Poly(phenylene ether) (PPE) is a high temperature polymer (Tg=210°C). Neat PPE is hardly melt-processed below its thermal decomposition temperature. It is believed that the melt-processability is only achieved by blending with polystyrene as a polymeric plasticizer. The polymeric plasticizer sacrifices the heat resistance; the Tg decreases almost linearly with polystyrene content. We found that PPE can react with poly(ethylene-co-glycidylmethacrylate) (EGMA) by melt mixing. Reactive blending of PPE with EGMA yielded an excellent engineering plastic with nice melt-processability, even when a small amount of EGMA (e.g., 5 wt%) was incorporated. The injection molded parts showed high impact strength, high temperature resistance, high tensile strength, and low dielectric loss. It can be classified as a super-engineering plastics. The computer simulation based on a particle-slip model revealed why the melt-processability is attained by the incorporation of polyolefin in pure PPE matrix.
{"title":"Structure-Properties of PPE Alloy by Reactive Blending","authors":"M. Furuta, Y. Koyama, Takashi Inoue","doi":"10.2324/EJSM.3.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2324/EJSM.3.49","url":null,"abstract":"Poly(phenylene ether) (PPE) is a high temperature polymer (Tg=210°C). Neat PPE is hardly melt-processed below its thermal decomposition temperature. It is believed that the melt-processability is only achieved by blending with polystyrene as a polymeric plasticizer. The polymeric plasticizer sacrifices the heat resistance; the Tg decreases almost linearly with polystyrene content. We found that PPE can react with poly(ethylene-co-glycidylmethacrylate) (EGMA) by melt mixing. Reactive blending of PPE with EGMA yielded an excellent engineering plastic with nice melt-processability, even when a small amount of EGMA (e.g., 5 wt%) was incorporated. The injection molded parts showed high impact strength, high temperature resistance, high tensile strength, and low dielectric loss. It can be classified as a super-engineering plastics. The computer simulation based on a particle-slip model revealed why the melt-processability is attained by the incorporation of polyolefin in pure PPE matrix.","PeriodicalId":11628,"journal":{"name":"E-journal of Soft Materials","volume":"11 7","pages":"49-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72583987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A phase control of butadiene rubber (BR)/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) blends was examined by using silica particles. The phase structure of the blends was qualitatively evaluated from transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation and temperature dependence of mechanical tanδ. It was found that the temperature dependence of tanδ was dependent on the size of agglomerate formed by silica particles in the blend. The vulcanized blends with small agglomerates showed a single tanδ peak suggesting a pseudo-miscible state. The vulcanized blends with large agglomerates showed two tanδ peaks corresponding to the Tgs of BR and SBR. The mutual dissolution of BR and SBR phases above the UCST line where the vulcanization was carried out might be disturbed by large agglomerates formed by silica particles in the blends.
{"title":"Phase Control of BR/SBR Blends by Silica Particles","authors":"Motoyuki Inai, S. Aizawa, Masayoshi Ito","doi":"10.2324/EJSM.3.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2324/EJSM.3.64","url":null,"abstract":"A phase control of butadiene rubber (BR)/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) blends was examined by using silica particles. The phase structure of the blends was qualitatively evaluated from transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation and temperature dependence of mechanical tanδ. It was found that the temperature dependence of tanδ was dependent on the size of agglomerate formed by silica particles in the blend. The vulcanized blends with small agglomerates showed a single tanδ peak suggesting a pseudo-miscible state. The vulcanized blends with large agglomerates showed two tanδ peaks corresponding to the Tgs of BR and SBR. The mutual dissolution of BR and SBR phases above the UCST line where the vulcanization was carried out might be disturbed by large agglomerates formed by silica particles in the blends.","PeriodicalId":11628,"journal":{"name":"E-journal of Soft Materials","volume":"18 1","pages":"64-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90440185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tetsuo Masubuchi, M. Sakai, K. Kojio, M. Furukawa, T. Aoyagi
{"title":"Structure and Properties of Aliphatic Poly(carbonate) glycols with Different Methylene Unit Length","authors":"Tetsuo Masubuchi, M. Sakai, K. Kojio, M. Furukawa, T. Aoyagi","doi":"10.2324/EJSM.3.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2324/EJSM.3.55","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11628,"journal":{"name":"E-journal of Soft Materials","volume":"38 1","pages":"55-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77952903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Measurements of storage and loss moduli G′ and G″ in linear viscoelasticity have been made on SBR SL-574 containing 50 phr N330 carbon black, silica AQ with coupling agent, and silica AQ, both cured and uncured, and compared with similar measurements on the cured and uncured gum rubbers. The rage of temperature was −60 to 70°C, and of frequency 0.4 to 100 rad s−1. The cured and uncured samples showed G″ peak temperatures of −42 and −45°C at 6.28 rad s−1 latter of which was close to the glass transition temperature of uncured gum of −48°C. The mixing of various fillers showed no effect on the peak temperatures. Time-temperature superposition procedures were applied to the samples through the next way; frequency shifts were determined firstly for tanδ curves, then shifts in magnitude were made for G′ and G″. All shift factors can be expressed by single WLF equation with C1=13.2 and C2=39.7, if we chose G″ peak temperatures as the reference temperatures. It may be concluded that the temperature dependence of the matrix polymer determines that of linear viscoelasticity of rubber materials.
对含50 phr N330炭黑的SBR SL-574、含偶联剂的二氧化硅AQ和未固化的二氧化硅AQ进行了线性粘弹性的存储和损失模量G′和G″的测量，并与固化和未固化胶橡胶的相似测量结果进行了比较。温度范围为- 60 ~ 70℃，频率范围为0.4 ~ 100 rad s - 1。在6.28 rad s−1时，固化和未固化样品的G″峰值温度分别为−42℃和−45℃，后者接近未固化胶的玻璃化转变温度−48℃。不同填料的掺入对峰值温度没有影响。下一种方法对样品进行时间-温度叠加;首先确定tanδ曲线的频移，然后确定G′和G″的幅度位移。当我们选择G″峰值温度作为参考温度时，所有的位移因子都可以用C1=13.2, C2=39.7的单一WLF方程来表示。可以得出结论，基体聚合物的温度依赖性决定了橡胶材料的线性粘弹性。
{"title":"Filler Effects on Temperature Dependence of Viscoelastic Properties of Filled Rubbers","authors":"Junhao Wu, S. Fujii, S. Kawahara, Yoshinobu Isono","doi":"10.2324/EJSM.3.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2324/EJSM.3.41","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of storage and loss moduli G′ and G″ in linear viscoelasticity have been made on SBR SL-574 containing 50 phr N330 carbon black, silica AQ with coupling agent, and silica AQ, both cured and uncured, and compared with similar measurements on the cured and uncured gum rubbers. The rage of temperature was −60 to 70°C, and of frequency 0.4 to 100 rad s−1. The cured and uncured samples showed G″ peak temperatures of −42 and −45°C at 6.28 rad s−1 latter of which was close to the glass transition temperature of uncured gum of −48°C. The mixing of various fillers showed no effect on the peak temperatures. Time-temperature superposition procedures were applied to the samples through the next way; frequency shifts were determined firstly for tanδ curves, then shifts in magnitude were made for G′ and G″. All shift factors can be expressed by single WLF equation with C1=13.2 and C2=39.7, if we chose G″ peak temperatures as the reference temperatures. It may be concluded that the temperature dependence of the matrix polymer determines that of linear viscoelasticity of rubber materials.","PeriodicalId":11628,"journal":{"name":"E-journal of Soft Materials","volume":"39 1","pages":"41-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85249871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youji Satoh, S. Fujii, S. Kawahara, Yoshinobu Isono, S. Kagami
Correspondence between nonlinear viscoelastic properties and change in various networks in carbon black (CB) filled, uncured SBRs has been studied by using combined measurements of relaxation modulus, differential dynamic modulus, and volume resisitivity in wide range of filler concentrations at various shear strains. Volume resistivity at no deformation showed step-off like change which can be explained by the percolation theory. This indicates formation of contact filler network at high filler loading. In addition, change in volume resistivity showed clear correspondence with linear-nonlinear transition in viscoelasticity. By the use of simple three-network model, contributions of contact filler, bridged filler, and entanglement networks to relaxation modulus were estimated. It was found that contact filler and bridged filler networks were dominant at lower and at higher filler concentrations, respectively. It was proposed, furthermore, that differential dynamic modulus can be used as the probes for changes in contact filler and bridged filler networks, respectively.
{"title":"Differential Dynamic Modulus of Carbon Black Filled, Uncured SBR in Single-Step Large Shearing Deformations","authors":"Youji Satoh, S. Fujii, S. Kawahara, Yoshinobu Isono, S. Kagami","doi":"10.2324/EJSM.3.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2324/EJSM.3.29","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence between nonlinear viscoelastic properties and change in various networks in carbon black (CB) filled, uncured SBRs has been studied by using combined measurements of relaxation modulus, differential dynamic modulus, and volume resisitivity in wide range of filler concentrations at various shear strains. Volume resistivity at no deformation showed step-off like change which can be explained by the percolation theory. This indicates formation of contact filler network at high filler loading. In addition, change in volume resistivity showed clear correspondence with linear-nonlinear transition in viscoelasticity. By the use of simple three-network model, contributions of contact filler, bridged filler, and entanglement networks to relaxation modulus were estimated. It was found that contact filler and bridged filler networks were dominant at lower and at higher filler concentrations, respectively. It was proposed, furthermore, that differential dynamic modulus can be used as the probes for changes in contact filler and bridged filler networks, respectively.","PeriodicalId":11628,"journal":{"name":"E-journal of Soft Materials","volume":"360 1","pages":"29-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86802414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The importance of large deformation problems in the manufacture of rubber products is increasing. Thus far, these deformations can be analyzed by FEM. However, large deformation cause severe mesh distortions in elements near the boundary, thereby reducing the stable time increment while obtaining the solution. On the other hand, particle methods are meshless techniques that no longer use connectivity data. Therefore, users do not encounter such problems.
{"title":"Large Deformation Analysis of Hyperelastic Materials Using SPH Method","authors":"Y. Kawashima, Y. Sakai","doi":"10.2324/EJSM.3.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2324/EJSM.3.21","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of large deformation problems in the manufacture of rubber products is increasing. Thus far, these deformations can be analyzed by FEM. However, large deformation cause severe mesh distortions in elements near the boundary, thereby reducing the stable time increment while obtaining the solution. On the other hand, particle methods are meshless techniques that no longer use connectivity data. Therefore, users do not encounter such problems.","PeriodicalId":11628,"journal":{"name":"E-journal of Soft Materials","volume":"27 1","pages":"21-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85121099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youji Satoh, K. Suda, S. Fujii, S. Kawahara, Yoshinobu Isono, S. Kagami
Rubber materials are made of two networks, chemical and filler networks. The networks are characterized usually by overall network density estimated at equilibrium condition. However, rubbers are used in nonlinear conditions where the filler network may change from the one at equilibrium. We need additional information on the filler network. Hence, differential dynamic modulus (DDM) in large compression (e=−0.1) and recovery (e=0) were measured for the samples filled with carbon blacks (CB) having different primary particle sizes. The change in E′ for unfilled sample was reversible in large compression followed by recovery, while those for filled samples were irreversible, showing change in filler network in large deformation. The differences in DDM at the recovered and the initial states were compared for characterization of the filler network. The difference for the sample filled with smaller CB was larger than the one with larger CB. The results show that the rubber filled with CB having smaller particle size makes weaker filler network. In addition, we observed the restoration behavior of the filler network structure. Recovery of filler network ruptured due to large compression and recovery in shape was attained at a time scale depending on particle size. The characteristic time was found to increase with increase in the CB particle size. It was concluded that the restoration process of CB filler network is based on diffusion of CB aggregate.
{"title":"Novel Characterization of Filler Network in Rubber Materials Using Differential Dynamic Modulus in Large Compression and Recovery","authors":"Youji Satoh, K. Suda, S. Fujii, S. Kawahara, Yoshinobu Isono, S. Kagami","doi":"10.2324/EJSM.3.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2324/EJSM.3.14","url":null,"abstract":"Rubber materials are made of two networks, chemical and filler networks. The networks are characterized usually by overall network density estimated at equilibrium condition. However, rubbers are used in nonlinear conditions where the filler network may change from the one at equilibrium. We need additional information on the filler network. Hence, differential dynamic modulus (DDM) in large compression (e=−0.1) and recovery (e=0) were measured for the samples filled with carbon blacks (CB) having different primary particle sizes. The change in E′ for unfilled sample was reversible in large compression followed by recovery, while those for filled samples were irreversible, showing change in filler network in large deformation. The differences in DDM at the recovered and the initial states were compared for characterization of the filler network. The difference for the sample filled with smaller CB was larger than the one with larger CB. The results show that the rubber filled with CB having smaller particle size makes weaker filler network. In addition, we observed the restoration behavior of the filler network structure. Recovery of filler network ruptured due to large compression and recovery in shape was attained at a time scale depending on particle size. The characteristic time was found to increase with increase in the CB particle size. It was concluded that the restoration process of CB filler network is based on diffusion of CB aggregate.","PeriodicalId":11628,"journal":{"name":"E-journal of Soft Materials","volume":"1 1","pages":"14-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89591215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daisuke Sato, Y. Kadowaki, J. Ishibashi, Sadayuki Kobayashi, Takashi Inoue
Polyamide (PA) was blended with a reactive polyolefin, poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate), using an extremely long (L/D=100, L: screw length, D: screw diameter) twin-screw extruder. The reactive blending yielded a unique morphology of the sub-μm polyolefin particles in which 20 nm PA micelles were occluded. It implies that the in situ-formed graft copolymer was pulled in the dispersed particles. The blend showed ultra-high toughness (non-break at Izod impact test) and non-viscoelastic tensile property: the higher deformation rate led to the lower modulus and the larger elongation at break. In the tensile stress–strain curve, the sharp yielding point characteristic to crystalline polymer was hardly seen and the necking stress was maintained almost constant without strain hardening. It suggests a potential application for the energy absorbing car parts, to be friendly for pedestrian and driver.
{"title":"Non-viscoelastic Alloy by Reactive Blending of Nylon with Poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate)","authors":"Daisuke Sato, Y. Kadowaki, J. Ishibashi, Sadayuki Kobayashi, Takashi Inoue","doi":"10.2324/EJSM.3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2324/EJSM.3.9","url":null,"abstract":"Polyamide (PA) was blended with a reactive polyolefin, poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate), using an extremely long (L/D=100, L: screw length, D: screw diameter) twin-screw extruder. The reactive blending yielded a unique morphology of the sub-μm polyolefin particles in which 20 nm PA micelles were occluded. It implies that the in situ-formed graft copolymer was pulled in the dispersed particles. The blend showed ultra-high toughness (non-break at Izod impact test) and non-viscoelastic tensile property: the higher deformation rate led to the lower modulus and the larger elongation at break. In the tensile stress–strain curve, the sharp yielding point characteristic to crystalline polymer was hardly seen and the necking stress was maintained almost constant without strain hardening. It suggests a potential application for the energy absorbing car parts, to be friendly for pedestrian and driver.","PeriodicalId":11628,"journal":{"name":"E-journal of Soft Materials","volume":"8 1","pages":"9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81986155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relation between crystallinity and miscibility of semicrystalline polymer blends of poly(vinyl isobutyl ether) (PVIBE) and poly(e-L-lysine) (e-PL) is investigated by 13C cross-polarization with magic-angle-spinning (CPMAS) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and DSC measurements. Analysis of the 1H spin-lattice relaxation curves observed from both PVIBE and e-PL signals, which are indirectly obtained from well-resolved 13C CPMAS NMR spectra, suggested that the domains of e-PL in the blends are in the range of 50–100 nm scale. Two-spin or three-spin models were used to simulate the 1H relaxation curves taking into account the contribution of a 1H spin-diffusion rate between PVIBE and e-PL. Furthermore, it was found that blending e-PL largely influences the crystallinity of PVIBE but that of e-PL is little affected by blending PVIBE except for 10/1 composition. The observed melting point of e-PL shifted towards lower temperature accompanied by PVIBE content. This shift was explained by the Gibbs-Thomson effect that the decrease of thickness of crystalline phase causes the depression of the melting point.
采用13C交叉极化、核磁共振和DSC测量方法研究了聚乙烯基异丁基醚(PVIBE)和聚e- l -赖氨酸(e-PL)半结晶共混物的结晶度和混相关系。从高分辨的13C CPMAS NMR间接获得的PVIBE和e-PL信号的1H自旋-晶格弛豫曲线分析表明，共混物中的e-PL畴在50-100 nm范围内。考虑PVIBE和e-PL之间1H自旋扩散速率的影响，采用双自旋或三自旋模型模拟1H弛豫曲线。此外，发现共混e-PL对PVIBE的结晶度影响很大，但除10/1组成外，共混PVIBE对e-PL的结晶度影响不大。随着PVIBE含量的增加，e-PL的熔点向低温方向移动。这种变化可以用吉布斯-汤姆逊效应来解释，即晶相厚度的减小导致熔点的降低。
{"title":"Crystallinity and Miscibility of Poly(vinyl isobutyl ether)/Poly(ε-L-lysine) Blends by Solid State 13C NMR Study","authors":"A. Asano, Y. Murata, Takuzo Kurotsu","doi":"10.2324/EJSM.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2324/EJSM.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"The relation between crystallinity and miscibility of semicrystalline polymer blends of poly(vinyl isobutyl ether) (PVIBE) and poly(e-L-lysine) (e-PL) is investigated by 13C cross-polarization with magic-angle-spinning (CPMAS) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and DSC measurements. Analysis of the 1H spin-lattice relaxation curves observed from both PVIBE and e-PL signals, which are indirectly obtained from well-resolved 13C CPMAS NMR spectra, suggested that the domains of e-PL in the blends are in the range of 50–100 nm scale. Two-spin or three-spin models were used to simulate the 1H relaxation curves taking into account the contribution of a 1H spin-diffusion rate between PVIBE and e-PL. Furthermore, it was found that blending e-PL largely influences the crystallinity of PVIBE but that of e-PL is little affected by blending PVIBE except for 10/1 composition. The observed melting point of e-PL shifted towards lower temperature accompanied by PVIBE content. This shift was explained by the Gibbs-Thomson effect that the decrease of thickness of crystalline phase causes the depression of the melting point.","PeriodicalId":11628,"journal":{"name":"E-journal of Soft Materials","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80994778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ono, H. Nishioka, H. Jinnai, K. Nakajima, T. Nishi
A phase-separated structure of the injection-molded isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/poly(ethylene-co-octene) (EOR) binary blend was studied in three-dimension (3D) by transmission electron microtomography (TEMT). Highly oriented EOR domains along both flow- (FD) and transverse-to-flow (TD) directions resulting in stacking lamella-sheet like structures to normal direction (ND) were confirmed. Some irregularities in morphology and intervals between the EOR sheets, and thickness heterogeneity of the sheets, were observed more frequently in the TD rather than in the FD. Using the 3D information obtained by the TEMT, we have tried to elucidate massive anisotropy in linear thermal expansion coefficient (CLTE) along the injection directions in this blend. We found that the CLTE anisotropy was well correlated with the lamella-like sheets arrays and their irregularities.
{"title":"Study on Three-dimensional Structures in Injection-molded iPP/Poly(ethylene-co-octene) by Transmission Electron Microtomography","authors":"M. Ono, H. Nishioka, H. Jinnai, K. Nakajima, T. Nishi","doi":"10.2324/EJSM.2.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2324/EJSM.2.56","url":null,"abstract":"A phase-separated structure of the injection-molded isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/poly(ethylene-co-octene) (EOR) binary blend was studied in three-dimension (3D) by transmission electron microtomography (TEMT). Highly oriented EOR domains along both flow- (FD) and transverse-to-flow (TD) directions resulting in stacking lamella-sheet like structures to normal direction (ND) were confirmed. Some irregularities in morphology and intervals between the EOR sheets, and thickness heterogeneity of the sheets, were observed more frequently in the TD rather than in the FD. Using the 3D information obtained by the TEMT, we have tried to elucidate massive anisotropy in linear thermal expansion coefficient (CLTE) along the injection directions in this blend. We found that the CLTE anisotropy was well correlated with the lamella-like sheets arrays and their irregularities.","PeriodicalId":11628,"journal":{"name":"E-journal of Soft Materials","volume":"34 1","pages":"56-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89472000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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