This article introduces practical examples of undergraduate-level chemistry-based environmental science lectures and seminars by Prof. Akitsu. Sustainable and ecological issues are closely related to chemical problems, but there are also features that make each item complicated. We will take a structure that links problems and solutions such as the current status of environmental pollution, changes in fossil fuels, merits and demerits of power generation methods, conversion to renewable energy, new fire safety problems, and examples of further environmental pollution. Furthermore, blind solutions cannot address the "trade-off" relationship with a wide field of view, e.g., social scientific issues (cost, safety, and convenience, etc.). In this report, we describe an example where "system thinking" is desired for environmental problems that cannot be solved in a straight line.
{"title":"Environmental Chemistry Lectures Based on System Thinking for University Students","authors":"K. Mizuno, T. Akitsu","doi":"10.33805/2641-7383.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2641-7383.109","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces practical examples of undergraduate-level chemistry-based environmental science lectures and seminars by Prof. Akitsu. Sustainable and ecological issues are closely related to chemical problems, but there are also features that make each item complicated. We will take a structure that links problems and solutions such as the current status of environmental pollution, changes in fossil fuels, merits and demerits of power generation methods, conversion to renewable energy, new fire safety problems, and examples of further environmental pollution. Furthermore, blind solutions cannot address the \"trade-off\" relationship with a wide field of view, e.g., social scientific issues (cost, safety, and convenience, etc.). In this report, we describe an example where \"system thinking\" is desired for environmental problems that cannot be solved in a straight line.","PeriodicalId":11477,"journal":{"name":"Edelweiss Chemical Science Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82659487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magnetic Field (MF) effects on water and dispersed systems have been studied for more than half of century. However, so far there is no complete understanding of the observed changes in the properties of studied systems if it is solely based on the classical theories of magnetic field action. In Part I of this paper we presented results of MF influence on the evaporation rate of aqueous solutions of anionic surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) and cationic one Dodecyl Trimethylammonium Bromide (DoTAB). In this paper static magnetic field effects on the surface tension of the above-mentioned surfactants are presented. The concentrations of the solutions used were both below and above their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). The solutions were under the MF action for 60 min in a closed vessel and were stirred by hand every 15 min. Previously it was found that the surface tension of pure water (distilled in a quartz apparatus) decreased by 2.1 mN/m after similar the MF treatment. Moreover, the memory effect lasted longer than 60 min. In case of the surfactant solutions the surface tension changed depending both on the kind of surfactant and its concentration. Bigger changes were observed for cationic DoTAB. In the solutions below their CMC the surface tension was lower after MF treatment. However, the surface tension of DoTAB solution at CMC increased several mN/m after the MF treatment. In the solutions concentrated above the CMC, respectively, the MF effects were practically vanishing. The observed changes are discussed in detail considering the structure of the surfactant adsorbed layers and acceleration force acting on the ions which was calculated from the Lorentz equation. To our knowledge, such results are published in the literature for the first time and they should be considered as preliminary ones. More systematic experiments are needed to better understand the observed changes.
{"title":"Magnetic Field Effects on Aqueous Anionic and Cationic Surfactant Solutions Part II: Surface Tension","authors":"E. Chibowski, A. Szcześ, L. Hołysz","doi":"10.33805/2641-7383.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2641-7383.107","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic Field (MF) effects on water and dispersed systems have been studied for more than half of century. However, so far there is no complete understanding of the observed changes in the properties of studied systems if it is solely based on the classical theories of magnetic field action. In Part I of this paper we presented results of MF influence on the evaporation rate of aqueous solutions of anionic surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) and cationic one Dodecyl Trimethylammonium Bromide (DoTAB). In this paper static magnetic field effects on the surface tension of the above-mentioned surfactants are presented. The concentrations of the solutions used were both below and above their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). The solutions were under the MF action for 60 min in a closed vessel and were stirred by hand every 15 min. Previously it was found that the surface tension of pure water (distilled in a quartz apparatus) decreased by 2.1 mN/m after similar the MF treatment. Moreover, the memory effect lasted longer than 60 min. \u0000In case of the surfactant solutions the surface tension changed depending both on the kind of surfactant and its concentration. Bigger changes were observed for cationic DoTAB. In the solutions below their CMC the surface tension was lower after MF treatment. However, the surface tension of DoTAB solution at CMC increased several mN/m after the MF treatment. In the solutions concentrated above the CMC, respectively, the MF effects were practically vanishing. The observed changes are discussed in detail considering the structure of the surfactant adsorbed layers and acceleration force acting on the ions which was calculated from the Lorentz equation. To our knowledge, such results are published in the literature for the first time and they should be considered as preliminary ones. More systematic experiments are needed to better understand the observed changes.","PeriodicalId":11477,"journal":{"name":"Edelweiss Chemical Science Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74287887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Static magnetic field (0.5 T) effects on water evaporation rate from anionic Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and cationic Dodecyl Trimethyl ammonium Bromide (DoTAB) 1 mM solutions were studied at room temperature and humidity for up to several hours. Keeping in mind possible practical application of the effects the experiments were intentionally carried out in a common laboratory environment and not in any sophisticated conditions. The evaporation of water from Magnetic Field (MF) treated and untreated samples were carried out simultaneously in the same environment. Although the quantitative differences in the evaporated amounts of water between MF treated and untreated samples changed from run to run, the qualitative MF effects were always reproducible. Therefore, it is believed that the observed changes are significant. It was found that the MF affects evaporation rate of water from solutions of both surfactants causing increase in the evaporated water amount in comparison to that of MF untreated sample. Prior to MF experiments first the water evaporation rate from the untreated surfactants solutions was studied. From the MF-untreated anionic surfactant solution water evaporated slower than from pure water, while from the cationic one water evaporated faster than from pure water. This difference was explained taking into account the properties of the polar (ionic) head of the surfactants, i.e. their size, ability to hydrogen bonding formation with water molecules, and the reduction of water surface tension. The MF treatment caused an increase in the evaporated water amount from both surfactants. However, a greater effect was observed for cationic DoTAB. Because the hydrocarbon tail in both surfactants is the same (C12) the observed differences were assigned to the differences in their ionic heads. Gibbs adsorption equation and Lorentz force in the gradient MF were applied to explain the differences.
{"title":"Magnetic Field Effects on Aqueous Anionic and Cationic Surfactant Solutions Part I: Water Evaporation","authors":"E. Chibowski, A. Szcześ","doi":"10.33805/2641-7383.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2641-7383.108","url":null,"abstract":"Static magnetic field (0.5 T) effects on water evaporation rate from anionic Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and cationic Dodecyl Trimethyl ammonium Bromide (DoTAB) 1 mM solutions were studied at room temperature and humidity for up to several hours. Keeping in mind possible practical application of the effects the experiments were intentionally carried out in a common laboratory environment and not in any sophisticated conditions. The evaporation of water from Magnetic Field (MF) treated and untreated samples were carried out simultaneously in the same environment. Although the quantitative differences in the evaporated amounts of water between MF treated and untreated samples changed from run to run, the qualitative MF effects were always reproducible. Therefore, it is believed that the observed changes are significant. It was found that the MF affects evaporation rate of water from solutions of both surfactants causing increase in the evaporated water amount in comparison to that of MF untreated sample. Prior to MF experiments first the water evaporation rate from the untreated surfactants solutions was studied. From the MF-untreated anionic surfactant solution water evaporated slower than from pure water, while from the cationic one water evaporated faster than from pure water. This difference was explained taking into account the properties of the polar (ionic) head of the surfactants, i.e. their size, ability to hydrogen bonding formation with water molecules, and the reduction of water surface tension. The MF treatment caused an increase in the evaporated water amount from both surfactants. However, a greater effect was observed for cationic DoTAB. Because the hydrocarbon tail in both surfactants is the same (C12) the observed differences were assigned to the differences in their ionic heads. Gibbs adsorption equation and Lorentz force in the gradient MF were applied to explain the differences.","PeriodicalId":11477,"journal":{"name":"Edelweiss Chemical Science Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89959732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dylan Amelot, Ammar Hassoun, L. Chamoreau, H. Amouri, Jamal Moussa
Two coordination polymers of coinage metals with a rare pyridinium-betainoid L assembling ligand are reported. These polymers are obtained by self-assembly of the linker L and copper(I) or silver(I) ions in acetonitrile. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods and by elemental analysis. The solid-state structures were unambiguously confirmed by single crystal diffraction studies. These assemblies exhibit original helicoidal arrangements. The UV-Vis. absorption and photoluminescence properties are reported as well.
{"title":"Appealing Copper(I) and Silver(I) Coordination Polymers with an Unprecedented Betainoid Assembling Ligand","authors":"Dylan Amelot, Ammar Hassoun, L. Chamoreau, H. Amouri, Jamal Moussa","doi":"10.33805/2641-7383.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2641-7383.106","url":null,"abstract":"Two coordination polymers of coinage metals with a rare pyridinium-betainoid L assembling ligand are reported. These polymers are obtained by self-assembly of the linker L and copper(I) or silver(I) ions in acetonitrile. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods and by elemental analysis. The solid-state structures were unambiguously confirmed by single crystal diffraction studies. These assemblies exhibit original helicoidal arrangements. The UV-Vis. absorption and photoluminescence properties are reported as well.","PeriodicalId":11477,"journal":{"name":"Edelweiss Chemical Science Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88933416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study on the extraction of Aluminium metal from industrial waste like aluminium dross (black dross) to be used in the production of aluminium silicon hypereutectic alloy and testing the resulted hypereutectic alloy chemically, physically, and mechanically has been carried out. The amount of the black dross used undergoes pretreatment by immersion the dross samples in tap water and settled overnight to assure the maximum separation of nonmetallic, aluminium nitride, aluminium carbide and aluminium oxide, the properties of tap water used for pretreatment dross samples was recorded to see the effect of dross content on the tap water. The pretreated dross samples were dried in electric furnace at 60ₒc for 2hrs then samples of 60 gm remelted in a graphite crucible and amount of flux(sodium chloride, potassium chloride, cryolite and calcium fluoride) (1:1) is added, then different quantities of silicon lumps are added too. The graphite crucible is put in the carbolite furnace at 800ₒc for 30 minutes. The molten aluminium silicon is poured in specific moulds for the chemical and physical examination, which shows the formation of aluminium silicon hypereutectic alloys with good chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Thus the dross is a great source for both aluminium metal high grade and aluminium silicon hypereutectic alloy.
{"title":"Aluminium Silicon Hypereutectic Alloys from 6063 Alloy’s Black Dross Using Silicon Lumps and Flux","authors":"Ahmed S. Aadli","doi":"10.33805/2641-7383.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2641-7383.105","url":null,"abstract":"The study on the extraction of Aluminium metal from industrial waste like aluminium dross (black dross) to be used in the production of aluminium silicon hypereutectic alloy and testing the resulted hypereutectic alloy chemically, physically, and mechanically has been carried out. The amount of the black dross used undergoes pretreatment by immersion the dross samples in tap water and settled overnight to assure the maximum separation of nonmetallic, aluminium nitride, aluminium carbide and aluminium oxide, the properties of tap water used for pretreatment dross samples was recorded to see the effect of dross content on the tap water. The pretreated dross samples were dried in electric furnace at 60ₒc for 2hrs then samples of 60 gm remelted in a graphite crucible and amount of flux(sodium chloride, potassium chloride, cryolite and calcium fluoride) (1:1) is added, then different quantities of silicon lumps are added too. The graphite crucible is put in the carbolite furnace at 800ₒc for 30 minutes. The molten aluminium silicon is poured in specific moulds for the chemical and physical examination, which shows the formation of aluminium silicon hypereutectic alloys with good chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Thus the dross is a great source for both aluminium metal high grade and aluminium silicon hypereutectic alloy.","PeriodicalId":11477,"journal":{"name":"Edelweiss Chemical Science Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85875422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, several types of solar cells, such as polycrystalline silicon, compound semiconductor and organic thin films, have been and grown and developed as one of the promising renewable energy devices for low cost and safety compared with nuclear power generation. They were composed from many components and their materials generally. As for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC), which may be high efficiency and easy to assemble but not be expensive so much, not only inorganic titanium oxide and organic or metal complex dyes but also organic solvents as electrolyte. Furthermore, a condensing lens made of plastic are also used to improve power generating efficiency.
近年来,多晶硅、化合物半导体、有机薄膜等几种类型的太阳能电池作为一种低成本、安全的可再生能源装置,与核能发电相比,得到了蓬勃发展。它们通常由许多成分和材料组成。染料敏化太阳能电池(Dye Sensitized Solar Cell, DSSC)不仅采用无机氧化钛和有机或金属络合染料,而且采用有机溶剂作为电解液,具有效率高、易于组装且价格低廉的优点。此外,还使用了塑料制成的聚光透镜来提高发电效率。
{"title":"Trade-Off in Fire-Retardant Solar Cell Materials and Environmental Issues","authors":"T. Akitsu, K. Mizuno","doi":"10.33805/2641-7383.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2641-7383.101","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, several types of solar cells, such as polycrystalline silicon, compound semiconductor and organic thin films, have been and grown and developed as one of the promising renewable energy devices for low cost and safety compared with nuclear power generation. They were composed from many components and their materials generally. As for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC), which may be high efficiency and easy to assemble but not be expensive so much, not only inorganic titanium oxide and organic or metal complex dyes but also organic solvents as electrolyte. Furthermore, a condensing lens made of plastic are also used to improve power generating efficiency.","PeriodicalId":11477,"journal":{"name":"Edelweiss Chemical Science Journal","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91412556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metallic corrosion is a prominent interrogation regarding most of industries and even small scale applications of ferrous metals since the corrosion process is modified by some specific compounds which have been found from the natural environment. Mineral oil is a chemical compound that more prone to cause the metallic corrosion due to some specific corrosive properties of mineral oils. There were expected to enquire the impact of two different types of mineral oils on the corrosion rate of seven different types of ferrous metals. According to the methodology of the research the chemical compositions of ferrous metals, foremost corrosive properties of both mineral oils, corrosion rates of similar sized metal coupons after certain time period, qualitative analysis of the corrosion, decay of metals into the mineral oils during the corrosion and the variations of the hardness of metal coupons due to the corrosion were tested by standard methods and instruments. The lower corrosion rates from stainless steels in both mineral oils were obtained as the inceptive results of the experiment with a few of another confirmation observation regarding each investigation.
{"title":"Essential Stuffs for the Cause of Metallic Corrosion in Mineral Oils","authors":"S. Aluvihara, J. Premachandra","doi":"10.33805/2641-7383.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2641-7383.103","url":null,"abstract":"Metallic corrosion is a prominent interrogation regarding most of industries and even small scale applications of ferrous metals since the corrosion process is modified by some specific compounds which have been found from the natural environment. Mineral oil is a chemical compound that more prone to cause the metallic corrosion due to some specific corrosive properties of mineral oils. There were expected to enquire the impact of two different types of mineral oils on the corrosion rate of seven different types of ferrous metals. According to the methodology of the research the chemical compositions of ferrous metals, foremost corrosive properties of both mineral oils, corrosion rates of similar sized metal coupons after certain time period, qualitative analysis of the corrosion, decay of metals into the mineral oils during the corrosion and the variations of the hardness of metal coupons due to the corrosion were tested by standard methods and instruments. The lower corrosion rates from stainless steels in both mineral oils were obtained as the inceptive results of the experiment with a few of another confirmation observation regarding each investigation.","PeriodicalId":11477,"journal":{"name":"Edelweiss Chemical Science Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87658292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. I. Walash, S. Toubar, Maha M AbouEl-Alamin, Maha A Elabd, N. N. Salama
Fluorescence study on inclusion interaction of bimatoprost in absence and presence of β-cyclodextrin shows significant increase in native fluorescence of bimatoprost in the presence of β-cyclodextrin. Fluorescence spectroscopy of host-guest interaction between bimatoprost and β-cyclodextrin shows formation of inclusion complex with 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. The changes of native fluorescence of bimatoprost on inclusion in the hydrophobic β-cyclodextrin cavity is used to calculate the association constant.The fluorimetric method was used for determination of bimatoprost in absence and presence of 1% (w/v) β-cyclodextrin. The studied drug shows native fluorescence at λem 285 after excitation at λex 217 nm in water. The quantum yield [QY] was calculated in absence and presence of β-CD and it was found to be increased from 0.26 to 0.31. The different experimental parameters affecting the fluorescence of the drug was carefully studied and optimized. Linearity was over the range of 25 – 250 ng/mL and 5 – 50 ng/mL in absence and presence of β-CD, respectively with detection limits of 0.05 and 0.006 ng/mL, and quantitation limits of 0.18, and 0.02 ng/mL in absence and presence of β-CD, respectively. The proposed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines, and were effectively applied to analysis of studied drug in its ophthalmic formulation. The results obtained were statistically compared with the reported method revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed methods are challenging to green. Qualitative and quantitative metrics revealed excellent eco-friendly fluorimetric method for application in QC laboratories.
{"title":"Spectrofluorimetric Study on Inclusion Interaction of β- Cyclodextrin with Bimatoprost: Challenging to Green Analytical Applications","authors":"M. I. Walash, S. Toubar, Maha M AbouEl-Alamin, Maha A Elabd, N. N. Salama","doi":"10.33805/2641-7383.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2641-7383.102","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorescence study on inclusion interaction of bimatoprost in absence and presence of β-cyclodextrin shows significant increase in native fluorescence of bimatoprost in the presence of β-cyclodextrin. Fluorescence spectroscopy of host-guest interaction between bimatoprost and β-cyclodextrin shows formation of inclusion complex with 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. The changes of native fluorescence of bimatoprost on inclusion in the hydrophobic β-cyclodextrin cavity is used to calculate the association constant.The fluorimetric method was used for determination of bimatoprost in absence and presence of 1% (w/v) β-cyclodextrin. The studied drug shows native fluorescence at λem 285 after excitation at λex 217 nm in water. The quantum yield [QY] was calculated in absence and presence of β-CD and it was found to be increased from 0.26 to 0.31. The different experimental parameters affecting the fluorescence of the drug was carefully studied and optimized. Linearity was over the range of 25 – 250 ng/mL and 5 – 50 ng/mL in absence and presence of β-CD, respectively with detection limits of 0.05 and 0.006 ng/mL, and quantitation limits of 0.18, and 0.02 ng/mL in absence and presence of β-CD, respectively. The proposed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines, and were effectively applied to analysis of studied drug in its ophthalmic formulation. The results obtained were statistically compared with the reported method revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed methods are challenging to green. Qualitative and quantitative metrics revealed excellent eco-friendly fluorimetric method for application in QC laboratories.","PeriodicalId":11477,"journal":{"name":"Edelweiss Chemical Science Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84986782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The existence of Crooks fluctuation theorem (even at microscopic level, in a very short time period) is a direct threat to the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper, we will underline the flaw that exists in Crooks fluctuation theorem assumptions, and thus, we will confirm the validity of the second law of thermodynamics at any temperature, pressure, and at any scale (time, and length-scale) in nature. We will validate the Loschmidts paradox, and will show that no physical directional-process can be perfectly-reversible at any non-zero, finite temperature (T>0 K) and pressure (P>0) in nature.
{"title":"Flaw in Crooks Fluctuation Theorem","authors":"Gokaran Shukla","doi":"10.33805/2641-7383.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2641-7383.104","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of Crooks fluctuation theorem (even at microscopic level, in a very short time period) is a direct threat to the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper, we will underline the flaw that exists in Crooks fluctuation theorem assumptions, and thus, we will confirm the validity of the second law of thermodynamics at any temperature, pressure, and at any scale (time, and length-scale) in nature. We will validate the Loschmidts paradox, and will show that no physical directional-process can be perfectly-reversible at any non-zero, finite temperature (T>0 K) and pressure (P>0) in nature.","PeriodicalId":11477,"journal":{"name":"Edelweiss Chemical Science Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87159852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}