{"title":"Anisotropy of iron and its alloys","authors":"","doi":"10.1049/pbpo157f_ch9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo157f_ch9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78341879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For in-depth understanding and more accurate predictions of the performance of modern soft magnetic materials, particularly under a.c. magnetisation, the more complex structures present in real materials must be taken into account. This calls for methods of directly observing and quantifying static and dynamic domain structures. The following sections cover the most common domain observation techniques, roughly in chronological order of their first usage, which not surprisingly corresponds roughly according to their capability. These include powder techniques, optical methods such as the magneto-optical effect, magnetic force microscopy etc. They are all applicable for domain observation on any magnetic material but emphasis is placed on their relevance to electrical steels.
{"title":"Methods of observing magnetic domains in electrical steels","authors":"A. Moses, P. Anderson, K. Jenkins, H. Stanbury","doi":"10.1049/pbpo157f_ch4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo157f_ch4","url":null,"abstract":"For in-depth understanding and more accurate predictions of the performance of modern soft magnetic materials, particularly under a.c. magnetisation, the more complex structures present in real materials must be taken into account. This calls for methods of directly observing and quantifying static and dynamic domain structures. The following sections cover the most common domain observation techniques, roughly in chronological order of their first usage, which not surprisingly corresponds roughly according to their capability. These include powder techniques, optical methods such as the magneto-optical effect, magnetic force microscopy etc. They are all applicable for domain observation on any magnetic material but emphasis is placed on their relevance to electrical steels.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83918233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Background to modern electrical steels","authors":"","doi":"10.1049/pbpo157f_ch13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo157f_ch13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91149901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter discusses the advent of nano-crystalline and amorphous soft magnetic materials and their properties and production methods. The magnetic material is produced commercially in the form of ribbon much thinner than any electrical steel, so eddy currents are naturally low under a.c. excitation. This, combined with inherent large resistivity, leads to low losses. No grain boundaries are present to impede domain wall motion, so hysteresis losses are low and very high permeability can be achieved. It was soon recognised that amorphous ribbon was indeed an exciting new class of engineering material which not only could replace conventional soft magnetic materials in many applications but could also satisfy magnetic requirements in entirely new applications.
{"title":"Amorphous and nano-crystalline soft magnetic materials","authors":"A. Moses, P. Anderson, K. Jenkins, H. Stanbury","doi":"10.1049/pbpo157f_ch15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo157f_ch15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the advent of nano-crystalline and amorphous soft magnetic materials and their properties and production methods. The magnetic material is produced commercially in the form of ribbon much thinner than any electrical steel, so eddy currents are naturally low under a.c. excitation. This, combined with inherent large resistivity, leads to low losses. No grain boundaries are present to impede domain wall motion, so hysteresis losses are low and very high permeability can be achieved. It was soon recognised that amorphous ribbon was indeed an exciting new class of engineering material which not only could replace conventional soft magnetic materials in many applications but could also satisfy magnetic requirements in entirely new applications.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79731422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mechanical stress can causes magnetoelastic energy to be stored in a magnetic material. When this happens the magnetic domain structure changes to minimise the total energy. This, in turn, affects all the structure sensitive magnetic properties such as losses, permeability and magnetostriction. This chapter opens with an explanation of the effect of stress on simple domain structures in iron or SiFe single crystals. This knowledge can be used to understand the practical stress sensitivity characteristics of real materials discussed in Chapters 5, 6, and 8 of Volume 2 of this book.
{"title":"Effect of mechanical stress on loss, permeability and magnetostriction","authors":"A. Moses, P. Anderson, K. Jenkins, H. Stanbury","doi":"10.1049/pbpo157f_ch11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo157f_ch11","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanical stress can causes magnetoelastic energy to be stored in a magnetic material. When this happens the magnetic domain structure changes to minimise the total energy. This, in turn, affects all the structure sensitive magnetic properties such as losses, permeability and magnetostriction. This chapter opens with an explanation of the effect of stress on simple domain structures in iron or SiFe single crystals. This knowledge can be used to understand the practical stress sensitivity characteristics of real materials discussed in Chapters 5, 6, and 8 of Volume 2 of this book.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84787965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter will give an overview of the most currently used measurement methods applicable to electrical steels with a particular focus on methods which have been standardised or are in the process of standardisation. Although termed magnetic measurements almost all of the methods discussed are electrical measurements from which the magnetic properties can be calculated. The most fundamental of these is commonly referred to as the B-H curve which characterises the response of the magnetic material to an applied field. The authors discuss the effects of simple geometry on measurement characteristics and the various sensing methods. These include flux density sensing, A.C. measurements of losses and permeability, magnetostriction measurements, on-line measurements, surface insulation testing and Barkhausen noise measurement.
{"title":"Magnetic measurements on electrical steels","authors":"A. Moses, P. Anderson, K. Jenkins, H. Stanbury","doi":"10.1049/pbpo157f_ch12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo157f_ch12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will give an overview of the most currently used measurement methods applicable to electrical steels with a particular focus on methods which have been standardised or are in the process of standardisation. Although termed magnetic measurements almost all of the methods discussed are electrical measurements from which the magnetic properties can be calculated. The most fundamental of these is commonly referred to as the B-H curve which characterises the response of the magnetic material to an applied field. The authors discuss the effects of simple geometry on measurement characteristics and the various sensing methods. These include flux density sensing, A.C. measurements of losses and permeability, magnetostriction measurements, on-line measurements, surface insulation testing and Barkhausen noise measurement.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72751181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter focuses on the magnetic properties of nickel-iron, cobalt-iron and aluminium-iron alloys, which are established soft magnetic materials. The authors consider how each alloy presents varying magnetic properties allowing them to be used for different scenarios. Properties such as magnetic permeability, saturation magnetisation, magnetostriction constant and magnetocrystal anisotropy constant are discussed and compared across the different alloy compositions.
{"title":"Nickel–iron, cobalt–iron and aluminium–iron alloys","authors":"A. Moses, P. Anderson, K. Jenkins, H. Stanbury","doi":"10.1049/pbpo157f_ch16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo157f_ch16","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the magnetic properties of nickel-iron, cobalt-iron and aluminium-iron alloys, which are established soft magnetic materials. The authors consider how each alloy presents varying magnetic properties allowing them to be used for different scenarios. Properties such as magnetic permeability, saturation magnetisation, magnetostriction constant and magnetocrystal anisotropy constant are discussed and compared across the different alloy compositions.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79917162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All magnetic properties of engineering materials are temperature dependent to varying degrees. This is to be expected since their intrinsic saturation magnetisation, magnetostriction and magnetocrystalline anisotropy are all temperature sensitive. These determine the domain structure within a magnetic material, hence the magnetic properties at any temperature. This chapter summarises the temperature dependence of structure insensitive magnetic properties of important soft magnetic materials. This is followed by a presentation of temperature characteristics of structure sensitive properties of some families of commercial soft magnetic materials. The chapter concludes with sections covering low temperature characteristics, approaches to modelling temperature effects, possible effects of temperature gradients in magnetic cores and the general effects of irradiation on magnetic properties.
{"title":"Temperature and irradiation dependence of magnetic and mechanical properties of soft magnetic materials","authors":"A. Moses, P. Anderson, K. Jenkins, H. Stanbury","doi":"10.1049/pbpo157f_ch18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo157f_ch18","url":null,"abstract":"All magnetic properties of engineering materials are temperature dependent to varying degrees. This is to be expected since their intrinsic saturation magnetisation, magnetostriction and magnetocrystalline anisotropy are all temperature sensitive. These determine the domain structure within a magnetic material, hence the magnetic properties at any temperature. This chapter summarises the temperature dependence of structure insensitive magnetic properties of important soft magnetic materials. This is followed by a presentation of temperature characteristics of structure sensitive properties of some families of commercial soft magnetic materials. The chapter concludes with sections covering low temperature characteristics, approaches to modelling temperature effects, possible effects of temperature gradients in magnetic cores and the general effects of irradiation on magnetic properties.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83639221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waveform analysis is widely applied to measurement and computational analysis of B-H characteristics, magnetostriction and losses of electrical steels and other soft magnetic materials. The fundamentals of waveform analysis relevant to these applications are presented in this chapter for the benefit of readers who might be less familiar with the topic. The chapter gives a brief introduction to waveform analysis before focusing on the occurrence and common applications related to magnetic parameters particularly important in the application of soft magnetic materials in power devices.
{"title":"Fundamentals of a.c. signals","authors":"A. Moses, P. Anderson, K. Jenkins, H. Stanbury","doi":"10.1049/pbpo157f_ch6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo157f_ch6","url":null,"abstract":"Waveform analysis is widely applied to measurement and computational analysis of B-H characteristics, magnetostriction and losses of electrical steels and other soft magnetic materials. The fundamentals of waveform analysis relevant to these applications are presented in this chapter for the benefit of readers who might be less familiar with the topic. The chapter gives a brief introduction to waveform analysis before focusing on the occurrence and common applications related to magnetic parameters particularly important in the application of soft magnetic materials in power devices.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88844460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Losses and eddy currents in soft magnetic materials","authors":"","doi":"10.1049/pbpo157f_ch7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo157f_ch7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82162358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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