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Environmental Chemistry Lectures Based on System Thinking for University Students 基于系统思维的大学生环境化学讲座
Pub Date : 2019-06-04 DOI: 10.33805/2641-7383.109
K. Mizuno, T. Akitsu
This article introduces practical examples of undergraduate-level chemistry-based environmental science lectures and seminars by Prof. Akitsu. Sustainable and ecological issues are closely related to chemical problems, but there are also features that make each item complicated. We will take a structure that links problems and solutions such as the current status of environmental pollution, changes in fossil fuels, merits and demerits of power generation methods, conversion to renewable energy, new fire safety problems, and examples of further environmental pollution. Furthermore, blind solutions cannot address the "trade-off" relationship with a wide field of view, e.g., social scientific issues (cost, safety, and convenience, etc.). In this report, we describe an example where "system thinking" is desired for environmental problems that cannot be solved in a straight line.
本文介绍了秋津教授在本科阶段以化学为基础的环境科学讲座和研讨会的实例。可持续和生态问题与化学问题密切相关,但也有一些特点使每个问题都变得复杂。我们将采取一个将问题和解决方案联系起来的结构,例如环境污染的现状、化石燃料的变化、发电方法的优缺点、向可再生能源的转换、新的消防安全问题以及进一步污染环境的例子。此外,盲目的解决方案不能以广阔的视野来解决“权衡”关系,例如社会科学问题(成本、安全性和便利性等)。在这个报告中,我们描述了一个例子,在这个例子中,“系统思考”是用来解决不能用直线解决的环境问题的。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetic Field Effects on Aqueous Anionic and Cationic Surfactant Solutions Part II: Surface Tension 磁场对阴离子和阳离子表面活性剂水溶液的影响。第二部分:表面张力
Pub Date : 2019-05-20 DOI: 10.33805/2641-7383.107
E. Chibowski, A. Szcześ, L. Hołysz
Magnetic Field (MF) effects on water and dispersed systems have been studied for more than half of century. However, so far there is no complete understanding of the observed changes in the properties of studied systems if it is solely based on the classical theories of magnetic field action. In Part I of this paper we presented results of MF influence on the evaporation rate of aqueous solutions of anionic surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) and cationic one Dodecyl Trimethylammonium Bromide (DoTAB). In this paper static magnetic field effects on the surface tension of the above-mentioned surfactants are presented. The concentrations of the solutions used were both below and above their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). The solutions were under the MF action for 60 min in a closed vessel and were stirred by hand every 15 min. Previously it was found that the surface tension of pure water (distilled in a quartz apparatus) decreased by 2.1 mN/m after similar the MF treatment. Moreover, the memory effect lasted longer than 60 min. In case of the surfactant solutions the surface tension changed depending both on the kind of surfactant and its concentration. Bigger changes were observed for cationic DoTAB. In the solutions below their CMC the surface tension was lower after MF treatment. However, the surface tension of DoTAB solution at CMC increased several mN/m after the MF treatment. In the solutions concentrated above the CMC, respectively, the MF effects were practically vanishing. The observed changes are discussed in detail considering the structure of the surfactant adsorbed layers and acceleration force acting on the ions which was calculated from the Lorentz equation. To our knowledge, such results are published in the literature for the first time and they should be considered as preliminary ones. More systematic experiments are needed to better understand the observed changes.
半个多世纪以来,人们一直在研究磁场对水和分散体系的影响。然而,到目前为止,如果仅仅基于经典的磁场作用理论,还没有完全理解所研究系统的性质变化。本文第一部分研究了磁场对阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和阳离子表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DoTAB)水溶液蒸发速率的影响。本文介绍了静磁场对上述表面活性剂表面张力的影响。使用的溶液浓度既低于也高于临界胶束浓度(CMC)。溶液在密闭容器中受MF作用60分钟,每15分钟用手搅拌一次。之前发现,经过类似的MF处理后,纯水(在石英仪器中蒸馏)的表面张力降低了2.1 mN/m。记忆效应持续时间超过60 min。在表面活性剂溶液中,表面张力随表面活性剂的种类和浓度而变化。阳离子DoTAB的变化更大。在低于其CMC的溶液中,MF处理后的表面张力较低。然而,经过MF处理后,DoTAB溶液在CMC处的表面张力增加了几个mN/m。在浓度分别高于CMC的溶液中,MF效应几乎消失。考虑到表面活性剂吸附层的结构和作用于离子的加速度(由洛伦兹方程计算),详细讨论了观察到的变化。据我们所知,这样的结果是第一次在文献中发表,应该被认为是初步的。为了更好地理解所观察到的变化,需要更系统的实验。
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引用次数: 2
Magnetic Field Effects on Aqueous Anionic and Cationic Surfactant Solutions Part I: Water Evaporation 磁场对阴离子和阳离子表面活性剂水溶液的影响。第一部分:水蒸发
Pub Date : 2019-05-20 DOI: 10.33805/2641-7383.108
E. Chibowski, A. Szcześ
Static magnetic field (0.5 T) effects on water evaporation rate from anionic Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and cationic Dodecyl Trimethyl ammonium Bromide (DoTAB) 1 mM solutions were studied at room temperature and humidity for up to several hours. Keeping in mind possible practical application of the effects the experiments were intentionally carried out in a common laboratory environment and not in any sophisticated conditions. The evaporation of water from Magnetic Field (MF) treated and untreated samples were carried out simultaneously in the same environment. Although the quantitative differences in the evaporated amounts of water between MF treated and untreated samples changed from run to run, the qualitative MF effects were always reproducible. Therefore, it is believed that the observed changes are significant. It was found that the MF affects evaporation rate of water from solutions of both surfactants causing increase in the evaporated water amount in comparison to that of MF untreated sample. Prior to MF experiments first the water evaporation rate from the untreated surfactants solutions was studied. From the MF-untreated anionic surfactant solution water evaporated slower than from pure water, while from the cationic one water evaporated faster than from pure water. This difference was explained taking into account the properties of the polar (ionic) head of the surfactants, i.e. their size, ability to hydrogen bonding formation with water molecules, and the reduction of water surface tension. The MF treatment caused an increase in the evaporated water amount from both surfactants. However, a greater effect was observed for cationic DoTAB. Because the hydrocarbon tail in both surfactants is the same (C12) the observed differences were assigned to the differences in their ionic heads. Gibbs adsorption equation and Lorentz force in the gradient MF were applied to explain the differences.
研究了静磁场(0.5 T)对阴离子十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和阳离子十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DoTAB) 1 mM溶液中水分蒸发速率的影响。考虑到可能的实际应用效果,实验是有意在普通实验室环境中进行的,而不是在任何复杂的条件下进行的。在相同的环境下,同时进行了磁场处理和未处理样品中水分的蒸发。虽然经过MF处理和未处理的样品之间的水分蒸发量的定量差异随运行而变化,但定性MF效应始终是可重复的。因此,我们认为观测到的变化是显著的。结果发现,与未经MF处理的样品相比,MF影响了两种表面活性剂溶液中水分的蒸发速率,导致蒸发水量增加。在MF实验之前,首先研究了未经处理的表面活性剂溶液的水分蒸发速率。未经mf处理的阴离子表面活性剂溶液的水蒸发速度比纯水慢,而阳离子表面活性剂溶液的水蒸发速度比纯水快。考虑到表面活性剂的极性(离子)头的性质,即它们的大小,与水分子形成氢键的能力,以及水表面张力的降低,可以解释这种差异。MF处理导致两种表面活性剂的蒸发水量增加。然而,观察到阳离子DoTAB的效果更大。由于两种表面活性剂的碳氢化合物尾部是相同的(C12),因此所观察到的差异归因于它们离子头部的差异。用Gibbs吸附方程和梯度MF中的Lorentz力来解释这种差异。
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引用次数: 2
Appealing Copper(I) and Silver(I) Coordination Polymers with an Unprecedented Betainoid Assembling Ligand 引人注目的铜(I)和银(I)配位聚合物与前所未有的类甜菜碱组装配体
Pub Date : 2019-01-10 DOI: 10.33805/2641-7383.106
Dylan Amelot, Ammar Hassoun, L. Chamoreau, H. Amouri, Jamal Moussa
Two coordination polymers of coinage metals with a rare pyridinium-betainoid L assembling ligand are reported. These polymers are obtained by self-assembly of the linker L and copper(I) or silver(I) ions in acetonitrile. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods and by elemental analysis. The solid-state structures were unambiguously confirmed by single crystal diffraction studies. These assemblies exhibit original helicoidal arrangements. The UV-Vis. absorption and photoluminescence properties are reported as well.
报道了两种稀有的类甜菜碱吡啶L配体的金属配位聚合物。这些聚合物是由连接剂L和铜(I)或银(I)离子在乙腈中自组装得到的。用光谱法和元素分析对化合物进行了表征。固体结构被单晶衍射研究明确证实。这些组合呈现出原始的螺旋排列。紫外可见。此外,还报道了其吸收和光致发光特性。
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引用次数: 0
Aluminium Silicon Hypereutectic Alloys from 6063 Alloy’s Black Dross Using Silicon Lumps and Flux 用硅块和助熔剂从6063合金黑渣中提取铝硅过共晶合金
Pub Date : 2018-12-18 DOI: 10.33805/2641-7383.105
Ahmed S. Aadli
The study on the extraction of Aluminium metal from industrial waste like aluminium dross (black dross) to be used in the production of aluminium silicon hypereutectic alloy and testing the resulted hypereutectic alloy chemically, physically, and mechanically has been carried out. The amount of the black dross used undergoes pretreatment by immersion the dross samples in tap water and settled overnight to assure the maximum separation of nonmetallic, aluminium nitride, aluminium carbide and aluminium oxide, the properties of tap water used for pretreatment dross samples was recorded to see the effect of dross content on the tap water. The pretreated dross samples were dried in electric furnace at 60ₒc for 2hrs then samples of 60 gm remelted in a graphite crucible and amount of flux(sodium chloride, potassium chloride, cryolite and calcium fluoride) (1:1) is added, then different quantities of silicon lumps are added too. The graphite crucible is put in the carbolite furnace at 800ₒc for 30 minutes. The molten aluminium silicon is poured in specific moulds for the chemical and physical examination, which shows the formation of aluminium silicon hypereutectic alloys with good chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Thus the dross is a great source for both aluminium metal high grade and aluminium silicon hypereutectic alloy.
从铝渣(黑渣)等工业废渣中提取金属铝用于生产铝硅过共晶合金,并对所得过共晶合金进行了化学、物理和机械测试。将使用的黑色渣渣量浸泡在自来水中进行预处理,沉淀过夜,以保证非金属、氮化铝、碳化铝和氧化铝的最大分离,并记录预处理渣渣样品所用自来水的性能,观察渣渣含量对自来水的影响。将预处理后的渣渣样品在60ₒ℃的电炉中干燥2hrs,然后将60 gm样品在石墨坩埚中重熔,加入一定量的助熔剂(氯化钠、氯化钾、冰晶石和氟化钙)(1:1),再加入不同数量的硅块。将石墨坩埚放入800ₒ℃的碳石炉中加热30分钟。将铝硅液倒入特定的模具中进行化学和物理检测,结果表明形成的铝硅过共晶合金具有良好的化学、物理和机械性能。因此,渣滓是铝金属高品位和铝硅过共晶合金的重要原料。
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引用次数: 1
Trade-Off in Fire-Retardant Solar Cell Materials and Environmental Issues 阻燃太阳能电池材料与环境问题的权衡
Pub Date : 2018-11-09 DOI: 10.33805/2641-7383.101
T. Akitsu, K. Mizuno
In recent years, several types of solar cells, such as polycrystalline silicon, compound semiconductor and organic thin films, have been and grown and developed as one of the promising renewable energy devices for low cost and safety compared with nuclear power generation. They were composed from many components and their materials generally. As for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC), which may be high efficiency and easy to assemble but not be expensive so much, not only inorganic titanium oxide and organic or metal complex dyes but also organic solvents as electrolyte. Furthermore, a condensing lens made of plastic are also used to improve power generating efficiency.
近年来,多晶硅、化合物半导体、有机薄膜等几种类型的太阳能电池作为一种低成本、安全的可再生能源装置,与核能发电相比,得到了蓬勃发展。它们通常由许多成分和材料组成。染料敏化太阳能电池(Dye Sensitized Solar Cell, DSSC)不仅采用无机氧化钛和有机或金属络合染料,而且采用有机溶剂作为电解液,具有效率高、易于组装且价格低廉的优点。此外,还使用了塑料制成的聚光透镜来提高发电效率。
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引用次数: 1
Essential Stuffs for the Cause of Metallic Corrosion in Mineral Oils 矿物油中金属腐蚀原因的基本物质
Pub Date : 2018-11-09 DOI: 10.33805/2641-7383.103
S. Aluvihara, J. Premachandra
Metallic corrosion is a prominent interrogation regarding most of industries and even small scale applications of ferrous metals since the corrosion process is modified by some specific compounds which have been found from the natural environment. Mineral oil is a chemical compound that more prone to cause the metallic corrosion due to some specific corrosive properties of mineral oils. There were expected to enquire the impact of two different types of mineral oils on the corrosion rate of seven different types of ferrous metals. According to the methodology of the research the chemical compositions of ferrous metals, foremost corrosive properties of both mineral oils, corrosion rates of similar sized metal coupons after certain time period, qualitative analysis of the corrosion, decay of metals into the mineral oils during the corrosion and the variations of the hardness of metal coupons due to the corrosion were tested by standard methods and instruments. The lower corrosion rates from stainless steels in both mineral oils were obtained as the inceptive results of the experiment with a few of another confirmation observation regarding each investigation.
金属腐蚀是大多数工业,甚至是黑色金属的小规模应用中一个突出的问题,因为腐蚀过程是由一些从自然环境中发现的特定化合物修饰的。矿物油是一种化合物,由于矿物油的一些特殊的腐蚀性,更容易引起金属腐蚀。预计将调查两种不同类型的矿物油对七种不同类型的黑色金属腐蚀速率的影响。根据研究的方法,采用标准的方法和仪器测试了黑色金属的化学成分,主要是矿物油的腐蚀性能,一定时间后相似尺寸的金属片的腐蚀速率,腐蚀的定性分析,腐蚀过程中金属在矿物油中的衰变以及金属片因腐蚀而引起的硬度变化。不锈钢在两种矿物油中较低的腐蚀速率是作为实验的初步结果,并对每项研究进行了一些其他确认观察。
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引用次数: 0
Spectrofluorimetric Study on Inclusion Interaction of β- Cyclodextrin with Bimatoprost: Challenging to Green Analytical Applications β-环糊精与比马前列素包合作用的荧光光谱研究:对绿色分析应用的挑战
Pub Date : 2018-11-07 DOI: 10.33805/2641-7383.102
M. I. Walash, S. Toubar, Maha M AbouEl-Alamin, Maha A Elabd, N. N. Salama
Fluorescence study on inclusion interaction of bimatoprost in absence and presence of β-cyclodextrin shows significant increase in native fluorescence of bimatoprost in the presence of β-cyclodextrin. Fluorescence spectroscopy of host-guest interaction between bimatoprost and β-cyclodextrin shows formation of inclusion complex with 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. The changes of native fluorescence of bimatoprost on inclusion in the hydrophobic β-cyclodextrin cavity is used to calculate the association constant.The fluorimetric method was used for determination of bimatoprost in absence and presence of 1% (w/v) β-cyclodextrin. The studied drug shows native fluorescence at λem 285 after excitation at λex 217 nm in water. The quantum yield [QY] was calculated in absence and presence of β-CD and it was found to be increased from 0.26 to 0.31. The different experimental parameters affecting the fluorescence of the drug was carefully studied and optimized. Linearity was over the range of 25 – 250 ng/mL and 5 – 50 ng/mL in absence and presence of β-CD, respectively with detection limits of 0.05 and 0.006 ng/mL, and quantitation limits of 0.18, and 0.02 ng/mL in absence and presence of β-CD, respectively. The proposed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines, and were effectively applied to analysis of studied drug in its ophthalmic formulation. The results obtained were statistically compared with the reported method revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed methods are challenging to green. Qualitative and quantitative metrics revealed excellent eco-friendly fluorimetric method for application in QC laboratories.
在β-环糊精存在和无β-环糊精存在的情况下,对马马前列素包合作用的荧光研究表明,在β-环糊精存在的情况下,马马前列素的天然荧光显著增加。比马托前列素与β-环糊精的主-客体相互作用荧光光谱显示形成包合物,其化学计量比为1:1。利用双马前列素在疏水β-环糊精腔内包合时的天然荧光变化来计算其缔合常数。用荧光法测定了在1% (w/v) β-环糊精存在和不存在的情况下比马前列素的含量。在所研究的药物在水中λex 217 nm激发后,在λem 285处显示出天然荧光。计算了β-CD存在和不存在情况下的量子产率[QY],发现它从0.26增加到0.31。对不同实验参数对药物荧光的影响进行了仔细的研究和优化。在β-CD不存在和不存在的情况下,样品在25 ~ 250 ng/mL和5 ~ 50 ng/mL范围内呈线性关系,检测限分别为0.05和0.006 ng/mL,定量限分别为0.18和0.02 ng/mL。根据ICH指南验证了所提出的方法,并有效地应用于所研究药物的眼科配方分析。所得结果与文献报道的方法进行了统计比较,显示出较高的准确度和精密度。所提出的方法对绿色具有挑战性。定性和定量指标揭示了优良的环保荧光法应用于QC实验室。
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引用次数: 0
Flaw in Crooks Fluctuation Theorem 克鲁克斯涨落定理中的缺陷
Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.33805/2641-7383.104
Gokaran Shukla
The existence of Crooks fluctuation theorem (even at microscopic level, in a very short time period) is a direct threat to the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper, we will underline the flaw that exists in Crooks fluctuation theorem assumptions, and thus, we will confirm the validity of the second law of thermodynamics at any temperature, pressure, and at any scale (time, and length-scale) in nature. We will validate the Loschmidts paradox, and will show that no physical directional-process can be perfectly-reversible at any non-zero, finite temperature (T>0 K) and pressure (P>0) in nature.
克鲁克斯涨落定理的存在(即使在微观层面,在很短的时间内)是对热力学第二定律的直接威胁。在本文中,我们将强调克鲁克斯涨落定理假设中存在的缺陷,因此,我们将确认热力学第二定律在任何温度、压力和任何尺度(时间、长度尺度)下的有效性。我们将验证Loschmidts悖论,并将证明在自然界中任何非零的有限温度(T>0 K)和压力(P>0)下,没有物理方向过程可以完全可逆。
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引用次数: 0
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Edelweiss Chemical Science Journal
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