When a person is born there are two things that need not to be learned: the first is to breathe and the second is to eat.” Of course it is true that all healthy newborn human beings possess the reflexes to breathe and eat. Yet, the implications of death should have been just as obvious to the ancient Chinese. Once the human brain ceases to function, there is no longer a biological need for oxygen and nourishment. Nevertheless, a large number of people in late pre-imperial and early imperial China insisted on burying food and drink with the dead. Most modern commentators take the deposition of food and drink as burial goods to be a rather trite phenomenon that warrants little reflection. To their minds both kinds of deposits were either intended to sustain the spirit of the deceased in the hereafter or simply a sacrifice to the spirit of the deceased. Yet, a closer look at the archaeological evidence suggests otherwise. By tracking the exact location of food and drink containers in late pre-imperial and early imperial tombs and by comprehensively analyzing inscriptions on such vessels in addition to finds of actual food, the article demonstrates that reality was more complicated than this simple either/or dichotomy. Some tombs indicate that the idea of continued sustenance coincided with occasional sacrifices. Moreover, this article will introduce evidence of a third kind of sacrifice that, so far, has gone unnoticed by scholarship. Such data confirms that sacrifices to spirits other than the one of the deceased sometimes were also part of funerary rituals. By paying close attention to food and drink as burial goods the article will put forth a more nuanced understanding of early Chinese burial practices and associated notions of the afterlife. 提要 馬王堆三號墓出土的一卷醫書（公元前 186 年）寫道：「人產而所不學者二，一曰息，二曰食。」 毋庸置疑，所有健康的新生兒都具備呼吸和飲食的本能。然而，死亡的意義對古人而言却没有那麼明顯。一旦大腦停止工作，人就無需氧氣和營養了。可是在晚前和早期中華帝國，人们往往用食物和酒飲作為陪葬。多數現代學者認為食物和酒飲的陪葬司空見慣，因而不值一提。在他們看来，這兩種陪葬品若不是用來供奉亡靈，就是為逝者獻祭而已。然而，對考古資料的進一步分析後，結論截然不同。通過分析晚前和早期中華帝國墓葬中食器、杯皿之確切位置，並全面解析器皿表面之文字，綜合相關食物之發現，本文証明實際情況遠比簡單的二分法複雜。一些墓葬表明，長期的供奉與偶爾的獻祭不謀而合。此外，本文將介紹目前學界未有涉及的第三類獻祭行為的證據。此證據表明，作為殯葬儀式的一部分，除了祭奠墓主的亡靈，其他亡靈也同樣得到祭奠。通過對作為陪葬品的食物和酒飲進行細緻分析，本文對早期中國殯葬傳統及相關的來世理念提出一種更細緻的解讀。
{"title":"SACRIFICE VS. SUSTENANCE: FOOD AS A BURIAL GOOD IN LATE PRE-IMPERIAL AND EARLY IMPERIAL CHINESE TOMBS AND ITS RELATION FUNERARY RITES","authors":"Armin 藏 Selbitschka 謝","doi":"10.1017/eac.2018.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2018.7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the medical manuscripts recovered from Tomb No. 3 at Mawangdui (dated 186 b.c.e.) states that, “When a person is born there are two things that need not to be learned: the first is to breathe and the second is to eat.” Of course it is true that all healthy newborn human beings possess the reflexes to breathe and eat. Yet, the implications of death should have been just as obvious to the ancient Chinese. Once the human brain ceases to function, there is no longer a biological need for oxygen and nourishment. Nevertheless, a large number of people in late pre-imperial and early imperial China insisted on burying food and drink with the dead. Most modern commentators take the deposition of food and drink as burial goods to be a rather trite phenomenon that warrants little reflection. To their minds both kinds of deposits were either intended to sustain the spirit of the deceased in the hereafter or simply a sacrifice to the spirit of the deceased. Yet, a closer look at the archaeological evidence suggests otherwise. By tracking the exact location of food and drink containers in late pre-imperial and early imperial tombs and by comprehensively analyzing inscriptions on such vessels in addition to finds of actual food, the article demonstrates that reality was more complicated than this simple either/or dichotomy. Some tombs indicate that the idea of continued sustenance coincided with occasional sacrifices. Moreover, this article will introduce evidence of a third kind of sacrifice that, so far, has gone unnoticed by scholarship. Such data confirms that sacrifices to spirits other than the one of the deceased sometimes were also part of funerary rituals. By paying close attention to food and drink as burial goods the article will put forth a more nuanced understanding of early Chinese burial practices and associated notions of the afterlife. 提要 馬王堆三號墓出土的一卷醫書（公元前 186 年）寫道：「人產而所不學者二，一曰息，二曰食。」 毋庸置疑，所有健康的新生兒都具備呼吸和飲食的本能。然而，死亡的意義對古人而言却没有那麼明顯。一旦大腦停止工作，人就無需氧氣和營養了。可是在晚前和早期中華帝國，人们往往用食物和酒飲作為陪葬。多數現代學者認為食物和酒飲的陪葬司空見慣，因而不值一提。在他們看来，這兩種陪葬品若不是用來供奉亡靈，就是為逝者獻祭而已。然而，對考古資料的進一步分析後，結論截然不同。通過分析晚前和早期中華帝國墓葬中食器、杯皿之確切位置，並全面解析器皿表面之文字，綜合相關食物之發現，本文証明實際情況遠比簡單的二分法複雜。一些墓葬表明，長期的供奉與偶爾的獻祭不謀而合。此外，本文將介紹目前學界未有涉及的第三類獻祭行為的證據。此證據表明，作為殯葬儀式的一部分，除了祭奠墓主的亡靈，其他亡靈也同樣得到祭奠。通過對作為陪葬品的食物和酒飲進行細緻分析，本文對早期中國殯葬傳統及相關的來世理念提出一種更細緻的解讀。","PeriodicalId":11463,"journal":{"name":"Early China","volume":"41 1","pages":"179 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/eac.2018.7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56561960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li, Michael Nylan, and Hans van Ess, The Letter to Ren An and Sima Qian's Legacy. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016 – ERRATUM","authors":"Lei Yang","doi":"10.1017/EAC.2017.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/EAC.2017.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11463,"journal":{"name":"Early China","volume":"40 1","pages":"316 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/EAC.2017.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49350439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Huainanzi text (淮南子 presented in 139 b.c.e. compiled by Liu An 劉安 179–122 b.c.e. ), while defining itself as a political guide, is replete with references to Music ( yue 樂) itself and music-related terms. While no chapter of the work’s twenty-one chapters is specifically dedicated to the subject of music, no single chapter of it is without musical references. This gives rise to the question: Which functions could music possibly have in such an overtly political text? What this article will examine are the interactions between music and the social and political spheres in the Huainanzi . An analysis of the text’s musical references reveals an intriguing, multidimensional attitude toward music, touching upon moral discourse, discourse on political power, cosmological perceptions, and much more. The article suggests a dual function of music in the text—on the one hand, music serves as a rhetorical tool for the authors of the Huainanzi , and on the other hand, it is a subject of discussion in its own right. For each of these functions of music, a model is proposed. The first model depicts the innovative musical conceptions of the Huainanzi ; the second demonstrates how, through an analysis of musical references in the text, a model of sagely rulership is revealed. These models are illustrated and embodied in the human realm.
{"title":"ECHOING RULERSHIP—UNDERSTANDING MUSICAL REFERENCES IN THE HUAINANZI – CORRIGENDUM","authors":"A. Rom","doi":"10.1017/EAC.2017.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/EAC.2017.1","url":null,"abstract":"The Huainanzi text (淮南子 presented in 139 b.c.e. compiled by Liu An 劉安 179–122 b.c.e. ), while defining itself as a political guide, is replete with references to Music ( yue 樂) itself and music-related terms. While no chapter of the work’s twenty-one chapters is specifically dedicated to the subject of music, no single chapter of it is without musical references. This gives rise to the question: Which functions could music possibly have in such an overtly political text? What this article will examine are the interactions between music and the social and political spheres in the Huainanzi . An analysis of the text’s musical references reveals an intriguing, multidimensional attitude toward music, touching upon moral discourse, discourse on political power, cosmological perceptions, and much more. The article suggests a dual function of music in the text—on the one hand, music serves as a rhetorical tool for the authors of the Huainanzi , and on the other hand, it is a subject of discussion in its own right. For each of these functions of music, a model is proposed. The first model depicts the innovative musical conceptions of the Huainanzi ; the second demonstrates how, through an analysis of musical references in the text, a model of sagely rulership is revealed. These models are illustrated and embodied in the human realm.","PeriodicalId":11463,"journal":{"name":"Early China","volume":"40 1","pages":"357 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/EAC.2017.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42449716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TO PUNISH THE PERSON: A READING NOTE REGARDING A PUNCTUATION MARK IN THE TSINGHUA MANUSCRIPT *MING XUN – ERRATUM","authors":"Edward L. Shaughnessy","doi":"10.1017/eac.2017.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2017.17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11463,"journal":{"name":"Early China","volume":"40 1","pages":"310 - 310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/eac.2017.17","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49152554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Barbieri-Low, Anthony J., and Robin D. S. Yates. Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China: A Study with Critical Edition and Translation of the Legal Texts from Zhangjiashan Tomb no. 247. Leiden: Brill, 2015. 2 vols. – ERRATUM","authors":"C. Sanft","doi":"10.1017/EAC.2017.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/EAC.2017.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11463,"journal":{"name":"Early China","volume":"40 1","pages":"321 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/EAC.2017.19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41724460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Compiled, selectively annotated and edited by Frank Joseph Shulman, this comprehensive bibliography and research guide is based upon the sixpage “Bibliography of the Writings of David N. Keightley” that appeared in David N. Keightley, These Bones Shall Rise Again: Selected Writings on Early China (edited and with an introduction by Henry Rosemont Jr. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2014). In its present, significantly expanded and updated version, it is designed as a classified as well as chronologically organized record and guide that can enable its users to have a better idea not only of Keightley’s many contributions to our current knowledge about early China through his research and writings but also of the evolution – the trajectory – of his scholarship between the 1960s and the early 2010s. It frequently indicates, for example, the relationship between a conference paper or a guest lecture that he delivered and a journal article/chapter in an edited volume that he subsequently published. The tables of contents or their counterparts are provided for Keightley’s English-language monographs, for many of his articles and book chapters, and for his doctoral dissertation and B.A. thesis; brief descriptive annotations appear within a substantial number of the entries; and translations are included for nearly all non-English language titles. While this work has sought to be as comprehensive as possible in its bibliographical coverage of printed publications, published and unpublished conference papers, and the scholarly reviews of his books, with a few exceptions their existence in electronic format is not explicitly indicated. Wen-Yi Huang (Ph.D. candidate in Chinese history, Department of History and Classical Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Canada) participated in various stages of the preparation of this work, and she assisted especially in the editing of the information that appears for Chinese-language publications. The other particularly notable contributors were the members of the staff of Resource Sharing & Reserves at the University of Maryland at College Park Libraries, who
这本综合参考书目和研究指南由弗兰克·约瑟夫·舒尔曼(Frank Joseph Shulman)编译、选择性注释和编辑，以戴维·n·凯特利(David N. Keightley)著作《这些骨头将再次崛起:早期中国著作选集》(由小亨利·罗斯蒙特(Henry Rosemont Jr.)编辑和介绍。奥尔巴尼，纽约州:纽约州立大学出版社，2014)中的六页“大卫·n·凯特利著作书目”为基础。在目前的版本中，它被设计成一个分类的、按时间顺序组织的记录和指南，不仅可以让它的用户更好地了解凯特利通过他的研究和著作对我们目前关于早期中国的知识的许多贡献，而且还可以更好地了解他的学术在20世纪60年代到2010年代初之间的演变-轨迹。例如，它经常表明他发表的会议论文或客座演讲与他随后出版的编辑卷中的期刊文章/章节之间的关系。目录或他们的对应物提供了Keightley的英语专著，他的许多文章和书籍章节，以及他的博士论文和学士学位论文;在大量条目中出现了简短的描述性注释;并且几乎所有非英语语言的标题都包含翻译。虽然这项工作力求尽可能全面地涵盖印刷出版物、已发表和未发表的会议论文以及他的书的学术评论的书目，但除了少数例外，没有明确指出它们以电子格式存在。黄文怡(加拿大蒙特利尔麦吉尔大学历史与古典研究系中国史博士研究生)参与了本研究的各个阶段的准备工作，特别是协助编辑中文出版物的资料。其他特别值得注意的贡献者是马里兰大学学院公园图书馆资源共享与储备的工作人员，他们
{"title":"DAVID NOEL KEIGHTLEY (1932–2017), PUBLICATIONS AND UNPUBLISHED WRITINGS: A COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESEARCH GUIDE","authors":"F. J. Shulman","doi":"10.1017/eac.2017.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2017.11","url":null,"abstract":"Compiled, selectively annotated and edited by Frank Joseph Shulman, this comprehensive bibliography and research guide is based upon the sixpage “Bibliography of the Writings of David N. Keightley” that appeared in David N. Keightley, These Bones Shall Rise Again: Selected Writings on Early China (edited and with an introduction by Henry Rosemont Jr. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2014). In its present, significantly expanded and updated version, it is designed as a classified as well as chronologically organized record and guide that can enable its users to have a better idea not only of Keightley’s many contributions to our current knowledge about early China through his research and writings but also of the evolution – the trajectory – of his scholarship between the 1960s and the early 2010s. It frequently indicates, for example, the relationship between a conference paper or a guest lecture that he delivered and a journal article/chapter in an edited volume that he subsequently published. The tables of contents or their counterparts are provided for Keightley’s English-language monographs, for many of his articles and book chapters, and for his doctoral dissertation and B.A. thesis; brief descriptive annotations appear within a substantial number of the entries; and translations are included for nearly all non-English language titles. While this work has sought to be as comprehensive as possible in its bibliographical coverage of printed publications, published and unpublished conference papers, and the scholarly reviews of his books, with a few exceptions their existence in electronic format is not explicitly indicated. Wen-Yi Huang (Ph.D. candidate in Chinese history, Department of History and Classical Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Canada) participated in various stages of the preparation of this work, and she assisted especially in the editing of the information that appears for Chinese-language publications. The other particularly notable contributors were the members of the staff of Resource Sharing & Reserves at the University of Maryland at College Park Libraries, who","PeriodicalId":11463,"journal":{"name":"Early China","volume":"40 1","pages":"17 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/eac.2017.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46363412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allan, Sarah. “The Taotie Motif on Early Chinese Ritual Bronzes.” In The Zoomorphic Imagination in Chinese Art and Culture, ed. Jerome Silbergeld and Eugene Yuejin Wang. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2016. Allard, Francis. “Globalization at the Crossroads: The Case of Southeast China during the Preand Early Imperial Period.” In The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization, ed. Tamar Hodos. London; New York: Routledge, 2017. Bagley, Robert. “Ancient Chinese Bells and the Origin of the Chromatic Scale.” Zhejiang University Journal of Art and Archaeology 浙江大學藝術 與考古研究 2 (2015), 56–102. Bagley, Robert. Gombrich among the Egyptians and Other Essays in the History of Art. Seattle: Marquand Books, 2015. Bagley, Robert. “Erligang Bronzes and the Discovery of the Erligang Culture.” In Art and Archaeology of the Erligang Civilization, ed. Kyle Steinke, 19–48. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014. Bai, Yunxiang. “Two Eastward Migrations of Bronze Craftsmen in Ancient China Seen from the Bronze Daggers Unearthed at Sangrim-ri in South Korea and the Bronze Mirrors at Hirabaru Village in Japan,” trans. Rebecca O’Sullivan. Chinese Cultural Relics 3.1–2 (2016), 218–40. Beckman, Joy. “Standing at the Mouth of the Grave: Chariot Fittings in Eastern Zhou Burials.” Artibus Asiae 76.1 (2016), 81–110. Brindley, Erica. “Cultural Identity and the Canonization of Music in Early China.” Monumenta Serica 64.2 (2016), 255–75. Bush, Susan. “Labeling the Creatures: Some Problems in Han and Six Dynasties Iconography.” In The Zoomorphic Imagination in Chinese Art and Culture, ed. Jerome Silbergeld and Eugene Yuejin Wang. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2016.
{"title":"ANNUAL BIBLIOGRAPHY*","authors":"Ursula Brosseder","doi":"10.1017/eac.2017.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2017.4","url":null,"abstract":"Allan, Sarah. “The Taotie Motif on Early Chinese Ritual Bronzes.” In The Zoomorphic Imagination in Chinese Art and Culture, ed. Jerome Silbergeld and Eugene Yuejin Wang. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2016. Allard, Francis. “Globalization at the Crossroads: The Case of Southeast China during the Preand Early Imperial Period.” In The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization, ed. Tamar Hodos. London; New York: Routledge, 2017. Bagley, Robert. “Ancient Chinese Bells and the Origin of the Chromatic Scale.” Zhejiang University Journal of Art and Archaeology 浙江大學藝術 與考古研究 2 (2015), 56–102. Bagley, Robert. Gombrich among the Egyptians and Other Essays in the History of Art. Seattle: Marquand Books, 2015. Bagley, Robert. “Erligang Bronzes and the Discovery of the Erligang Culture.” In Art and Archaeology of the Erligang Civilization, ed. Kyle Steinke, 19–48. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014. Bai, Yunxiang. “Two Eastward Migrations of Bronze Craftsmen in Ancient China Seen from the Bronze Daggers Unearthed at Sangrim-ri in South Korea and the Bronze Mirrors at Hirabaru Village in Japan,” trans. Rebecca O’Sullivan. Chinese Cultural Relics 3.1–2 (2016), 218–40. Beckman, Joy. “Standing at the Mouth of the Grave: Chariot Fittings in Eastern Zhou Burials.” Artibus Asiae 76.1 (2016), 81–110. Brindley, Erica. “Cultural Identity and the Canonization of Music in Early China.” Monumenta Serica 64.2 (2016), 255–75. Bush, Susan. “Labeling the Creatures: Some Problems in Han and Six Dynasties Iconography.” In The Zoomorphic Imagination in Chinese Art and Culture, ed. Jerome Silbergeld and Eugene Yuejin Wang. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2016.","PeriodicalId":11463,"journal":{"name":"Early China","volume":"40 1","pages":"333 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/eac.2017.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47487605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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