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Mechanism of sound production by the Chinese grasshopper Acrida cinerea (Orthoptera: Acrididae) during flight 中国蝗虫蝗科(直翅目:蝗科)飞行过程中的发声机制
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-11-02 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12493
Tatsuru Kuga, Eiiti Kasuya

Many species of grasshoppers in subfamilies Oedipodinae, Gomphocerinae and Acridinae make sounds when they escape by flying. We carried out four kinds of experiments with the Chinese grasshopper, Acrida cinerea (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae), whose males often make sounds while flying, to examine the mechanism of sound production during flight by grasshoppers. First, we recorded high-speed video and audio of the tethered flight of the males and found that they produced sounds when they clapped their hindwings together at the end of the upstroke. Second, we recorded the tethered flights of the males when we prevented them from clapping their hindwings to clarify whether the hindwing clapping produced the sounds, and we found that the obstruction of clapping hindwings prevented sound production by the males. Third, we recorded the free flight of the males and determined whether the sound produced by clapping hindwings was not specific to the tethered condition. The males clapped their hindwings during free flight, and sounds were produced when they clapped their hindwings. Finally, we observed the tethered and free flights of the females because the possibility of crepitation flight by the females existed, and we found that sound was produced by females clapping their hindwings during flight. These results showed that male A. cinerea make sounds during flight by clapping their hindwings, and females also have the ability to make sounds by using the same mechanism. This study provides the first experimental evidence on the mechanism of sound production during flight through observing the behaviors of grasshoppers.

Oedipodinae、Gomphocerinae和Acridinae亚科的许多蝗虫在飞行逃跑时会发出声音。我们用雄性经常在飞行中发出声音的中国蚱蜢灰尾蝗(直翅目:蝗科:蝗科)进行了四种实验,以研究蚱蜢在飞行中产生声音的机制。首先,我们录制了雄性系绳飞行的高速视频和音频,发现它们在上冲结束时拍起后翅时会发出声音。其次,当我们阻止雄性拍打后翅时,我们记录了它们的系绳飞行,以澄清后翅拍打是否产生了声音,我们发现拍打后翅的障碍阻碍了雄性发出声音。第三,我们记录了雄性的自由飞行,并确定拍打后翅产生的声音是否不是系留状态特有的。雄性在自由飞行时拍打后翅,当它们拍打后翅时会发出声音。最后,我们观察到了雌性的系留和自由飞行,因为雌性有可能进行黄昏飞行,我们发现雌性在飞行过程中拍打后翅会发出声音。这些结果表明,雄性灰蝶在飞行过程中通过拍打后翅发出声音,雌性灰蝶也有利用同样机制发出声音的能力。本研究通过观察蝗虫的行为,首次为飞行中声音产生的机制提供了实验证据。
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引用次数: 1
Six-year population dynamics of seven passalid species in a humid tropical rainforest in Borneo 婆罗洲潮湿热带雨林中七种帕萨利德物种的六年种群动态
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-10-06 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12490
Hiroto Ueno, Kunio Araya, Paulus Meleng, Clement Het Kaliang, Shoko Sakai, Keiko Kishimoto-Yamada, Masahiro Kon, Takao Itioka, Akiko Satake

Phenology of insect abundance in less seasonal tropical regions is well recognized. Even in Bornean tropical forests in Malaysia, where there is no distinct dry season, there are insect species that behave as if their environments were highly seasonal. How such seasonal dynamics are shaped and what factors determine the seasonality remains largely unresolved. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying population dynamics in relatively stable tropical environments, we classified monthly samples collected with light traps at Lambir Hills National Park, Malaysia, and generated long-term time-series data for the family Passalidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), which spend nearly their entire life cycle within or beneath decayed wood. Analyses of our data (20 species and 768 individuals) revealed that there were clear abundance peaks in April and October at the community level. We analyzed the data together with climate data using a nonlinear time-series analysis called convergent cross mapping. The causal relationship between adult population dynamics of the dominant species (Leptaulax planus) and temperature was detected, which shows that the population dynamics of L. planus are driven by cool temperatures approximately 1 month before emergence. Our study indicates that even in perpetually wet tropical rainforests in Southeast Asia, insect population dynamics respond to climatic factors and show seasonal population dynamics.

在季节性较低的热带地区,昆虫丰度的表型是公认的。即使在马来西亚的婆罗洲热带森林中,那里没有明显的旱季,也有一些昆虫物种表现得好像它们的环境是高度季节性的。这种季节性动态是如何形成的,以及是什么因素决定了季节性,在很大程度上仍未解决。为了阐明相对稳定的热带环境中种群动态的潜在机制,我们对在马来西亚兰比尔山国家公园用光阱收集的月度样本进行了分类,并生成了帕萨里科(鞘翅目:Scarabaeoidea)的长期时间序列数据,该科几乎整个生命周期都在腐朽的木材中或下面度过。对我们的数据(20个物种和768个个体)的分析表明,在群落水平上,4月和10月出现了明显的丰度峰值。我们使用称为收敛交叉映射的非线性时间序列分析将数据与气候数据一起分析。通过对优势种扁钩虫(Leptolax planus)成虫种群动态与温度之间的因果关系的研究,表明扁钩虫的种群动态是由低温驱动的 出现前一个月。我们的研究表明,即使在东南亚永久潮湿的热带雨林中,昆虫种群动态也会对气候因素做出反应,并表现出季节性种群动态。
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引用次数: 1
Defensive nymphs and water-repellency in previously unknown galls of the social aphid Colophina monstrifica (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Eriosomatinae) 社交蚜Colophina monstrivica(半翅目:蚜科:Eriosmatinae)的防御若虫和以前未知的虫瘿中的拒水性
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12492
Keigo Uematsu, Shigeyuki Aoki, Man-Miao Yang

The aphid Colophina monstrifica forms woolly colonies with sterile soldiers on the secondary host Clematis uncinata in Taiwan. However, the gall or primary-host generation of C. monstrifica has not been found to date. We successfully induced galls of the species on Zelkova serrata by attaching its eggs to the trees, and also found a few naturally formed galls on another Z. serrata tree. The identity of the aphids was confirmed by examining their mitochondrial DNA sequences. First and second instar nymphs in the galls exhibited attacking behavior toward artificially introduced moth larvae. Observations with a scanning electron microscope revealed that the gall inner surface was densely covered with minute trichomes. This indicates the water repellency of the inner surface, and suggests that young nymphs of C. monstrifica dispose of honeydew globules outside the gall, as known in the congener Colophina clematis.

在台湾的二级寄主金龟子上,金龟子蚜虫与不育的士兵形成羊毛群落。然而,到目前为止,还没有发现C.monstrivica的胆囊或主要宿主代。我们通过将其卵附着在树上,成功地在泽尔科娃锯齿树上诱导了该物种的胆囊,并在另一棵泽尔科瓦锯齿树上发现了一些自然形成的胆囊。通过检查它们的线粒体DNA序列,确认了蚜虫的身份。galls中的一龄和二龄若虫对人工引入的蛾幼虫表现出攻击行为。扫描电子显微镜观察显示,胆囊内表面密被微小的毛状体覆盖。这表明了内表面的拒水性,并表明Monstrivica的年轻若虫会在胆囊外处理蜜露球,如同类Colophina中所知 铁线莲。
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引用次数: 2
Survival rates of the first and second offspring of Echthrodelphax fairchildii Perkins (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) under self and conspecific superparasitism: The effects of body size of ovipositing females 在自身和同种超寄生条件下,费尔柴棘蝶(膜翅目:Dryinidae)第一代和第二代的存活率:产卵雌性体型的影响
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-09-21 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12489
Weri Herlin, Hideto Yoshimura, Yoshihiro Y. Yamada

The effects of ovipositing female body size on the survival of the first and second offspring under self and conspecific superparasitism have not been determined. Here, we report the importance of the body size of ovipositing females for three intervals (0, 1, and 24 h) between first and second ovipositions using a semi-solitary ectoparasitoid, Echthrodelphax fairchildii, and fourth-instar nymphs of its host, the planthopper Laodelphax striatellus. We addressed the case in which the first and second parasitoid eggs were laid on different sides of the same host. The second ovipositing female killed the previous offspring using the sting, but when the oviposition intervals were 0 and 1 h, the elimination was unprofitable because both offspring often emerged under non-probing superparasitism. The survival rate of the second offspring decreased with increasing oviposition intervals under non-probing superparasitism, whereas that of the first offspring was independent of oviposition intervals. Under non-probing superparasitism, the survival rates of the first and second offspring were higher under conspecific superparasitism than under self superparasitism, especially when the first and/or second ovipositing females were small. Large mothers ensured high survival rates of their offspring under non-probing superparasitism, except the survival rate of the second offspring under conspecific superparasitism, which was negatively associated with the first female's size. Thus, the first offspring from small mothers were likely to lose the competition to the second offspring. Under probing superparasitism, the second offspring survival rate was positively associated with the mother's size, suggesting that offspring, not ovipositing females, release agents affecting the mother-size effect.

在自身和同种超寄生条件下,产卵雌性体型对第一个和第二个后代存活的影响尚未确定。在这里,我们报告了产卵雌性在三个时间间隔(0、1和24)内体型的重要性 h) 在第一次和第二次产卵之间,使用半孤立的外寄生蜂——费尔柴棘蚧和其寄主的四龄若虫——条纹灰飞虱。我们讨论了第一个和第二个寄生蜂卵产在同一宿主不同侧面的情况。第二只产卵的雌性用刺杀死了之前的后代,但当产卵间隔为0和1时 h、 这种消除是无利可图的,因为两个后代都经常出现在非探测性的超寄生状态下。在非试探性超寄生条件下,第二代的存活率随着产卵间隔的增加而降低,而第一代的生存率与产卵间隔无关。在非试探性超寄生下,同种超寄生下第一和第二后代的存活率高于自身超寄生下的存活率,尤其是当第一和/或第二次产卵的雌性较小时。体型较大的母亲确保了其后代在非探测性超寄生下的高存活率,但第二个后代在同种超寄生条件下的存活率除外,这与第一只雌性的体型呈负相关。因此,来自小母亲的第一个后代很可能会在竞争中输给第二个后代。在探测性超寄生条件下,第二代后代的存活率与母亲的体型呈正相关,这表明后代而不是产卵的雌性,释放了影响母亲体型效应的因素。
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引用次数: 0
Fine-scale population fragmentation of a grassland butterfly Plebejus argyrognomon inhabiting agricultural field margin and riverbank in rural landscapes 农村农田边缘和河岸草地蝴蝶的细尺度种群破碎化
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-09-21 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12491
Tadashi Miyashita, Fuga Matsui, Hidenori Deto, Tatsuya Imai, Natsuko I. Kondo

Evaluating the spatial genetic structure of rare species is important because it could provide information on the degree of habitat fragmentation and effective population size that are necessary for conservation planning. We examined the genetic structure of the grassland butterfly Plebejus argyrognomon that has severely declined in recent decades using single nucleotide polymorphisms obtained by the MIG-seq method. The study region was in the southern Ina Basin located in central Japan, where P. argyrognomon inhabits grasslands in agricultural field margin as well as in riverbank. We found a positive association between genetic and geographic distances, but the pattern was nonlinear, with little change in genetic distance above 12 km. The genetic differentiation was considerable, as demonstrated by FST and Structure. Moreover, genetic diversity was positively associated with habitat connectivity index, suggesting severe genetic drift in isolated populations. Comparing two habitat types, the genetic structure tended to be similar among agricultural field margin populations while dissimilar among riverbank populations, suggesting frequent gene flow in the former. Coupled with the presence of many habitat patches in agricultural field margin, we consider that agricultural field margin populations in the northern part of the study sites appear valuable to ensure long-term persistence of the regional P. argyrognomon population.

评估稀有物种的空间遗传结构很重要,因为它可以提供保护规划所需的栖息地破碎化程度和有效种群规模的信息。我们使用MIG‐seq方法获得的单核苷酸多态性,检测了近几十年来严重衰退的草原蝴蝶Plebejus argyronomon的遗传结构。该研究区域位于日本中部的伊纳盆地南部,银锥虫栖息在农田边缘和河岸的草地上。我们发现遗传距离和地理距离之间存在正相关,但这种模式是非线性的,超过12的遗传距离变化不大 遗传分化显著,如FST和Structure所示。此外,遗传多样性与栖息地连通性指数呈正相关,表明孤立种群存在严重的遗传漂移。比较两种生境类型,农田边缘种群的遗传结构趋于相似,而河岸种群的基因结构则不同,表明前者的基因流动频繁。再加上农田边缘存在许多栖息地斑块,我们认为研究地点北部的农田边缘种群似乎有助于确保区域银锥虫种群的长期存在。
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引用次数: 2
Community composition of ants beneath invasive plant Rosa rugosa 入侵植物蔷薇下蚂蚁群落组成
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12488
Irena M. Grześ, Elżbieta Rożej-Pabijan, Anna M. Stefanowicz, Marcin W. Woch

Planting of Japanese rose Rosa rugosa along the Baltic Sea coastline has contributed to the synanthropization of coastal ecosystems. Many ant species inhabiting coastal dunes are rare, have high conservation value and are sensitive to ecosystem disturbances. This short communication presents a study describing the species composition of ground-nesting ants beneath the invasive plant Rosa rugosa. Twenty-five paired invaded–native plots were established along the Hel Peninsula in gray and white dunes. We identified a total of 13 species within both the invaded and reference plots, of which 11 species were shared. The difference between reference and invaded plots was tested using permutational multivariate anova based on the Bray–Curtis index dissimilarity matrix. Permutational multivariate anova partitioning showed the greatest component was the residual, and there was no evidence for vegetation type effect. Thus, we did not confirm the negative influence of R. rugosa invasion on the community composition of ground-nesting ants. Comparing the species composition of invaded and reference plots, we identified a small bias towards a slightly higher frequency of hygrophilous Myrmica species and a higher frequency of the psammophilous ant Lasius psammophilus, which raises the question for future investigations of whether R. rugosa creates nesting microhabitats preferred by hygrophilous ants.

在波罗的海沿岸种植日本玫瑰Rosa rugosa,促进了沿海生态系统的协同化。许多栖息在海岸沙丘上的蚂蚁物种是珍稀物种,具有很高的保护价值,并且对生态系统的干扰非常敏感。这篇简短的通讯介绍了一项研究,描述了入侵植物玫瑰下地面筑巢蚂蚁的物种组成。沿着Hel半岛的灰色和白色沙丘建立了25个成对的入侵原生地块。在入侵样地和参考样地共鉴定出13种,其中11种是共有的。采用基于Bray-Curtis指数差异矩阵的多元方差分析方法对参考地块与入侵地块的差异进行检验。多因素方差分析显示,残差分量最大,不存在植被类型的影响。因此,我们没有证实褐毛蚁入侵对地巢蚂蚁群落组成的负面影响。通过对比入侵样地和参考样地的物种组成,我们发现了嗜湿金蚁和嗜湿蚁Lasius psammophilus出现频率稍高的轻微偏差,这为进一步研究rugosa是否创造了嗜湿蚁偏好的筑巢微栖息地提出了疑问。
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引用次数: 1
First record of a mermithid nematode (Nematoda: Mermithidae) parasitizing winged females of gall-forming aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Eriosomatinae) 首个寄生瘿虫(半翅目:蚜虫科)的有翅雌虫的记录(半翅目:蚜虫科:瘿虫科)
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12486
Xin Tong, Natsumi Kanzaki, Shin-ichi Akimoto

Juvenile mermithid nematodes were found to parasitize winged females (sexuparae) of Eriosoma auratum and Tetraneura radicicola. The morphological characteristics of mermithid nematodes are briefly described. The 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA obtained from one nematode were sequenced and used to construct a Bayesian phylogenetic tree, on which the host ranges of mermithid nematodes were represented. Our study indicated that mermithid parasitism of sexuparae led to fewer and smaller sexual female embryos. This is the first record of a mermithid in relation to eriosomatine aphids and the fourth record with respect to Aphididae.

研究发现,银针线虫幼虫寄生于白角虫和根毛虫的有翅雌虫(性翅)上。简要介绍了带刺线虫的形态特征。对其中1条线虫的18S rDNA和28S rDNA进行测序,构建贝叶斯系统发育树,在该树上表征了狭缝线虫的寄主范围。我们的研究表明,寄生于性翅果的狭蛾会导致雌性胚胎数量少、体积小。这是与乳虫蚜有关的第一次记录,也是与蚜科有关的第4次记录。
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引用次数: 1
Assessment of putative species diversity of insect larvae occurring in bamboo galls by a DNA barcoding analysis 应用DNA条形码分析法评估竹壳中昆虫幼虫的物种多样性
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12485
Fumiaki Y. Nomano, Hideyuki Mitsui, Masahito T. Kimura

For identification of insect larvae occurring in galls formed on culms of Sasa kurilensis in Shiga-kôgen, Nagano and those of Pseudosasa japonica in Takao-san, Tokyo, we undertook a DNA barcoding analysis using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene. Seventeen operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified for larvae from Shiga-kôgen and one for those from Takao-san. Of 17 OTUs from Shiga-kôgen, 10 were most likely assigned to Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), one to Anthomyzidae (Diptera), two to Lepidoptera and four to Hymenoptera. One OTU from Takao-san was assigned in the Cecidomyiidae cluster. However, none of the OTUs was assigned to known species. It is unknown whether primary gall-makers are included in the putative cecidomyiid, anthomyzid and lepidopteran species found in this study. However, hymenopteran species occurring in these galls would be parasitoids. How so many cecidomyiid species coexist on bamboo culms in Shiga-kôgen is an interesting issue and remains to be resolved.

为了鉴定出现在长野志贺县Sasa kurilensis和东京高冈县Pseudosasa japonica秆上形成的虫瘿中的昆虫幼虫,我们使用线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基1(CO1)基因进行了DNA条形码分析。Shiga‐kôgen幼虫和Takao‐san幼虫分别鉴定了17个操作分类单元(OTU)和一个操作分类单位。在志贺根的17个OTU中,10个最有可能被分配到Cecidomyiidae(Diptera),1个分配到Anthomyzidae(Diptora),2个分配到鳞翅目,4个分配到膜翅目。来自Takao-san的一个OTU被分配到Cecidomyiidae集群中。然而,没有一个OTU被分配给已知物种。目前尚不清楚在本研究中发现的假定盲肠蝇、花蝇和鳞翅目物种中是否包括初级胆囊制造者。然而,出现在这些胆囊中的处女膜虫物种可能是寄生蜂。在志贺县,如此多的盲肠蝇物种是如何共存于竹子上的,这是一个有趣的问题,仍有待解决。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of diet on body size and survival of omnivorous crickets 饮食对杂食性蟋蟀体型和生存的影响
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12487
Saki Ogita, Yukari Tanaka, Takashi Kuriwada

Omnivory is a feeding habit in which animals prey on organisms from two or more trophic levels. Omnivorous species play important roles in predator–prey interactions, food web dynamics, and ecosystem functions. Although cricket species have been considered omnivores, quantified investigations of their feeding habits have not been carried out. Therefore, we compared the developmental time, body size and mortality rate of the band-legged ground cricket, Dianemobius nigrofasciatus (Matsumura) (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae) reared on diets meant for carnivores and herbivores. Furthermore, to examine whether the crickets can balance their nutritional conditions through their food choices, we set up two additional diet treatments, which comprised diets for carnivores and herbivores provided simultaneously or by rotation. The mortality rate of the carnivore diet treatment was higher than that of the other diet treatments. This result suggests that D. nigrofasciatus is a “herbivore” that also obtains nutrients from resources other than plant materials. Although developmental time did not significantly differ among the dietary treatments, the body size of the crickets that were provided both diets simultaneously was significantly larger than that of the crickets provided with only the diets for either carnivores or herbivores. These results suggest that an appropriate amount of carnivorous feeding is advantageous for the development of the cricket, and indicates that crickets can balance nutrition on their own.

杂食性是动物捕食两个或两个以上营养级的生物体的一种进食习惯。杂食性物种在捕食者-猎物的相互作用、食物网动力学和生态系统功能中发挥着重要作用。尽管蟋蟀被认为是杂食动物,但尚未对其食性进行量化调查。因此,我们比较了以食肉动物和食草动物为食饲养的带腿地蟋蟀——黑腹蟋蟀(Matsumura)(直翅目:三角蟋蟀科)的发育时间、体型和死亡率。此外,为了研究蟋蟀是否可以通过食物选择来平衡营养状况,我们设置了两种额外的饮食治疗方法,包括同时或轮流为食肉动物和食草动物提供饮食。食肉动物饮食处理的死亡率高于其他饮食处理。这一结果表明,黑腹蛛是一种“草食性动物”,它也从植物材料以外的资源中获得营养。尽管不同的饮食处理的发育时间没有显著差异,但同时提供两种饮食的蟋蟀的体型明显大于只提供食肉动物或草食动物饮食的蟋蟀。这些结果表明,适当的肉食性喂养有利于蟋蟀的发育,并表明蟋蟀可以自行平衡营养。
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引用次数: 1
Intraspecific variation in longevity of Drosophila prolongata (Diptera: Drosophilidae) under solitary and group conditions 延长果蝇(Diptera:果蝇科)在单独和群体条件下寿命的种内变异
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12484
Ayumi Kudo

Considerable variations in behavior and physiology exist among sexes and strains of species. The amount and allocation of energy resources can affect the health and survival of individuals. If an individual devotes a large amount of energy to interact with other conspecifics, the resources may become too scarce to maintain their physical condition, which could reduce longevity. In this study, I examined the interactive effects of sex, strain, and the presence of conspecifics on adult longevity using four strains of Drosophila prolongata. This species shows a large intraspecific variation in behavior and morphology among isofemale strains. Under solitary conditions, longevity was significantly different among strains for both sexes. The effects of same-sex conspecifics on adult longevity were also highly variable between the sexes and among strains. When exposed to conspecifics, the longevity of males of a hyper-aggressive strain was more notably decreased than that of females of the same strain or either sex of other less aggressive strains. These results indicate that differences in the balance of costs and benefits of social interactions lead to differences in adult longevity under group conditions between the sexes and among strains within the same species.

不同性别和不同品系的物种在行为和生理上存在着相当大的差异。能量资源的数量和分配会影响个体的健康和生存。如果一个个体投入大量的精力与其他同种个体互动,资源可能会变得过于稀缺,无法维持其身体状况,这可能会减少寿命。在这项研究中,我研究了性别、品系和同种生物的存在对成年果蝇寿命的相互作用。该物种在同雌株之间表现出较大的种内行为和形态差异。在独居条件下,两性菌株的寿命差异显著。同种异种对成虫寿命的影响在不同性别和不同品系之间也存在很大差异。当暴露于同种生物时,高侵略性菌株的雄性寿命比相同菌株的雌性或其他低侵略性菌株的任何性别的寿命都明显减少。这些结果表明,在群体条件下,社会互动的成本和收益平衡的差异导致了性别之间和同一物种内不同品系之间成年寿命的差异。
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引用次数: 2
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Entomological Science
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