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Improving Building Energy Efficiency through Data Analysis 通过数据分析提高建筑能源效率
DiAndra Phillip, Jin Chen, F. Maksakuli, Arber Ruci, E'edresha Sturdivant, Zhigang Zhu
For many lawmakers, energy-efficient buildings have been the main focus in large cities across the United States. Buildings consume the largest amount of energy and produce the highest amounts of greenhouse emissions. This is especially true for New York City (NYC)’s public and private buildings, which alone emit more than two-thirds of the city’s total greenhouse emissions. Therefore, improvements in building energy efficiency have become an essential target to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel consumption. NYC’s buildings’ historical energy consumption data was used in machine learning models to determine their ENERGY STAR scores for time series analysis and future prediction. Machine learning models were used to predict future energy use and answer the question of how to incorporate machine learning for effective decision-making to optimize energy usage within the largest buildings in a city. The results show that grouping buildings by property type, rather than by location, provides better predictions for ENERGY STAR scores.
对于许多立法者来说,节能建筑一直是美国各大城市的主要关注点。建筑消耗的能源最多,产生的温室气体排放量也最多。纽约市的公共和私人建筑尤其如此,仅这些建筑的温室气体排放量就占该市温室气体总排放量的三分之二以上。因此,提高建筑能效已成为减少温室气体排放和化石燃料消耗的重要目标。纽约市建筑物的历史能耗数据被用于机器学习模型,以确定其能源之星得分,用于时间序列分析和未来预测。机器学习模型被用来预测未来的能源使用,并回答了如何将机器学习纳入有效决策的问题,以优化城市中最大建筑的能源使用。结果表明,根据建筑物的属性类型而不是位置对建筑物进行分组,可以更好地预测“能源之星”得分。
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引用次数: 0
Datasheets for Energy Datasets: An Ethically-Minded Approach to Documentation 能源数据集的数据表:一种具有道德意识的文档方法
Ilana Heintz
This work presents an argument for the use of specific documentation for the ethical development, use, and sharing of energy datasets, and an evaluation of current practice in the energy AI community. Drawing on a recently developed resource from the broader machine learning community and applying it to the specific context of energy AI research, opportunities for more transparent collection and distribution of energy datasets are revealed. To help elucidate the utility of the datasheets and the energy community’s current level of documentation, two publicly available energy datasets are chosen for analysis. One has published documentation covering 66% of the datasheet questionnaire, while the second covers 42% of the suggested information. Two additional questions are recommended for energy-relevant datasheets that will promote ethical AI practices in the energy domain. A new resource for exploring and aligning energy datasets with demographic data is provided.
这项工作提出了使用特定文档进行能源数据集的道德开发、使用和共享的论点,并对能源人工智能社区的当前实践进行了评估。利用最近从更广泛的机器学习社区开发的资源,并将其应用于能源人工智能研究的具体背景,揭示了更透明地收集和分发能源数据集的机会。为了帮助阐明数据表的效用和能源社区当前的文档水平,选择了两个公开可用的能源数据集进行分析。其中一个已发布的文档涵盖了数据表问卷的66%,而第二个则涵盖了建议信息的42%。建议在能源相关数据表中增加两个问题,以促进能源领域的道德人工智能实践。提供了一种新的资源,用于探索和对齐能源数据集与人口统计数据。
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引用次数: 0
Spatiotemporal Carbon-aware Scheduling in the Cloud: Limits and Benefits 云中的时空碳感知调度:限制和好处
Thanathorn Sukprasert, Abel Souza, Noman Bashir, David E. Irwin, P. Shenoy
As the demand for computing continues to grow exponentially and datacenters are already highly optimized, many have suggested leveraging computing workload's spatiotemporal flexibility. However, different workloads may have different degrees of flexibility, including execution deadlines, data protection laws, or latency requirements. These constraints, along with many others, limit the potential benefits of carbon-aware spatiotemporal workload shifting; the achievable benefits of these approaches are unclear-an aspect not addressed by prior research. Accurately quantifying the achievable benefits of carbon-aware spatiotemporal workload scheduling is critically important, as many in research and industry are already devoting significant time and resources to realize these benefits. To address the problem, we conduct a large-scale longitudinal analysis of carbon-aware spatiotemporal workload shifting to answer the following research question: What are the maximum carbon emission reductions that can be achieved due to temporal and spatial workload shifting for different types of cloud workloads and in different parts of the world?
随着对计算的需求持续呈指数级增长,数据中心已经得到了高度优化,许多人建议利用计算工作负载的时空灵活性。但是,不同的工作负载可能具有不同程度的灵活性,包括执行截止日期、数据保护法或延迟要求。这些限制以及许多其他限制限制了对碳敏感的时空工作量转移的潜在好处;这些方法的可实现的好处尚不清楚,这是先前研究没有涉及的一个方面。准确量化具有碳意识的时空工作负载调度的可实现效益至关重要,因为许多研究和行业已经投入了大量时间和资源来实现这些效益。为了解决这一问题,我们对碳意识的时空工作负载转移进行了大规模的纵向分析,以回答以下研究问题:对于不同类型的云工作负载和世界不同地区,由于时空工作负载转移可以实现的最大碳减排是什么?
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引用次数: 1
A Classification Model for Real-time Identification of Solar Curtailment in the California Grid 加利福尼亚电网太阳能弃风实时识别的分类模型
J. Gorka, Line A. Roald
Higher penetration of renewable generation has led to a large increase in 'curtailment', i.e. periods in which generation from renewable resources is lost as a result of insufficient demand or lacking grid transmission capacity. Electricity consumers could help avoid curtailment - and reduce emissions - by shifting their consumption to time periods with curtailment. However, their ability to do so is severely limited by a lack of real-time curtailment information. To address this issue, we present a classification model based on gradient-boosted learning which identifies solar curtailment in real time for the California grid. The model relies only on publicly-available, real-time grid information, and is tuned specifically to capture time periods with high curtailment. Our analysis shows that the proposed classifier can precisely and reliably identify solar curtailments.
可再生能源发电普及率的提高导致了“弃电”的大幅增加,即由于需求不足或缺乏电网传输能力而导致可再生能源发电损失的时期。电力消费者可以通过将他们的消费转移到削减的时间段来帮助避免削减-并减少排放。然而,由于缺乏实时限电信息,他们这样做的能力受到严重限制。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一个基于梯度增强学习的分类模型,该模型可以实时识别加州电网的太阳能弃风。该模型仅依赖于公开可用的实时电网信息,并专门针对高弃风时段进行了调整。分析表明,所提出的分类器能够准确、可靠地识别太阳能弃风。
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引用次数: 0
Planning data center waste heat re-use in a university campus - a case study and software tools 规划大学校园数据中心废热再利用-案例研究和软件工具
J. Adamski, Radosław Górzeński, Turhan Can Kargin, Łukasz Malewski, Ariel Oleksiak, Franciszek Sidorski
Data centers are huge energy consumers but also a source of significant amounts of waste heat. Within this paper we present approach to re-use the data center waste heat both locally and in connection to a district heating network. The heat re-use design and analysis process is supported by the methodology and software tools developed by the RENergetic project. The analysis is performed based on a case study of the university campus and a data center located in a close neighbourhood.
数据中心是巨大的能源消耗者,也是大量废热的来源。在本文中,我们提出了在本地和连接到区域供热网络中重新利用数据中心废热的方法。热再利用设计和分析过程由renergergian项目开发的方法和软件工具支持。该分析是基于大学校园和位于附近的数据中心的案例研究进行的。
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引用次数: 0
Power Profiler: Monitoring Energy Consumption of ML Algorithms on Android Mobile Devices Power Profiler:在Android移动设备上监测ML算法的能耗
Karim Boubouh, Robert Basmadjian
Energy efficiency is a critical concern for machine learning (ML) algorithms deployed in data centers. Recently, many works in the literature have focused on running ML algorithms on energy-efficient and constrained hardware, such as mobile phones, to reduce the energy footprint of training ML models. This paper introduces the Power Profiler, an open-source monitoring platform that provides valuable insights into the energy consumption of ML algorithms on Android mobile devices. By capturing key performance indicators (KPIs) such as voltage, current, and CPU usage, the Power Profiler enables real-time monitoring of their energy usage. It eliminates the need for custom hardware installations and facilitates the development of energy-efficient ML models. The Power Profiler can empower researchers to understand and optimize the energy consumption patterns of ML algorithms, facilitating the creation of sustainable ML models for energy-efficient mobile deployments.
对于部署在数据中心的机器学习(ML)算法来说,能源效率是一个关键问题。最近,文献中的许多工作都专注于在节能和受限的硬件(如手机)上运行ML算法,以减少训练ML模型的能量足迹。本文介绍了Power Profiler,这是一个开源监控平台,可以提供有关Android移动设备上机器学习算法能耗的宝贵见解。通过捕获关键性能指标(kpi),如电压、电流和CPU使用情况,Power Profiler可以实时监控其能源使用情况。它消除了定制硬件安装的需要,并促进了节能ML模型的开发。Power Profiler可以帮助研究人员了解和优化机器学习算法的能耗模式,促进为节能移动部署创建可持续的机器学习模型。
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引用次数: 1
A new Data-Driven Approach for Comparative Assessment of Baseline Load Profiles Supporting the Planning of Future Charging Infrastructure 支持未来充电基础设施规划的基线负荷概况比较评估的新数据驱动方法
Johannes Galenzowski, Simon Waczowicz, V. Hagenmeyer
In order to achieve the worldwide set ambitious climate goals, the identification and characterization of flexibility in city districts can reduce grid loads and avoid grid congestion. Unlike other flexibility indicators in the literature, the present paper introduces a new flexibility indicator that uses a data-driven approach to determine flexibility from actual measured load profiles. We present this new indicator by considering flexibility in the context of planning charging infrastructure with a valley filling approach. For this use case, we introduce a data-analysis workflow to apply the presented flexibility indicator. The described data-analysis workflow is applied to data from a real-world city district. Based on the results from the real-world data, we show that the highest peak load and the least flexible peak are not always identical. Therefore, it is not sufficient to consider only the highest peak loads to adequately describe flexibility. Furthermore, we discuss that additional flexibility can be used as another degree of freedom to optimize the charging power or the charging duration. In the presented real-world data, we show that the maximum required charging power is determined by the most inflexible peak and can be the same or smaller for all peaks with a higher flexibility. Moreover, we highlight the difference between considering buildings individually and combining them as a district.
为了实现世界范围内设定的雄心勃勃的气候目标,城市区域灵活性的识别和表征可以减少电网负荷并避免电网拥堵。与文献中的其他灵活性指标不同,本文引入了一种新的灵活性指标,该指标使用数据驱动的方法从实际测量的负载概况中确定灵活性。我们提出了这一新的指标,通过考虑在规划充电基础设施的情况下的灵活性与山谷填充方法。对于这个用例,我们引入一个数据分析工作流来应用所提供的灵活性指标。所描述的数据分析工作流应用于来自真实城市区域的数据。根据实际数据的结果,我们发现最高峰值负载和最不灵活的峰值并不总是相同的。因此,仅考虑最高峰值负荷是不足以充分描述灵活性的。此外,我们还讨论了额外的灵活性可以作为另一个自由度来优化充电功率或充电持续时间。在给出的实际数据中,我们表明,所需的最大充电功率由最不灵活的峰值决定,并且对于具有更高灵活性的所有峰值可以相同或更小。此外,我们强调了单独考虑建筑和将它们组合成一个区域之间的区别。
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引用次数: 1
Worship Facilities in India: A Large Unexplored Goldmine for Decarbonization 印度的礼拜设施:一个未开发的脱碳大金矿
Balaji Kalluri, P. Arjunan
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引用次数: 0
Data-driven Algorithms for Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Ride-sharing Ecosystems 减少拼车生态系统碳足迹的数据驱动算法
Mahsa Sahebdel, A. Zeynali, Noman Bashir, M. Hajiesmaili, Jimi B. Oke
Urban mobility contributes 40% of CO2 emissions from road transport, which is projected to double by 2050 [6]. Ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft have transformed urban mobility by providing convenient and on-demand personal transportation through smartphone applications. However, their success has resulted in an increase in traffic and congestion on roads?a type of rebound effect. For example, in New York City, ride-sharing accounts for over 50% of road traffic. Recent studies estimate that a typical ride-sharing trip is less efficient than a personal car trip, mainly due to "deadhead" miles traveled by a ride-share vehicle between consecutive hired rides, resulting in 36-45% higher distance travelled and upto 47% higher CO2 emissions compared to a private car ride [3]. As a result, there is a need to develop emission-aware ride-assignment algorithms that reduce emissions from deadhead miles. Recent work has used theoretical as well as data-driven and machine learning (ML) approaches to improve the performance of ride-sharing platforms. For example, Abkarian et al. [1] present a model that aims to balance the tradeoff between waiting times and deadhead mileage driven by the vehicles in the fleet. Ke et al. [4] propose a novel spatio-temporal deep learning approach that uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to model the spatial distribution of demand and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to model the temporal patterns in ride demand. While these studies focus on improving the performance of ride-sharing services, they do not explicitly target reducing deadhead miles. The most relevant work to ours targets reducing deadhead miles for individual trips [5]. Authors combine demand predictions with a heuristic approach to driver assignment to demonstrate up to 82% reduction in trip-level deadhead miles. However, their approach may not effectively reduce system-wide deadhead miles and emissions, which depend on factors like fuel efficiency and traffic conditions. Furthermore, they neither consider EVs nor do they take equity into account. Our work takes a holistic approach toward designing multi-objective ride assignment optimizations, aiming to reduce emissions from deadhead miles, incorporate equity considerations, and account for EVs in ride-sharing fleets. In this paper, we present a preliminary study illustrating the benefits of emission-aware ride assignment and propose combining data-driven algorithms and machine learning to enhance online decision-making processes.
城市交通占道路交通二氧化碳排放量的40%,预计到2050年将翻一番[6]。优步和Lyft等拼车服务通过智能手机应用程序提供方便和按需的个人交通,改变了城市交通。然而,他们的成功导致了交通和道路拥堵的增加。一种反弹效应。例如,在纽约市,拼车占道路交通量的50%以上。最近的研究估计,典型的拼车出行不如私家车出行效率高,主要原因是在连续的租用行程之间,拼车车辆行驶了“死头”里程,导致与私家车出行相比,其行驶距离高出36-45%,二氧化碳排放量高出47%[3]。因此,有必要开发一种能够感知排放的乘车分配算法,以减少无车行驶里程的排放。最近的工作使用理论以及数据驱动和机器学习(ML)方法来提高拼车平台的性能。例如,Abkarian等人[1]提出了一个模型,该模型旨在平衡车队中车辆驾驶的等待时间和死路里程之间的权衡。Ke等人[4]提出了一种新的时空深度学习方法,该方法使用卷积神经网络(CNN)来模拟需求的空间分布,并使用长短期记忆(LSTM)网络来模拟乘车需求的时间模式。虽然这些研究的重点是提高拼车服务的性能,但它们并没有明确地以减少拥堵里程为目标。与我们的目标最相关的工作是减少个人出行的拥堵里程[5]。作者将需求预测与启发式的驾驶员分配方法相结合,证明了出行水平的死路里程减少了82%。然而,他们的方法可能无法有效地减少全系统的死车里程和排放,这取决于燃油效率和交通状况等因素。此外,他们既不考虑电动汽车,也不考虑股权。我们的工作采用了一种整体的方法来设计多目标的出行分配优化,旨在减少死路里程的排放,纳入公平考虑,并考虑到共享出行车队中的电动汽车。在本文中,我们提出了一项初步研究,说明了排放感知乘车分配的好处,并建议将数据驱动算法和机器学习相结合,以增强在线决策过程。
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引用次数: 0
Homomorphic Encryption Enables Data and Algorithm Confidentiality for Remote Monitoring and Control: An Application to Data Center Systems 同态加密为远程监控提供数据和算法保密性:在数据中心系统中的应用
Henrik Forsgren, Rickard Brännvall, Mattias Vesterlund, T. Minde
The design of intelligent algorithms used for device monitoring and control can be costly and is an investment that must be protected against reverse engineering by competitors. An algorithm can be safeguarded by running remotely from the cloud instead of locally on the equipment hardware. However, such a setup requires that sensitive data is sent from the device to the cloud. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is an emerging technology that offers a solution to this problem since it enables computation on encrypted data. A cloud service using FHE can protect its proprietary algorithms while simultaneously offering customer data confidentiality. The computational overhead for the technology is, however, still very high. This work reports on a practical investigation of using FHE for data center remote control problems: What applications are feasible today? And at what cost?
用于设备监测和控制的智能算法的设计可能是昂贵的,并且是一项必须防止竞争对手进行逆向工程的投资。可以通过从云端远程运行而不是在设备硬件上本地运行来保护算法。然而,这种设置需要将敏感数据从设备发送到云端。完全同态加密(FHE)是一种新兴的技术,它为这个问题提供了解决方案,因为它支持对加密数据进行计算。使用FHE的云服务可以保护其专有算法,同时为客户提供数据保密性。然而,该技术的计算开销仍然非常高。这项工作报告了使用FHE解决数据中心远程控制问题的实际调查:今天哪些应用是可行的?代价是什么?
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引用次数: 0
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Companion Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems
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