Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410439
This chapter describes the causes of cracking, embrittlement, and low toughness in carbon and low-alloy steels and their differentiating fracture surface characteristics. It discusses the interrelated effects of composition, processing, and microstructure and contributing factors such as hot shortness associated with copper and overheating and burning as occur during forging. It addresses various types of embrittlement, including quench embrittlement, tempered-martensite embrittlement, liquid-metal-induced embrittlement, and hydrogen embrittlement, and concludes with a discussion on high-temperature hydrogen attack and its effect on strength and ductility.
{"title":"Low Toughness and Embrittlement Phenomena in Steels","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410439","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the causes of cracking, embrittlement, and low toughness in carbon and low-alloy steels and their differentiating fracture surface characteristics. It discusses the interrelated effects of composition, processing, and microstructure and contributing factors such as hot shortness associated with copper and overheating and burning as occur during forging. It addresses various types of embrittlement, including quench embrittlement, tempered-martensite embrittlement, liquid-metal-induced embrittlement, and hydrogen embrittlement, and concludes with a discussion on high-temperature hydrogen attack and its effect on strength and ductility.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90113529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410197
Isothermal and continuous cooling transformation (CT) diagrams help users map out diffusion-controlled phase transformations of austenite to various mixtures of ferrite and cementite. This chapter discusses the application as well as limitations of these engineering tools in the context of heat treating eutectoid, hypoeutectoid, and proeutectoid steels. It also provides references to large collections of transformation diagrams and includes several diagrams that plot quenching and hardening transformations as a function of bar diameter.
{"title":"Isothermal and Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410197","url":null,"abstract":"Isothermal and continuous cooling transformation (CT) diagrams help users map out diffusion-controlled phase transformations of austenite to various mixtures of ferrite and cementite. This chapter discusses the application as well as limitations of these engineering tools in the context of heat treating eutectoid, hypoeutectoid, and proeutectoid steels. It also provides references to large collections of transformation diagrams and includes several diagrams that plot quenching and hardening transformations as a function of bar diameter.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78875542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410647
This appendix is a compilation of approximate equivalent hardness numbers and tensile strengths for carbon and alloy steels in the annealed, normalized, and quenched-and-tempered conditions.
本附录汇编了碳钢和合金钢在退火、正火和调质条件下的近似等效硬度值和抗拉强度。
{"title":"Hardness Conversions","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410647","url":null,"abstract":"This appendix is a compilation of approximate equivalent hardness numbers and tensile strengths for carbon and alloy steels in the annealed, normalized, and quenched-and-tempered conditions.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90987348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tools steels are defined by their wear resistance, hardness, and durability which, in large part, is achieve by the presence of carbide-forming alloys such as chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium. This chapter describes the alloying principles employed in various tool steels, including high-speed, water-hardening, shock-resistant, and hot and cold work tool steels. It discusses the influence of alloy design on the evolution of microstructure and properties during solidification, heat treating, and hardening operations. It also describes critical phase transformations and the effects of partitioning, precipitation, segregation, and retained austenite.
{"title":"Tool Steels","authors":"","doi":"10.3403/30337414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3403/30337414","url":null,"abstract":"Tools steels are defined by their wear resistance, hardness, and durability which, in large part, is achieve by the presence of carbide-forming alloys such as chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium. This chapter describes the alloying principles employed in various tool steels, including high-speed, water-hardening, shock-resistant, and hot and cold work tool steels. It discusses the influence of alloy design on the evolution of microstructure and properties during solidification, heat treating, and hardening operations. It also describes critical phase transformations and the effects of partitioning, precipitation, segregation, and retained austenite.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87532243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410335
The properties of martensite and the mechanisms that govern its formation are the key to understanding hardness and the hardenability of carbon steel. Martensite is a transformation product of austenite that requires rapid cooling to suppress diffusion-dependent transformation pathways. This chapter describes the conditions that must be met for martensite to form. It discusses the role of quenching and the factors that affect cooling rate, including heat transfer, thermal diffusivity, emissivity, and section size. It defines hardenability and explains how to quantify it using the Grossmann-Bain approach or Jominy end-quench testing. It also explains how hardenability can be improved through the addition of boron, phosphorus, and other alloys.
{"title":"Hardness and Hardenability","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410335","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The properties of martensite and the mechanisms that govern its formation are the key to understanding hardness and the hardenability of carbon steel. Martensite is a transformation product of austenite that requires rapid cooling to suppress diffusion-dependent transformation pathways. This chapter describes the conditions that must be met for martensite to form. It discusses the role of quenching and the factors that affect cooling rate, including heat transfer, thermal diffusivity, emissivity, and section size. It defines hardenability and explains how to quantify it using the Grossmann-Bain approach or Jominy end-quench testing. It also explains how hardenability can be improved through the addition of boron, phosphorus, and other alloys.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84402085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410213
This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of ferritic microstructures and its influence on tensile deformation, strain hardening, and ductile fracture of carbon steels. It describes the ductile-to-brittle transition that occurs in bcc ferrite, the effects of aging and grain size on strength and toughness, continuous and discontinuous yielding behaviors, and dispersion and solid-solution strengthening processes.
{"title":"Deformation, Strengthening, and Fracture of Ferritic Microstructures","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410213","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of ferritic microstructures and its influence on tensile deformation, strain hardening, and ductile fracture of carbon steels. It describes the ductile-to-brittle transition that occurs in bcc ferrite, the effects of aging and grain size on strength and toughness, continuous and discontinuous yielding behaviors, and dispersion and solid-solution strengthening processes.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80158271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410315
This chapter describes the mechanical properties of fully pearlitic microstructures and their suitability for wire and rail applications. It begins by describing the ever-increasing demands placed on rail steels and the manufacturing methods that have been developed in response. It then explains how wire drawing, patenting, and the Stelmor process affect microstructure, and describes various fracture mechanisms and how they appear on steel wire fracture surfaces. The chapter concludes by discussing the effects of torsional deformation, delamination, galvanizing, and aging on patented and drawn wires.
{"title":"High-Carbon Steels—Fully Pearlitic Microstructures and Wire and Rail Applications","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410315","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This chapter describes the mechanical properties of fully pearlitic microstructures and their suitability for wire and rail applications. It begins by describing the ever-increasing demands placed on rail steels and the manufacturing methods that have been developed in response. It then explains how wire drawing, patenting, and the Stelmor process affect microstructure, and describes various fracture mechanisms and how they appear on steel wire fracture surfaces. The chapter concludes by discussing the effects of torsional deformation, delamination, galvanizing, and aging on patented and drawn wires.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88417932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410405
Steels with martensitic and tempered martensitic microstructures, though sometimes perceived as brittle, exhibit plasticity and ductile fracture behavior under certain conditions. This chapter describes the alloying and tempering conditions that produce a ductile form of martensite in low-carbon steels. It also discusses the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical behavior and deformation properties of medium-carbon steels.
{"title":"Deformation, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture of Quenched and Tempered Carbon Steels","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410405","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Steels with martensitic and tempered martensitic microstructures, though sometimes perceived as brittle, exhibit plasticity and ductile fracture behavior under certain conditions. This chapter describes the alloying and tempering conditions that produce a ductile form of martensite in low-carbon steels. It also discusses the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical behavior and deformation properties of medium-carbon steels.","PeriodicalId":11535,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87020216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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