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Method for estimation of hippuric acid as a biomarker of toluene exposure in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography after extraction with ethyl acetate 乙酸乙酯萃取后高效液相色谱法测定尿中作为甲苯暴露生物标志物的马尿酸
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_22_18
A. Yadav, A. Basu, Amit Chakarbarti
Aim: This study aimed to establish liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) for estimation of hippuric acid (HA) in urine as a biomarker of the toluene exposure by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDAD). Method: HA in urine was extracted by LLE and determined by HPLC-PDAD. The operating conditions with HPLC were ODS-2 hypersil column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 0.1% trifluoro acetic acid (TFA) in acetonitrile and 0.1% TFA in water as mobile phase, 1 ml/min flow rate, and wavelength of 205 nm. The validity of the present method was tested by the estimation of HA in urine samples, collected from toluene-exposed (shoe workers) and unexposed or control subjects. Results: Binary gradient system was used to achieve optimum separation. The analytical curve prepared for HA in aqueous solution in the range of 0.5–10 μg/ml showed determination coefficient value (R2) 0.998. Limit of detection and quantification (LOQ) were 0.46 and 1.53 μg/ml, respectively. The coefficients of variance for intraday precision were 1.4% for HA standard (5 μg/ml) and 1.1% for pooled urine, whereas inter-day precision values were 3.2% and 4.9% for HA standard and pooled urine, respectively. Method recovery obtained was 96%–120% for HA solutions containing 2, 3, and 5 μg/ml, demonstrating that precision and recovery of method were satisfactory. Compared to unexposed group, exposed group had significantly more HA. It was found significantly (P < 0.05) higher in urine of exposed workers (32.52 ± 10.91) than unexposed group (16.21 ± 10.14). Conclusion: Sample preparation by LLE is simple and cost-effective for the determination of HA as a biomarker of toluene exposure by HPLC-PDAD. It can be used to detect HA in urine for population exposed to toluene.
目的:建立液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-PDAD)高效液相色谱法测定尿中马尿酸(HA)作为甲苯暴露生物标志物的方法。方法:采用液相色谱法提取尿中HA, HPLC-PDAD测定。HPLC色谱柱为ODS-2高sil柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm),流动相为0.1%三氟乙酸乙腈和0.1%三氟乙酸水,流速为1 ml/min,波长为205 nm。本方法的有效性是通过估计从甲苯暴露者(制鞋工人)和未暴露者或对照者收集的尿液样本中的HA来检验的。结果:采用二元梯度体系可达到最佳分离效果。在0.5 ~ 10 μg/ml范围内,制备的测定曲线的测定系数为(R2) 0.998。检出限和定量限分别为0.46和1.53 μg/ml。HA标准品(5 μg/ml)的日内精密度和池尿的方差系数分别为1.4%和1.1%,HA标准品和池尿的日内精密度分别为3.2%和4.9%。对含2、3、5 μg/ml的HA溶液,回收率为96% ~ 120%,精密度和回收率令人满意。与未暴露组相比,暴露组HA明显增加。暴露组尿液(32.52±10.91)明显高于未暴露组(16.21±10.14)(P < 0.05)。结论:液相色谱法制备样品简单、成本低,可用于HPLC-PDAD法测定HA作为甲苯暴露的生物标志物。它可以用于检测尿中的透明质酸暴露于人群甲苯。
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引用次数: 3
Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis and the parasitic effect on plasma cytokines in children aged 6 to 11 years in Saki-East local government area in Nigeria 尼日利亚Saki-East地方政府地区6至11岁儿童犬弓形虫血清阳性率及寄生虫对血浆细胞因子的影响
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_23_18
M. Olaniyan, Mufutau Azeez
Study Background: Toxocara canis is a helminths parasite known as dog worm but infects human through infected dog feces or contaminated dirt. It is a neglected disease in economically less privileged areas. The parasitic infection can generate inflammatory process. Aim and Objective: This work was designed to determine the seroprevalence of T. canis and the parasitic effect on plasma cytokines in children aged 6–11 years in Saki-East local government area in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Two hundred children aged 6–11 years (female – 100 and male – 100) were recruited across Saki-East local government area. One hundred and sixty-one of them not infected with any of the infectious agents were studied as control. Sputum, blood, stool, skin snip, and urine samples were obtained for microscopic identification of parasites. Sputum sample was also used for Ziehl–Neelsen staining to demonstrate acid-fast bacilli, while ELISA technique was used for determination of T. canis, anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV), HBsAg, HIV1-p24 antigen, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and interleukin (IL)-10. Results: The results obtained showed overall seroprevalence of T. canis among the children as 9.5% (19) including 6% (12) male and 3.5% (7) female children. This included 5.5% (11) monoinfected with T. canis; 1% (2) were T. canis coinfected with Ascaris lumbricoides; 1% (2) were T. canis coinfected with hepatitis B virus; 1% (2) were T. canis coinfected with Plasmodium spp.; 0.5% (1) were T. canis coinfected with hookworm; and 0.5% (1) were T. canis coinfected with Schistosoma haematobium. There is no coinfection with either HIV or HCV among the children. 10% (20) were infected with infectious agents but seronegative to T. canis. There was a significant increase in the plasma values of cytokines TNFα and IL-10 in T. canis monoinfected children compared with the control (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The work revealed an overall seroprevalence of T. canis as 9.5% including 5.5% monoinfection and a significant increase in plasma TNFα and IL-10 in T. canis monoinfection.
研究背景:犬弓形虫是一种被称为狗虫的蠕虫寄生虫,通过被感染的狗粪便或被污染的泥土感染人类。在经济条件较差的地区,这是一种被忽视的疾病。寄生虫感染可产生炎症过程。目的与目的:研究尼日利亚Saki-East地区6-11岁儿童犬形虫的血清阳性率及寄生虫对血浆细胞因子的影响。材料与方法:在Saki-East地方政府辖区招募了200名6-11岁的儿童(女100岁,男100岁)。其中161例未感染任何传染因子作为对照。取痰、血、粪便、皮肤切片和尿液样本进行显微镜鉴定。痰液采用Ziehl-Neelsen染色法检测抗酸杆菌,ELISA法检测犬t型肝炎病毒、抗丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、HIV1-p24抗原、肿瘤坏死因子α (TNFα)、白细胞介素-10。结果:调查结果显示,儿童犬弓形虫血清总阳性率为9.5%(19例),其中男童12例(6%),女童7例(3.5%)。其中5.5%(11)为单犬绦虫感染;1%(2)为犬弓形虫合并蚓样蛔虫感染;犬t型犬合并乙型肝炎病毒感染占1% (2);1%(2)为犬弓形虫与疟原虫共感染;犬弓形虫与钩虫共感染0.5%(1例);犬弓形虫与血血吸虫共感染0.5%(1例)。这些儿童没有同时感染艾滋病毒或丙型肝炎病毒。10%(20例)感染了感染性病原体,但犬弓形虫血清检测呈阴性。犬单绦虫感染患儿血浆细胞因子TNFα、IL-10较对照组显著升高(P < 0.05)。结论:犬t型绦虫总血清阳性率为9.5%,其中单感染犬t型绦虫5.5%,单感染犬t型绦虫血浆TNFα和IL-10显著升高。
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引用次数: 2
Bisphenol A (BPA) in liquid portions of canned foods obtained from domestic and Asian markets in the United States 从美国国内和亚洲市场获得的罐装食品液体部分中的双酚A (BPA)
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_8_19
A. Joiakim, David J. Kaplan, D. Putt, J. Santos, K. Friedrich, So H. Kim, Hyesook Kim
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a phenolic environmental estrogen that disrupts endocrine activity thereby increasing the risk of hormone-related health problems. The human population is highly exposed to BPA and food is believed to be a primary source of BPA exposure. The aim of this study was to test the sensitivity and specificity of a BPA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and to measure levels of BPA in supernatants obtained from various canned foods from different countries. The concentration of BPA was measured in supernatant from different types of canned soup and vegetable mixes produced by US companies and two companies each from three different Asian countries (Korea, Japan and China), which are available at markets in the USA. ELISA results were confirmed by LC/MS/MS and shown to be in agreement. Cross-reactivity tests demonstrated that BPA ELISA kit does not cross-react with other tested phenolic compounds. There was no significant difference of BPA levels in different types of soups from different US companies. However, levels of BPA in supernatants of canned vegetable mixes of a company in the USA were 200-fold lower than the levels in canned vegetable soups of the US companies. BPA levels varied greatly among canned foods among companies in various countries. Thus, this study validated the use of a simple ELISA assay to measure levels of BPA in supernatants of canned food, which would facilitate the routine monitoring of dietary exposure to BPA. Decreasing the consumption of BPA will lead to a reduction in the risk of adverse health effects.
双酚A (BPA)是一种酚类环境雌激素,会扰乱内分泌活动,从而增加激素相关健康问题的风险。人类高度暴露于双酚a,食物被认为是双酚a暴露的主要来源。本研究的目的是测试双酚a酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)的敏感性和特异性,并测量来自不同国家的各种罐头食品的上清液中双酚a的水平。BPA的浓度是在不同类型的罐头汤和蔬菜混合物的上清液中测量的,这些汤和蔬菜混合物分别由美国公司和来自三个不同亚洲国家(韩国、日本和中国)的两家公司生产,这些公司在美国市场上有售。ELISA结果经LC/MS/MS验证,结果一致。交叉反应试验表明,双酚a ELISA试剂盒不与其他被测酚类化合物交叉反应。美国不同公司生产的不同种类的汤中BPA的含量没有显著差异。然而,美国一家公司的罐头蔬菜混合物上清液中的BPA含量比美国公司的罐头蔬菜汤中的含量低200倍。不同国家不同公司的罐头食品中BPA的含量差别很大。因此,本研究验证了使用简单的ELISA法测量罐头食品上清液中双酚a的水平,这将有助于常规监测饮食中双酚a的暴露。减少双酚a的摄入将减少对健康产生不利影响的风险。
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引用次数: 2
Implementing measures to minimize the measles-associated deaths and accomplish global elimination 实施措施,尽量减少麻疹相关死亡并实现全球消除
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_21_18
S. Shrivastava, P. Shrivastava
Dear Editor, Measles is ranked as one of the most frequent causes of death among young children.[1] It is noteworthy that the disease is extremely common in developing nations, especially in the nations in the African and Asian regions.[1] In addition, it has been reported that, in contrast to the developed nations, 95% of the reported deaths are from developing nations, clearly indicating the role of weak health infrastructure.[1] This becomes a serious and an alarming cause of concern for all the stakeholders, as a safe and cost‐effective vaccine for decades together is available.[1‐3]
亲爱的编辑,麻疹被列为幼儿死亡的最常见原因之一值得注意的是,这种疾病在发展中国家极为普遍,特别是在非洲和亚洲地区的国家此外,据报道,与发达国家相比,报告的死亡人数中95%来自发展中国家,这清楚地表明卫生基础设施薄弱的作用这成为所有利益攸关方关注的一个严重和令人震惊的原因,因为几十年来一直有一种安全且具有成本效益的疫苗可用。[1 - 3]
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引用次数: 0
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy in children: A case report and literature review 儿童急性坏死性脑病1例报告及文献复习
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_20_18
Ping Yuan, Min Zhong
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is a rare clinical-imaging syndrome with unknown etiology, characterized by acute fulminant severe encephalopathy and brain damage with multifocal symmetry. ANE has no specific clinical symptoms and signs, similar to common encephalitis or encephalopathy symptoms. The characteristic brain imaging examination is diagnostically significant. To date, no specific treatment for ANE is available and the prognosis is poor. Here, we reported a typical case of ANE in a child, and where a good outcome was achieved through combined therapy with immunoglobulin and glucocorticoids.
急性坏死性脑病(ANE)是一种罕见的临床影像学综合征,病因不明,以急性暴发性严重脑病和多灶对称性脑损伤为特征。ANE没有特定的临床症状和体征,类似于普通脑炎或脑病症状。特征性脑影像学检查具有诊断意义。迄今为止,没有针对ANE的特异性治疗方法,预后较差。在这里,我们报告了一个典型的儿童ANE病例,通过免疫球蛋白和糖皮质激素联合治疗取得了良好的结果。
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引用次数: 2
Climate change and occupational health of outdoor workers: An urgent call to action for European policymakers 气候变化与户外工作者的职业健康:呼吁欧洲决策者采取紧急行动
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/ED.ED_15_18
F. Chirico, G. Taino
Currently, literature on the relationship between global climate change and occupational health and safety has not been very prolific. A recent review (2016), updating a past 2009 review on this topic, has identified seven categories of climate‐related occupational hazards: (a) increased ambient temperature, (b) air pollution, (c) ultraviolet (UV) exposure, (d) extreme weather, (e) vector‐borne diseases and expanded habitats, (f) industrial transitions and emerging industries, and (g) changes in the built environment.[1] Other potential hazards are exposure to wildfires and workplace violence.[2] Across the world, climate change led to higher temperatures and occupational heat‐stress levels in both indoor and outdoor workers.[3,4] However, outdoor workers’ health and productivity in warmer climate are at higher risk because environmental conditions affect health and work productivity for especially those activities that require physical work.[3]
目前,关于全球气候变化与职业健康与安全之间关系的文献并不多见。最近的一篇综述(2016年)更新了2009年关于这一主题的综述,确定了七类与气候相关的职业危害:(A)环境温度升高,(b)空气污染,(c)紫外线(UV)暴露,(d)极端天气,(e)媒介传播疾病和栖息地扩大,(f)产业转型和新兴产业,以及(g)建筑环境的变化。[1]其他潜在的危险是暴露在野火和工作场所暴力中。[2]在世界范围内,气候变化导致室内和室外工人的温度升高和职业热应激水平升高。[3,4]然而,在温暖的气候中,户外工作者的健康和生产力面临更高的风险,因为环境条件会影响健康和工作效率,特别是那些需要体力劳动的活动。[3]
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引用次数: 4
The primary unfolded protein response transducer endoplasmic reticulum-to-nucleus signaling 1 is downregulated in livers of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients 原发性未折叠蛋白反应传感器内质网-核信号1在人类非酒精性脂肪性肝炎患者的肝脏中下调
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_1_19
El Hussain Shamsa, Kezhong Zhang
Background: The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is an elegant signaling pathway from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) to protect cells from stress caused by accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. ER-to-Nucleus Signaling 1 (IRE1, also called ERN1), an ER-localized protein kinase and endoribonuclease (RNase), is the most conserved transducer of the UPR signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated expression levels of IRE1 in the livers of human non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. Methods: We analyzed the expression profiles of the primary UPR transducer IRE1 in the livers of human NASH patients based on the microarray gene expression datasets obtained from public domain. Results: Our analyses indicated that expression levels of IRE1 were decreased in the livers of human obese patients with NASH, compared to those of obese patients without NASH. Conclusions: Our analysis result is consistent with the role of IRE1-mediated UPR in preserving cellular homeostasis and functions and in protecting organisms from injuries. This study provides important information in regard to the activation and functional involvement of the UPR signaling pathway in human NASH.
未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)是一种来自内质网(ER)的优雅信号通路,可保护细胞免受内质网内未折叠或错误折叠蛋白积累引起的应激。ER-to-Nucleus Signaling 1 (IRE1,也称为ERN1)是内质网定位的蛋白激酶和核糖核酸内切酶(RNase),是UPR信号通路中最保守的换能器。在这项研究中,我们研究了IRE1在人类非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)患者肝脏中的表达水平。方法:基于从公共领域获得的微阵列基因表达数据集,我们分析了人类NASH患者肝脏中初级UPR传感器IRE1的表达谱。结果:我们的分析表明,与非NASH肥胖患者相比,人类肥胖NASH患者肝脏中IRE1的表达水平降低。结论:我们的分析结果与ire1介导的UPR在维持细胞稳态和功能以及保护生物体免受损伤中的作用是一致的。本研究为人类NASH中UPR信号通路的激活和功能参与提供了重要信息。
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引用次数: 0
Particulate air pollution: Major research methods and applications in animal models 空气微粒污染:主要研究方法及其在动物模型中的应用
Pub Date : 2018-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_16_18
Yanan Shang, Qinghua Sun
Ambient air pollution is composed of a heterogeneous mixture of gaseous and solid particle compounds in which primary particles are emitted directly into the atmosphere, such as diesel soot, while secondary particles are created through physicochemical transformation. Particulate matter (PM), especially fine and ultrafine particles, can be inhaled and deposited in the alveolar cavities and penetrate into circulation. An association between high levels of air pollutants and human disease has been known for more than half a century and increasing evidence demonstrates a strong link between exposure on PM and the development of systemic diseases such as cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Experimental animal models have been extensively used to study the underlying mechanism caused by environmental exposure to ambient PM. Due to their availability, quality, cost, and genetically modified strains, rodent models have been widely used. Some common exposure approaches include intranasal instillation, intratracheal instillation, nose-only inhalation, whole-body inhalation, and intravenous injection have been reviewed with a brief summary of its performance, merit, limitation, and application. We hope this would provide a useful reference in advancing experimental researches about air pollution human health and disease development.
环境空气污染是由气体和固体颗粒化合物的非均匀混合物组成的,其中初级颗粒直接排放到大气中,例如柴油烟尘,而次级颗粒则通过物理化学转化产生。颗粒物(PM),特别是细颗粒和超细颗粒,可被吸入并沉积在肺泡腔中并进入循环。半个多世纪以来,人们已经知道高水平空气污染物与人类疾病之间存在关联,越来越多的证据表明,接触PM与心血管和神经系统疾病等全身性疾病的发展之间存在密切联系。实验动物模型已被广泛用于研究环境暴露于环境PM引起的潜在机制。由于其可获得性、质量、成本和转基因菌株,啮齿动物模型得到了广泛的应用。本文综述了几种常用的暴露方式,包括鼻内滴注、气管内滴注、单鼻吸入、全身吸入和静脉注射,并简要介绍了其性能、优点、局限性和应用。希望为进一步开展空气污染、人体健康和疾病发展的实验研究提供有益的参考。
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引用次数: 17
In vitro immunomodulatory, antifungal, and antibacterial screening of Phyllanthus niruri against to human pathogenic microorganisms 余甘子对人致病性微生物的体外免疫调节、抗真菌和抗菌筛选
Pub Date : 2018-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_9_18
V. Shilpa, K. Muddukrishnaiah, B. Thavamani, V. Dhanapal, K. Arathi, K. Vinod, S. Sreeranjini
Background: Medicinal plants present a wide range of potentially phytochemical compounds that contain many useful properties including anticancer, enzyme inhibition, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and antiallergic activities. Phyllanthus niruri capsules are extensively recommended to improve the function of the diseased liver. Its leaves root and the whole plant are used as an herbal complement. Aim: The present study was aimed to focus on the in vitro immunomodulatory activity, antifungal, antibacterial and phytochemical screening of aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extract of P. niruri. Materials and Methods: Immunomodulatory activities were evaluated through nitroblue tetrazolium assay. Antifungal and antibacterial activity were conducted against Candida albicans (NCIM - 3100), Aspergillus niger (NCIM - 1028), Eschericha coli (NCIM - 5346), Bacillus subtilis (NCIM - 2920), and Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM - 5345) by using disc diffusion method. Results: Medicinal plants contain polyphenolic compounds which have potent anti-cancer and immunomodulator activity. P. niruri has potential immunomodulatory activity. Aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extract of P. niruri did not show any significant antifungal activity and 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, and 200 mg/ml. Aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extract showed significant antibacterial activity. Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that P. niruri does not have antifungal activity but has potent immunomodulatory and antibacterial activity. This immunomodulatory and antibacterial activity of P. niruri may be due to the secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenol compounds.
背景:药用植物具有广泛的潜在植物化学成分,含有许多有用的特性,包括抗癌、酶抑制、抗炎、抗真菌、抗菌、免疫调节、抗氧化和抗过敏活性。余甘子胶囊被广泛推荐用于改善病变肝脏的功能。它的叶子、根和整个植物被用作草药补充。目的:研究水合、甲醇和乙醇提取物的体外免疫调节活性、抗真菌、抗菌和植物化学筛选。材料与方法:采用硝基蓝四氮唑法测定其免疫调节活性。采用盘片扩散法对白色念珠菌(NCIM - 3100)、黑曲霉(NCIM - 1028)、大肠杆菌(NCIM - 5346)、枯草芽孢杆菌(NCIM - 2920)和金黄色葡萄球菌(NCIM - 5345)进行抑菌和抑菌活性测定。结果:药用植物中含有较强的抗癌和免疫调节活性的多酚类化合物。P. niruri具有潜在的免疫调节活性。在100mg /ml、150mg /ml和200mg /ml的水提液、甲醇提液和乙醇提液中均未表现出显著的抗真菌活性。水提物、甲醇提物和乙醇提物具有显著的抗菌活性。结论:该菌不具有抗真菌活性,但具有较强的免疫调节和抗菌活性。这种免疫调节和抗菌活性可能是由于其次生代谢产物,如生物碱、单宁、萜类、黄酮类和酚类化合物。
{"title":"In vitro immunomodulatory, antifungal, and antibacterial screening of Phyllanthus niruri against to human pathogenic microorganisms","authors":"V. Shilpa, K. Muddukrishnaiah, B. Thavamani, V. Dhanapal, K. Arathi, K. Vinod, S. Sreeranjini","doi":"10.4103/ed.ed_9_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_9_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Medicinal plants present a wide range of potentially phytochemical compounds that contain many useful properties including anticancer, enzyme inhibition, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and antiallergic activities. Phyllanthus niruri capsules are extensively recommended to improve the function of the diseased liver. Its leaves root and the whole plant are used as an herbal complement. Aim: The present study was aimed to focus on the in vitro immunomodulatory activity, antifungal, antibacterial and phytochemical screening of aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extract of P. niruri. Materials and Methods: Immunomodulatory activities were evaluated through nitroblue tetrazolium assay. Antifungal and antibacterial activity were conducted against Candida albicans (NCIM - 3100), Aspergillus niger (NCIM - 1028), Eschericha coli (NCIM - 5346), Bacillus subtilis (NCIM - 2920), and Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM - 5345) by using disc diffusion method. Results: Medicinal plants contain polyphenolic compounds which have potent anti-cancer and immunomodulator activity. P. niruri has potential immunomodulatory activity. Aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extract of P. niruri did not show any significant antifungal activity and 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, and 200 mg/ml. Aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extract showed significant antibacterial activity. Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that P. niruri does not have antifungal activity but has potent immunomodulatory and antibacterial activity. This immunomodulatory and antibacterial activity of P. niruri may be due to the secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenol compounds.","PeriodicalId":11702,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Disease","volume":"29 1 1","pages":"63 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84031691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Containing the 2017 plague outbreak in Madagascar: World Health Organization 遏制2017年马达加斯加鼠疫疫情:世界卫生组织
Pub Date : 2018-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_14_18
S. Shrivastava, P. Shrivastava
Dear Editor, Plague is an infectious zoonotic disease of bacterial origin, with the agent being present in small mammals and their fleas.[1] The disease occurs in two forms, namely bubonic and pneumonic with a case fatality ratio of 45% and 100% (if untreated), respectively.[1] The available global estimates suggest that close to 3250 cases and case fatality ratio of 18% have been reported between 2010 and 2015.[1]
亲爱的编辑,鼠疫是一种细菌源的传染性人畜共患疾病,病原体存在于小型哺乳动物及其跳蚤中。[1]该病有两种形式,即腺鼠疫和肺炎,病死率分别为45%和100%(如果不治疗)。[1]现有的全球估计数字表明,2010年至2015年期间报告了近3250例病例,病死率为18%。[1]
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Environmental Disease
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