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Activities-specific balance confidence scale in elderly in community nursing home 社区敬老院老年人活动特定平衡信心量表
Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_11_23
Jing Feng, Yuchuan Ding, Lipeng Cai, Enoch Kim, Pan Gu, Zhaohui Song, Huimin Fan, Xiaokun Geng
Background: To investigate the incidence of falls in elderly in nursing homes and to determine the differences in confidence indexes of daily living in the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) in elderly fallers or nonfallers. Methods: We conducted a perspective study with elderly (ages >75 years old) from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020, living in community nursing homes in Tongzhou district, Beijing. All the participants were able to walk independently, had not experienced any fall episodes, were capable of following commands, and they sufficiently cooperated with the process of the examination. A face-to-face visit or telephone interview was conducted with participants on a regular basis for 12 months. The falling incidence and the differences of ABC scale confidence indexes between fallers and nonfallers were investigated. Results: This study included 87 older adults (67 nonfall participants and 20 fall participants). Falls occurred at a rate of 23 per 100 people per year. The ABC scale index of the faller group was 37%, which indicated very low balance confidence and a high risk of falling. The ABC scale index of the nonfaller group was 80%, which indicated normal balance confidence and no risk of falling. There were significant differences in ABC scale indexes between the faller and nonfaller groups (37% vs. 80%, P = 0.005). There were significant differences in activities such as walking around the house, climbing up and down stairs, picking up slippers from floor, reaching on tiptoes, standing on a chair to reach, walking outside to a nearby car, getting in/out of a car, walking across a parking lot, walking up and down a ramp, walking in a crowded mall between two groups of people, walking in a crowd (risk of bumping into other people), going up an escalator without rail assistance, and walking on an icy sidewalk between the two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Nursing homes have a high rate of falls among older adults. The ABC scale can assess balance confidence and the risk of falling in older adults. To reduce or prevent falls, health-care professionals should screen those who are at high risk of falling and enroll them in a fall prevention program.
背景:调查养老院老年人跌倒的发生率,并确定老年跌倒者与非跌倒者在活动特定平衡置信量表(ABC)中日常生活置信指数的差异。方法:对2018年1月1日至2020年12月31日在北京市通州区社区养老院里居住的老年人(年龄0 ~ 75岁)进行透视研究。所有的参与者都能够独立行走,没有任何跌倒的经历,能够服从命令,并且他们充分配合了检查过程。对参与者进行为期12个月的定期面对面访问或电话访谈。研究了运动者与非运动者的跌倒发生率及ABC量表置信指数的差异。结果:该研究包括87名老年人(67名非跌倒参与者和20名跌倒参与者)。每年每100人中有23人跌倒。跌倒组的ABC量表指数为37%,表明平衡信心很低,跌倒的风险很高。未跌倒组ABC量表指数为80%,表明平衡信心正常,无跌倒风险。降压组与非降压组ABC量表指标差异有统计学意义(37% vs 80%, P = 0.005)。在一些活动方面存在显著差异,比如在房子周围走动、上下楼梯、从地板上捡拖鞋、踮起脚尖、站在椅子上伸手、走到附近的汽车旁、进出汽车、穿过停车场、在斜坡上上下行走、在两组人之间拥挤的购物中心行走、在人群中行走(有撞到其他人的风险)、在没有扶手帮助的情况下上自动扶梯、在结冰的人行道上行走,两组间差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论:养老院老年人的跌倒率很高。ABC量表可以评估老年人的平衡信心和跌倒风险。为了减少或预防跌倒,卫生保健专业人员应该对那些有跌倒高风险的人进行筛查,并让他们参加预防跌倒项目。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of formaldehyde emissions by school supplies using a low-cost passive sampler and spectrophotometric determination 使用低成本被动取样器和分光光度测定法评估学校用品的甲醛排放
Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_31_22
C. Furlan, Lúcia Helena Gomes Coelho
This article presents the development and application of a low-cost passive monitor for indoor formaldehyde (CH2O) monitoring. The system is based on the diffusion sampling of formaldehyde and the pararosaniline reaction on a collection filter, followed by the elution and analysis of the product by spectrophotometry. The system was validated against a standard atmosphere of formaldehyde with 99% of collection efficiency. The device was applied in the assessment of formaldehyde emissions for school supplies (glitter glue, modeling clay, crayons, glue stick, felt pen, and plastic ink), in which the highest concentrations of formaldehyde were obtained for the felt-tip pen (approximately, 170 μg/g) and the lesser to glue stick (14 μg/g). The application of the passive sampler in a primary classroom environment demonstrated that relative high levels of formaldehyde can be measured in schools are usually considered to be linked to the high density of furniture in the classrooms, but it was also verified that school supplies can significantly contribute in the concentrations of formaldehyde indoor when associated to poor ventilation.
本文介绍了一种低成本的室内甲醛(CH2O)被动监测仪的研制与应用。该系统是基于甲醛和副玫瑰苯胺在收集过滤器上的扩散取样,然后用分光光度法对产物进行洗脱和分析。该系统在甲醛标准气氛下进行了验证,收集效率为99%。将该装置应用于学校用品(闪光胶、造型粘土、蜡笔、胶棒、毛笔和塑料墨水)的甲醛释放量评估,其中毛笔的甲醛浓度最高(约170 μg/g),而胶棒的甲醛浓度较低(14 μg/g)。被动采样器在小学教室环境中的应用表明,在学校中可以测量到相对较高的甲醛水平,通常被认为与教室中高密度的家具有关,但也证实,当与通风不良有关时,学校用品会显著增加室内甲醛浓度。
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引用次数: 0
Human immunodeficiency virus self-testing in India: Time to move from evidence to implementation 印度的人类免疫缺陷病毒自我检测:从证据到实施的时间
Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_6_23
S. Shrivastava, P. Shrivastava
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been regarded as a global public health concern. In the global mission to minimize the existing gap on the diagnostic front, a number of strategies to promote HIV testing have been encouraged in heterogeneous settings. Detection of HIV infection using self-testing kits has emerged as an important approach to ascertain the identification of new cases and for connecting the affected people with the health-care delivery system. It is quite an alarming fact that despite HIV is a major public health problem in India, we to date have no policy on the promotion of self-testing. The findings of a recently released report in India revealed that self-testing was found to be acceptable to vulnerable population groups and their partners. To conclude, acknowledging the merits that have been linked with self-testing and considering the encouraging results obtained in Indian settings, it is the need of the hour that policymakers draft the much-awaited policy on the promotion of HIV self-testing in the nation and promote it.
人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染已被视为一个全球性的公共卫生问题。在缩小诊断方面现有差距的全球使命中,鼓励在不同环境中采取一些促进艾滋病毒检测的战略。使用自检包检测艾滋病毒感染已成为确定新病例并将受影响人群与卫生保健提供系统联系起来的重要方法。令人震惊的事实是,尽管艾滋病毒是印度的一个主要公共卫生问题,但我们迄今没有关于促进自我检测的政策。印度最近发布的一份报告的调查结果显示,人们发现,弱势群体及其伴侣可以接受自我测试。总而言之,认识到与自我检测相关的优点,考虑到在印度环境中取得的令人鼓舞的结果,决策者现在需要起草期待已久的政策,在全国促进艾滋病毒自我检测并加以推广。
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引用次数: 0
Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: A marker for potential short-term neurological deterioration in acute large vessel occlusion patients postmechanical thrombectomy 中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值升高:机械取栓后急性大血管闭塞患者潜在短期神经功能恶化的标志
Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_12_23
Yanling Wang, Xiaokun Geng, Zhe Cheng, Fengwu Li, Yuchuan Ding
Objective: This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with short-term neurological decline in acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) who have undergone successful endovascular recanalization through mechanical thrombectomy. Subjects and Methods: We included 168 LVO patients who had successful recanalization in this study. We collected the patients' demographic data and related disease test results. We noted the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at the onset and on the 7th day postonset. After comparing the NIHSS scores at these two time points, we analyzed the correlation between the collected data and the NIHSS scores. We selected the logistic regression model variables based on the correlation significance. We included gender, age, diastolic blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, urea nitrogen, hemoglobin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), low-density lipoprotein, and total protein in a logistic regression model. We used the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to evaluate the predictive power of NLR for deterioration. Results: Mechanical thrombectomy significantly lowered the median NIHSS score of LVO patients on the 7th day of onset, while a subset of patients experienced an increased NIHSS score. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between the NIHSS score at onset and diastolic pressure, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, creatinine, and urea nitrogen. On the 7th day postonset, NIHSS scores showed significant correlations with glycosylated hemoglobin, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, NLR, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and urea nitrogen. Logistic regression analysis further revealed that patients with higher NLR are at significantly increased risk of short-term neurological decline. ROC analysis indicated that a higher NLR can serve as a diagnostic marker for potential adverse outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy. Conclusion: While mechanical thrombectomy substantially improves neurological deficits in LVO patients, some patients still experience deterioration. Higher NLR at stroke onset is associated with short-term neurological function decline in acute LVO patients postsuccessful recanalization.
目的:本研究旨在确定通过机械取栓成功实现血管内再通的急性缺血性脑卒中大血管闭塞(LVO)患者短期神经功能下降的相关危险因素。研究对象和方法:我们纳入了168例成功再通的左心室再通患者。收集患者的人口学资料及相关疾病检测结果。我们注意到发病时和发病后第7天的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分。在比较这两个时间点的NIHSS评分后,我们分析了收集的数据与NIHSS评分之间的相关性。我们根据相关显著性选择逻辑回归模型变量。我们将性别、年龄、舒张压、糖化血红蛋白、尿素氮、血红蛋白、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、低密度脂蛋白和总蛋白纳入logistic回归模型。我们使用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线来评估NLR对病情恶化的预测能力。结果:机械取栓显著降低了LVO患者在发病第7天的NIHSS评分中位数,而一部分患者的NIHSS评分升高。相关性分析显示NIHSS评分与舒张压、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、肌酐和尿素氮有显著相关性。发病后第7天,NIHSS评分与糖化血红蛋白、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、NLR、红细胞计数、血红蛋白和尿素氮呈显著相关。Logistic回归分析进一步显示,NLR较高的患者短期神经功能衰退的风险显著增加。ROC分析表明,较高的NLR可作为机械取栓术潜在不良后果的诊断指标。结论:虽然机械取栓可以显著改善LVO患者的神经功能缺损,但一些患者仍会出现恶化。卒中发作时较高的NLR与急性左心室再通成功后短期神经功能下降有关。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of the recurrence risk of Graves' disease after antithyroid drug therapy 抗甲状腺药物治疗后Graves病复发风险的预测
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_23_22
Ying Fu, Qiang Zhang
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引用次数: 0
A critical evaluation of anthropological, biochemical, and geo-climatic factors related to chronic kidney disease with unknown etiology in Sri Lanka 对斯里兰卡病因不明的慢性肾脏疾病相关的人类学、生物化学和地理气候因素的关键评估
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_27_22
N. Nannayakkara, Santhushya Hewapathirange, Ayesha Madagedara, R. Chandrajith
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引用次数: 0
Sustaining and augmenting the pace of ongoing prevention and control activities to attain the goal of leprosy-free world 维持和加快正在进行的预防和控制活动的步伐,以实现无麻风世界的目标
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_29_22
S. Shrivastava, P. Shrivastava
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引用次数: 0
Marburg virus outbreak in Equatorial Guinea: Asian countries to act or not? 赤道几内亚马尔堡病毒爆发:亚洲国家是否采取行动?
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_9_23
Sahjid Mukhida, Sameena Khan, NikunjaKumar Das, Sabha Khan
The Marburg virus is a filovirus that causes a severe, often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever known as Marburg virus disease (MVD).[1] It was first identified in 1967 in Germany among people who had come in contact with imported Ugandan green monkeys, and it is thought to have originated in bats. The disease initially spread to humans through contact with infected fruit bats and then continued to spread through interpersonal contact between humans.[2] The World Health Organization (WHO) warns that living conditions in mines or caves where bat colonies are located can be a risk of infection. This zoonotic disease is manifested by high fever, malaise, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and bleeding. Not contagious through the air, this disease is instead transmitted through personal contact with an infected person’s blood or other bodily fluids or with contaminated objects such as towels or clothing.[3] Recently, an epidemic broke out on February 13, 2023, in the northern Equatorial Guinean province and 12 deaths out of a total of 25 probable cases have been linked to the virus.[4] This is the third outbreak of MVD in the Guinean region in the last 3 years although outbreaks have been recorded every year and declared as being over in a few months.[5] In most cases, epidemics may be contained and brought to a rapid stop after the necessary actions have been taken.[6] In this regard, the WHO convened an urgent meeting to discuss the feasibility of testing Marburg vaccines that are in various stages of development throughout the world to see if any experimental vaccines offered any protection. However, scientists warn that the trial’s chances of success are low because the epidemic can be contained through measures like quarantine even before a single dose of vaccine is provided.[7] Considerations for conducting clinical trials of vaccinations against the Marburg virus in Equatorial Guinea can be troublesome or equally beneficial. This may provide valuable data on the safety of vaccines and the immune responses they generate in populations at risk of future outbreaks and can be evidence pointing toward the efficacy of vaccines. Despite the fact that MVD has a poor spread characteristic and their point of origin is far from Asia, we still need to be vigilant. To prevent MVD from spreading to Asian countries, we should take certain steps to ensure that travelers and visitors who came from the epicenter be thoroughly vetted. In addition, as outbreaks of MVD have been traced to humans who recently visited or worked in caves minimum of 21 days, community engagement with the preparation of proper control measures that include quarantine of suspected cases and rapid detection can help. Vaccines may not provide 100% protection from the disease but will surely give some assurance to the population after a successful trial. Furthermore, all international airports of outbreak region can use rapid diagnostic tests for MVD at the time of departure during the ongoing o
马尔堡病毒是一种线状病毒,可引起严重的,通常是致命的病毒性出血热,称为马尔堡病毒病(MVD)。[1]该病毒于1967年在德国首次在接触过进口乌干达绿猴的人群中被发现,并被认为起源于蝙蝠。这种疾病最初通过与受感染的果蝠接触传播给人类,然后通过人与人之间的人际接触继续传播。[2]世界卫生组织(WHO)警告说,蝙蝠聚集地所在的矿井或洞穴的生活条件可能存在感染风险。这种人畜共患疾病的表现是高烧、不适、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、皮疹和出血。这种疾病不是通过空气传播的,而是通过与感染者的血液或其他体液或被污染的物体(如毛巾或衣服)的个人接触传播的。[3]最近,2023年2月13日在赤道几内亚省北部爆发了一场流行病,在总共25例可能病例中,有12例死亡与该病毒有关。[4]这是过去三年中几内亚地区第三次暴发暴发,尽管每年都有暴发记录,并在几个月内宣布结束。[5]在大多数情况下,采取必要的行动后,流行病可以得到控制并迅速停止。[6]在这方面,世卫组织召开了一次紧急会议,讨论在世界各地测试处于不同开发阶段的马尔堡疫苗的可行性,以确定是否有任何实验性疫苗提供任何保护。然而,科学家们警告说,试验成功的机会很低,因为即使在提供一剂疫苗之前,这种流行病也可以通过隔离等措施得到控制。[7]在赤道几内亚进行马尔堡病毒疫苗接种临床试验的考虑可能是麻烦的,也可能是同样有益的。这可能为疫苗的安全性及其在未来有爆发风险的人群中产生的免疫反应提供宝贵的数据,并可能成为指向疫苗有效性的证据。尽管MVD具有较差的传播特征,其起源点远离亚洲,但我们仍然需要保持警惕。为了防止MVD扩散到亚洲国家,我们应该采取一些措施,确保对来自震中的旅行者和游客进行彻底的审查。此外,由于MVD的暴发可追溯到最近至少21天访问过洞穴或在洞穴中工作过的人,社区参与制定适当的控制措施,包括隔离疑似病例和快速发现,可能会有所帮助。疫苗可能不能提供100%的预防疾病的保护,但在成功的试验后,肯定会给人口提供一些保证。此外,疫情地区的所有国际机场均可在持续疫情期间和宣布疫情结束后3个月离境时使用MVD快速诊断检测。建立流动实验室和医疗中心以及咨询和隔离设施,以帮助筛查、治疗和跟踪MVD阳性病例。财政支持及赞助无。利益冲突没有利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Empowering individual learners: Call for promoting inclusivity among medical students with different learning styles 赋予个体学习者权力:呼吁促进具有不同学习风格的医学生之间的包容性
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_15_23
SaurabhRamBihariLal Shrivastava, Novina Aryanti, Arief Wibawa
In the field of delivery of medical education, it is crucial that teachers acknowledge that every medical student possesses a unique learning style to acquire knowledge. There is an immense need to recognize and identify individual learning styles of medical students, and this is because of multiple reasons. Once we are aware of the importance and scope of learning styles in learning and career progression, it is the need of the hour that we must ensure inclusivity (accommodate and address the learning needs of students with varied learning styles). In conclusion, there is an immense need to be aware of the learning styles of medical students to facilitate the effective delivery of medical education. However, considering the variability in learning styles and their importance in facilitating the acquisition of knowledge and skills, it is crucial to promote an inclusive learning environment in each medical college.
在医学教育领域,教师认识到每个医学生都有独特的学习方式来获取知识是至关重要的。认识和识别医学生的个人学习风格是非常必要的,这是由于多种原因。一旦我们意识到学习风格在学习和职业发展中的重要性和范围,我们就必须确保包容性(适应和满足不同学习风格学生的学习需求)。总之,非常有必要了解医学生的学习方式,以促进有效地提供医学教育。然而,考虑到学习方式的可变性及其在促进知识和技能获取方面的重要性,在每所医学院促进包容的学习环境至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Necessity to employ a multifaceted approach to minimize the incidence of burns and associated sequels in low- and middle-income nations 有必要采用多方面的方法,以尽量减少中低收入国家烧伤和相关后遗症的发生率
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_30_22
S. Shrivastava, P. Shrivastava
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Environmental Disease
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