This study explores the role of information entropy in understanding nuclear density distributions, including both stable configurations and non-traditional structures such as neutron halos and α-clustering. By quantifying the uncertainty and disorder inherent in nucleon distributions in nuclear many-body systems, information entropy provides a macroscopic measure of the physical properties of the system. A more dispersed and disordered density distribution results in a higher value of information entropy. This intrinsic relationship between information entropy and system complexity allows us to quantify uncertainty and disorder in nuclear structures by analyzing various geometric parameters such as nuclear radius, diffuseness, neutron skin, and cluster structural features.
{"title":"Exploring the Diversity of Nuclear Density through Information Entropy","authors":"Wei-Hu Ma, Yu-Gang Ma","doi":"10.3390/e26090763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090763","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the role of information entropy in understanding nuclear density distributions, including both stable configurations and non-traditional structures such as neutron halos and α-clustering. By quantifying the uncertainty and disorder inherent in nucleon distributions in nuclear many-body systems, information entropy provides a macroscopic measure of the physical properties of the system. A more dispersed and disordered density distribution results in a higher value of information entropy. This intrinsic relationship between information entropy and system complexity allows us to quantify uncertainty and disorder in nuclear structures by analyzing various geometric parameters such as nuclear radius, diffuseness, neutron skin, and cluster structural features.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The diffusion phenomenon that exhibits intrinsic similarities is pervasive in cryptography and natural systems, evident in liquid diffusion, epidemic spread, animal migration, and encryption techniques. In cryptography, bytes are systematically diffused in a sequential manner to encrypt the value of each byte in the plaintext in a linear fashion. In contrast, within an epidemic spreading model, the diffusion process can be represented within a complex, multilayered network, encompassing layers such as familial and social transmission dynamics. Transmission links establish connections both within and between individual layers. It has had a more rapid spread than linear approaches due to the particularization of non-linear transmission. In this study, the novelty of a cryptography diffusion strategy based on an epidemic model is first proposed, in which pixels and their dynamic adjacency are considered as vertices and edges, respectively, within a complex network framework. Subsequently, the encryption process is governed by the Susceptible–Vaccinated–Infected–Recovered (SVIR) model integrated with chaotic dynamics. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits faster encryption speed while effectively resisting brute force, statistical, and differential attacks. Furthermore, it demonstrates strong robustness against noise interference and data loss.
{"title":"A New Diffusion Strategy Using an Epidemic Spreading Model for Encryption","authors":"Wei Zhang, Guangdong Zhu, Meng Xing, Jingjing Yang, Hai Yu, Zhiliang Zhu","doi":"10.3390/e26090760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090760","url":null,"abstract":"The diffusion phenomenon that exhibits intrinsic similarities is pervasive in cryptography and natural systems, evident in liquid diffusion, epidemic spread, animal migration, and encryption techniques. In cryptography, bytes are systematically diffused in a sequential manner to encrypt the value of each byte in the plaintext in a linear fashion. In contrast, within an epidemic spreading model, the diffusion process can be represented within a complex, multilayered network, encompassing layers such as familial and social transmission dynamics. Transmission links establish connections both within and between individual layers. It has had a more rapid spread than linear approaches due to the particularization of non-linear transmission. In this study, the novelty of a cryptography diffusion strategy based on an epidemic model is first proposed, in which pixels and their dynamic adjacency are considered as vertices and edges, respectively, within a complex network framework. Subsequently, the encryption process is governed by the Susceptible–Vaccinated–Infected–Recovered (SVIR) model integrated with chaotic dynamics. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits faster encryption speed while effectively resisting brute force, statistical, and differential attacks. Furthermore, it demonstrates strong robustness against noise interference and data loss.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Federated learning enables multiple devices to collaboratively train a high-performance model on the central server while keeping their data on the devices themselves. However, due to the significant variability in data distribution across devices, the aggregated global model’s optimization direction may differ from that of the local models, making the clients lose their personality. To address this challenge, we propose a Bidirectional Decoupled Distillation For Heterogeneous Federated Learning (BDD-HFL) approach, which incorporates an additional private model within each local client. This design enables mutual knowledge exchange between the private and local models in a bidirectional manner. Specifically, previous one-way federated distillation methods mainly focused on learning features from the target class, which limits their ability to distill features from non-target classes and hinders the convergence of local models. To solve this limitation, we decompose the network output into target and non-target class logits and distill them separately using a joint optimization of cross-entropy and decoupled relative-entropy loss. We evaluate the effectiveness of BDD-HFL through extensive experiments on three benchmarks under IID, Non-IID, and unbalanced data distribution scenarios. Our results show that BDD-HFL outperforms state-of-the-art federated distillation methods across five baselines, achieving at most 3% improvement in average classification accuracy on the CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and MNIST datasets. The experiments demonstrate the superiority and generalization capability of BDD-HFL in addressing personalization challenges in federated learning.
{"title":"Bidirectional Decoupled Distillation For Heterogeneous Federated Learning","authors":"Wenshuai Song, Mengwei Yan, Xinze Li, Longfei Han","doi":"10.3390/e26090762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090762","url":null,"abstract":"Federated learning enables multiple devices to collaboratively train a high-performance model on the central server while keeping their data on the devices themselves. However, due to the significant variability in data distribution across devices, the aggregated global model’s optimization direction may differ from that of the local models, making the clients lose their personality. To address this challenge, we propose a Bidirectional Decoupled Distillation For Heterogeneous Federated Learning (BDD-HFL) approach, which incorporates an additional private model within each local client. This design enables mutual knowledge exchange between the private and local models in a bidirectional manner. Specifically, previous one-way federated distillation methods mainly focused on learning features from the target class, which limits their ability to distill features from non-target classes and hinders the convergence of local models. To solve this limitation, we decompose the network output into target and non-target class logits and distill them separately using a joint optimization of cross-entropy and decoupled relative-entropy loss. We evaluate the effectiveness of BDD-HFL through extensive experiments on three benchmarks under IID, Non-IID, and unbalanced data distribution scenarios. Our results show that BDD-HFL outperforms state-of-the-art federated distillation methods across five baselines, achieving at most 3% improvement in average classification accuracy on the CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and MNIST datasets. The experiments demonstrate the superiority and generalization capability of BDD-HFL in addressing personalization challenges in federated learning.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores physical layer group key generation in wireless relay networks with a star topology. In this setup, the relay node plays the role of either a trusted or untrusted central node, while one legitimate node (Alice) acts as the reference node. The channel between the relay and Alice serves as the reference channel. To enhance security during the channel measurement stage, a cooperative jamming-based scheme is proposed in this paper. This scheme allows the relay to obtain superimposed channel observations from both the reference channel and other relay channels. Then, a public discussion is utilized to enable all nodes to obtain estimates of the reference channel. Subsequently, the legitimate nodes can agree on a secret key (SK) that remains secret from the eavesdropper (Eve), or a private key (PK) that needs to be secret from both the relay and Eve. This paper also derives the lower and upper bounds of the SK/PK capacity. Notably, it demonstrates that there exists only a small constant difference between the SK/PK upper and lower bounds in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme for ensuring security and efficiency of group key generation.
本文探讨了星形拓扑无线中继网络中物理层群组密钥的生成。在这种设置中，中继节点扮演可信或不可信的中心节点，而一个合法节点（Alice）则充当参考节点。中继节点和 Alice 之间的信道作为参考信道。为了加强信道测量阶段的安全性，本文提出了一种基于合作干扰的方案。该方案允许中继从参考信道和其他中继信道获得叠加信道观测值。然后，利用公开讨论使所有节点都能获得参考信道的估计值。随后，合法节点可以商定一个对窃听者（夏娃）保密的秘钥（SK），或者一个需要对中继和夏娃保密的私钥（PK）。本文还推导出了 SK/PK 容量的下限和上限。值得注意的是，它证明了在高信噪比（SNR）情况下，SK/PK 上界和下界之间只存在很小的常数差。仿真结果证实了所提方案在确保群组密钥生成的安全性和效率方面的有效性。
{"title":"Cooperative Jamming-Based Physical-Layer Group Secret and Private Key Generation","authors":"Shiming Fu, Tong Ling, Jun Yang, Yong Li","doi":"10.3390/e26090758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090758","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores physical layer group key generation in wireless relay networks with a star topology. In this setup, the relay node plays the role of either a trusted or untrusted central node, while one legitimate node (Alice) acts as the reference node. The channel between the relay and Alice serves as the reference channel. To enhance security during the channel measurement stage, a cooperative jamming-based scheme is proposed in this paper. This scheme allows the relay to obtain superimposed channel observations from both the reference channel and other relay channels. Then, a public discussion is utilized to enable all nodes to obtain estimates of the reference channel. Subsequently, the legitimate nodes can agree on a secret key (SK) that remains secret from the eavesdropper (Eve), or a private key (PK) that needs to be secret from both the relay and Eve. This paper also derives the lower and upper bounds of the SK/PK capacity. Notably, it demonstrates that there exists only a small constant difference between the SK/PK upper and lower bounds in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme for ensuring security and efficiency of group key generation.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After reviewing the peculiar thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of self-gravitating systems, we consider the case of a “binary star” consisting of two particles of size a in gravitational interaction in a box of radius R. The caloric curve of this system displays a region of negative specific heat in the microcanonical ensemble, which is replaced by a first-order phase transition in the canonical ensemble. The free energy viewed as a thermodynamic potential exhibits two local minima that correspond to two metastable states separated by an unstable maximum forming a barrier of potential. By introducing a Langevin equation to model the interaction of the particles with the thermal bath, we study the random transitions of the system between a “dilute” state, where the particles are well separated, and a “condensed” state, where the particles are bound together. We show that the evolution of the system is given by a Fokker–Planck equation in energy space and that the lifetime of a metastable state is given by the Kramers formula involving the barrier of free energy. This is a particular case of the theory developed in a previous paper (Chavanis, 2005) for N Brownian particles in gravitational interaction associated with the canonical ensemble. In the case of a binary star (N=2), all the quantities can be calculated exactly analytically. We compare these results with those obtained in the mean field limit N→+∞.
在回顾了自引力系统的特殊热力学和统计力学之后，我们考虑了由两个大小为 a 的粒子组成的 "双星 "在半径为 R 的盒子中发生引力相互作用的情况。该系统的热量曲线在微观规范集合中显示出一个负比热区域，而在规范集合中则被一阶相变所取代。作为热力学势的自由能显示出两个局部极小值，这两个极小值对应于两个可转移状态，它们之间有一个不稳定的最大值，形成了势垒。通过引入朗热文方程来模拟粒子与热浴的相互作用，我们研究了系统在粒子完全分离的 "稀释 "态和粒子结合在一起的 "凝聚 "态之间的随机转变。我们的研究表明，系统的演化是由能量空间中的福克-普朗克方程给出的，而蜕变态的寿命是由涉及自由能势垒的克拉默公式给出的。这是前一篇论文（Chavanis，2005 年）中针对与经典集合相关的引力相互作用中的 N 个布朗粒子所提出的理论的一个特殊案例。在双星（N=2）的情况下，所有量都可以精确地分析计算。我们将这些结果与平均场极限 N→+∞ 时的结果进行了比较。
{"title":"Random Transitions of a Binary Star in the Canonical Ensemble","authors":"Pierre-Henri Chavanis","doi":"10.3390/e26090757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090757","url":null,"abstract":"After reviewing the peculiar thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of self-gravitating systems, we consider the case of a “binary star” consisting of two particles of size a in gravitational interaction in a box of radius R. The caloric curve of this system displays a region of negative specific heat in the microcanonical ensemble, which is replaced by a first-order phase transition in the canonical ensemble. The free energy viewed as a thermodynamic potential exhibits two local minima that correspond to two metastable states separated by an unstable maximum forming a barrier of potential. By introducing a Langevin equation to model the interaction of the particles with the thermal bath, we study the random transitions of the system between a “dilute” state, where the particles are well separated, and a “condensed” state, where the particles are bound together. We show that the evolution of the system is given by a Fokker–Planck equation in energy space and that the lifetime of a metastable state is given by the Kramers formula involving the barrier of free energy. This is a particular case of the theory developed in a previous paper (Chavanis, 2005) for N Brownian particles in gravitational interaction associated with the canonical ensemble. In the case of a binary star (N=2), all the quantities can be calculated exactly analytically. We compare these results with those obtained in the mean field limit N→+∞.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martina Chirilus-Bruckner, Jesús Cuevas-Maraver, Panayotis G. Kevrekidis
The existence of breather-type solutions, i.e., solutions that are periodic in time and exponentially localized in space, is a very unusual feature for continuum, nonlinear wave-type equations. Following an earlier work establishing a theorem for the existence of such structures, we bring to bear a combination of analysis-inspired numerical tools that permit the construction of such waveforms to a desired numerical accuracy. In addition, this enables us to explore their numerical stability. Our computations show that for the spatially heterogeneous form of the ϕ4 model considered herein, the breather solutions are generically unstable. Their instability seems to generically favor the motion of the relevant structures. We expect that these results may inspire further studies towards the identification of stable continuous breathers in spatially heterogeneous, continuum nonlinear wave equation models.
{"title":"Stability of Breathers for a Periodic Klein–Gordon Equation","authors":"Martina Chirilus-Bruckner, Jesús Cuevas-Maraver, Panayotis G. Kevrekidis","doi":"10.3390/e26090756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090756","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of breather-type solutions, i.e., solutions that are periodic in time and exponentially localized in space, is a very unusual feature for continuum, nonlinear wave-type equations. Following an earlier work establishing a theorem for the existence of such structures, we bring to bear a combination of analysis-inspired numerical tools that permit the construction of such waveforms to a desired numerical accuracy. In addition, this enables us to explore their numerical stability. Our computations show that for the spatially heterogeneous form of the ϕ4 model considered herein, the breather solutions are generically unstable. Their instability seems to generically favor the motion of the relevant structures. We expect that these results may inspire further studies towards the identification of stable continuous breathers in spatially heterogeneous, continuum nonlinear wave equation models.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiang He, Yanzhu Hu, Xiaojun Yang, Song Wang, Yingjian Wang
In recent years, urban floods have occurred frequently in China. Therefore, there is an urgent need to strengthen urban flood resilience. This paper proposed a hybrid multi-criteria group decision-making method to assess urban flood resilience based on heterogeneous data, group decision-making methodologies, the pressure-state–response model, and social–economic–natural complex ecosystem theory (PSR-SENCE model). A qualitative and quantitative indicator system is formulated using the PSR-SENCE model. Additionally, a new weighting method for indicators, called the synthesis weighting-group analytic hierarchy process (SW-GAHP), is proposed by considering both intrapersonal consistency and interpersonal consistency of decision-makers. Furthermore, an extensional group decision-making technology (EGDMT) based on heterogeneous data is proposed to evaluate qualitative indicators. The flexible parameterized mapping function (FPMF) is introduced for the evaluation of quantitative indicators. The normal cloud model is employed to handle various uncertainties associated with heterogeneous data. The evaluations for Beijing from 2017 to 2021 reveal a consistent annual improvement in urban flood resilience, with a 14.1% increase. Subsequently, optimization recommendations are presented not only for favorable indicators such as regional economic status, drainability, and public transportation service capacity but also for unfavorable indicators like flood risk and population density. This provides a theoretical foundation and a guide for making decisions about the improvement of urban flood resilience. Finally, our proposed method shows superiority and robustness through comparative and sensitivity analyses.
{"title":"Urban Flood Resilience Evaluation Based on Heterogeneous Data and Group Decision-Making","authors":"Xiang He, Yanzhu Hu, Xiaojun Yang, Song Wang, Yingjian Wang","doi":"10.3390/e26090755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090755","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, urban floods have occurred frequently in China. Therefore, there is an urgent need to strengthen urban flood resilience. This paper proposed a hybrid multi-criteria group decision-making method to assess urban flood resilience based on heterogeneous data, group decision-making methodologies, the pressure-state–response model, and social–economic–natural complex ecosystem theory (PSR-SENCE model). A qualitative and quantitative indicator system is formulated using the PSR-SENCE model. Additionally, a new weighting method for indicators, called the synthesis weighting-group analytic hierarchy process (SW-GAHP), is proposed by considering both intrapersonal consistency and interpersonal consistency of decision-makers. Furthermore, an extensional group decision-making technology (EGDMT) based on heterogeneous data is proposed to evaluate qualitative indicators. The flexible parameterized mapping function (FPMF) is introduced for the evaluation of quantitative indicators. The normal cloud model is employed to handle various uncertainties associated with heterogeneous data. The evaluations for Beijing from 2017 to 2021 reveal a consistent annual improvement in urban flood resilience, with a 14.1% increase. Subsequently, optimization recommendations are presented not only for favorable indicators such as regional economic status, drainability, and public transportation service capacity but also for unfavorable indicators like flood risk and population density. This provides a theoretical foundation and a guide for making decisions about the improvement of urban flood resilience. Finally, our proposed method shows superiority and robustness through comparative and sensitivity analyses.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This document introduces methods for describing long texts as groups of repeating symbols or patterns. The process converts a series of real-number values into texts. Developed tailored algorithms for identifying repeated sequences in the text are applied to decompose the text into nested tree-like structures of repeating symbols and is called the Nested Repeated Sequence Decomposition Model (NRSDM). The NRSDM is especially valuable for extracting repetitive behaviors in oscillatory but non-periodic and chaotic processes where the classical Fourier transform has limited application. The NRSDM along with the two graphical representations proposed here form a promising tool for characterizing long texts configured to represent the behavior of unidimensional processes.
{"title":"Nested Pattern Detection and Unidimensional Process Characterization","authors":"Gerardo L. Febres","doi":"10.3390/e26090754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090754","url":null,"abstract":"This document introduces methods for describing long texts as groups of repeating symbols or patterns. The process converts a series of real-number values into texts. Developed tailored algorithms for identifying repeated sequences in the text are applied to decompose the text into nested tree-like structures of repeating symbols and is called the Nested Repeated Sequence Decomposition Model (NRSDM). The NRSDM is especially valuable for extracting repetitive behaviors in oscillatory but non-periodic and chaotic processes where the classical Fourier transform has limited application. The NRSDM along with the two graphical representations proposed here form a promising tool for characterizing long texts configured to represent the behavior of unidimensional processes.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simone Manti, Massimiliano Bazzi, Nicola Bortolotti, Cesidio Capoccia, Michael Cargnelli, Alberto Clozza, Luca De Paolis, Carlo Fiorini, Carlo Guaraldo, Mihail Iliescu, Matthias Laubenstein, Johann Marton, Fabrizio Napolitano, Kristian Piscicchia, Alessio Porcelli, Alessandro Scordo, Francesco Sgaramella, Diana Laura Sirghi, Florin Sirghi, Oton Vazquez Doce, Johann Zmeskal, Catalina Curceanu
The Pauli exclusion principle (PEP), a cornerstone of quantum mechanics and whole science, states that in a system, two fermions can not simultaneously occupy the same quantum state. Several experimental tests have been performed to place increasingly stringent bounds on the validity of PEP. Among these, the series of VIP experiments, performed at the Gran Sasso Underground National Laboratory of INFN, is searching for PEP-violating atomic X-ray transitions in copper. In this paper, the upgraded VIP-3 setup is described, designed to extend these investigations to higher-Z elements such as zirconium, silver, palladium, and tin. We detail the enhanced design of this setup, including the implementation of cutting-edge, 1 mm thick, silicon drift detectors, which significantly improve the measurement sensitivity at higher energies. Additionally, we present calculations of expected PEP-violating energy shifts in the characteristic lines of these elements, performed using the multi-configurational Dirac–Fock method from first principles. The VIP-3 realization will contribute to ongoing research into PEP violation for different elements, offering new insights and directions for future studies.
保利排斥原理（PEP）是量子力学和整个科学的基石，它规定在一个系统中，两个费米子不能同时占据同一个量子态。为了对 "保利排斥原理 "的有效性施加越来越严格的限制，已经进行了多项实验测试。其中，在 INFN 的大萨索地下国家实验室（Gran Sasso Underground National Laboratory）进行的一系列 VIP 实验正在寻找铜中违反 PEP 的原子 X 射线跃迁。本文介绍了升级版 VIP-3 装置，旨在将这些研究扩展到锆、银、钯和锡等高 Z 元素。我们详细介绍了该装置的改进设计，包括采用了最先进的 1 毫米厚硅漂移探测器，从而显著提高了高能量下的测量灵敏度。此外，我们还介绍了对这些元素特征谱线中预期的违反 PEP 的能量偏移的计算，该计算是使用多配置 Dirac-Fock 方法从第一原理出发进行的。VIP-3 的实现将有助于目前对不同元素的 PEP 违反研究，为未来的研究提供新的见解和方向。
{"title":"Testing the Pauli Exclusion Principle across the Periodic Table with the VIP-3 Experiment","authors":"Simone Manti, Massimiliano Bazzi, Nicola Bortolotti, Cesidio Capoccia, Michael Cargnelli, Alberto Clozza, Luca De Paolis, Carlo Fiorini, Carlo Guaraldo, Mihail Iliescu, Matthias Laubenstein, Johann Marton, Fabrizio Napolitano, Kristian Piscicchia, Alessio Porcelli, Alessandro Scordo, Francesco Sgaramella, Diana Laura Sirghi, Florin Sirghi, Oton Vazquez Doce, Johann Zmeskal, Catalina Curceanu","doi":"10.3390/e26090752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090752","url":null,"abstract":"The Pauli exclusion principle (PEP), a cornerstone of quantum mechanics and whole science, states that in a system, two fermions can not simultaneously occupy the same quantum state. Several experimental tests have been performed to place increasingly stringent bounds on the validity of PEP. Among these, the series of VIP experiments, performed at the Gran Sasso Underground National Laboratory of INFN, is searching for PEP-violating atomic X-ray transitions in copper. In this paper, the upgraded VIP-3 setup is described, designed to extend these investigations to higher-Z elements such as zirconium, silver, palladium, and tin. We detail the enhanced design of this setup, including the implementation of cutting-edge, 1 mm thick, silicon drift detectors, which significantly improve the measurement sensitivity at higher energies. Additionally, we present calculations of expected PEP-violating energy shifts in the characteristic lines of these elements, performed using the multi-configurational Dirac–Fock method from first principles. The VIP-3 realization will contribute to ongoing research into PEP violation for different elements, offering new insights and directions for future studies.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natalya Almazova, Serge Aubry, Giorgos P. Tsironis
Ultrafast reaction processes take place when resonant features of nonlinear model systems are taken into account. In the targeted energy or electron transfer dimer model this is accomplished through the implementation of nonlinear oscillators with opposing types of nonlinearities, one attractive while the second repulsive. In the present work, we show that this resonant behavior survives if we take into account the vibrational degrees of freedom as well. After giving a summary of the basic formalism of chemical reactions we show that resonant electron transfer can be assisted by vibrations. We find the condition for this efficient transfer and show that in the case of additional interaction with noise, a distinct non-Arrhenius behavior develops that is markedly different from the usual Kramers-like activated transfer.
{"title":"Targeted Energy Transfer Dynamics and Chemical Reactions","authors":"Natalya Almazova, Serge Aubry, Giorgos P. Tsironis","doi":"10.3390/e26090753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090753","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrafast reaction processes take place when resonant features of nonlinear model systems are taken into account. In the targeted energy or electron transfer dimer model this is accomplished through the implementation of nonlinear oscillators with opposing types of nonlinearities, one attractive while the second repulsive. In the present work, we show that this resonant behavior survives if we take into account the vibrational degrees of freedom as well. After giving a summary of the basic formalism of chemical reactions we show that resonant electron transfer can be assisted by vibrations. We find the condition for this efficient transfer and show that in the case of additional interaction with noise, a distinct non-Arrhenius behavior develops that is markedly different from the usual Kramers-like activated transfer.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：