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Effect of male–female relatedness on aggression and inbreeding in an egg parasitoid wasp 雄性-雌性亲缘关系对卵寄生蜂攻击性和近亲繁殖的影响
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12541
Si-Yu Yin, Yu-Mei Tao, Peng-Cheng Liu

Aggressive behavior is important for acquiring crucial resources in many animals. As such behavior is costly, selection favors contestants that can accurately gather information regarding the likely costs and benefits of conflict to enable appropriate tactical decisions. Mate choice based on relatedness is widespread among animals and has severe consequences. Theoretically, due to the potential costs of inbreeding, contestants may benefit from discriminating between relative and nonrelative mates and adjusting their behavior accordingly. If inbreeding results in fitness costs, related mates might be perceived as less valuable and individuals might be expected to invest less in costly aggression, and vice versa. However, the role of male–female relatedness in aggression has been less addressed. The egg parasitoid wasp Anastatus disparis, which exhibits extreme male–male aggressive behavior for mating opportunities, was used as an experimental model to explore the role of male–female relatedness in aggression. Inconsistent with our prediction, male–female relatedness had no significant effect on male–male fighting frequency or intensity in A. disparis. The ability of males to discriminate relative from nonrelative females is a prerequisite for male–female relatedness to affect males’ aggression. However, A. disparis males did not exhibit any mating preferences for relative or nonrelative females. Besides, inbreeding did not result in depression in terms of longevity, fecundity or sex ratio in A. disparis. Our finding of no effect of male–female relatedness on male–male fights in A. disparis may be caused by a lack of kin discrimination ability or/and a lack of benefits from discriminating relatives from nonrelatives.

攻击性行为对于获取许多动物的重要资源非常重要。由于这种行为代价高昂,选拔有利于参赛者能够准确收集有关冲突可能带来的成本和收益的信息,从而做出适当的战术决策。基于亲缘关系的择偶在动物中普遍存在,并产生严重后果。从理论上讲,由于近亲繁殖的潜在成本,参赛者可能会从区分近亲和非近亲并相应调整自己的行为中受益。如果近亲繁殖导致适应成本,那么相关配偶可能会被认为价值较低,个体可能会在代价高昂的攻击上投入较少,反之亦然。然而,男女关系在攻击中的作用却很少得到解决。卵寄生蜂Anastatus disparis表现出极端的雄性对交配机会的攻击行为,被用作实验模型来探索雄性-雌性关系在攻击中的作用。与我们的预测不一致,在A.disparis中,雄性-雌性关系对雄性-雄性战斗频率或强度没有显著影响。男性区分亲属和非亲属女性的能力是男女关系影响男性攻击性的先决条件。然而,A.disparis雄性对亲属或非亲属雌性没有表现出任何交配偏好。此外,近亲繁殖并没有导致斑蝶寿命、繁殖力或性别比的下降。我们发现,在A.disparis中,男性-女性关系对男性-男性打斗没有影响,这可能是由于缺乏亲属歧视能力或/或缺乏从非亲属中歧视亲属的好处。
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引用次数: 0
Phylogenetic and morphological analyses of Japanese Aquarius water strider, with a new synonym 一个新异名——日本宝瓶座水鹬的系统发育和形态分析
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12544
Naoki Hiraishi, Tomoya Suzuki, Ryosuke Matsushima, Shin-ya Ohba

The genus Aquarius, of the subfamily Gerrinae, was formerly divided into two species and one subspecies in Japan (Apaludum paludum, Apaludum amamiensis and Aelongatus, respectively). Aquarius haliplous Yasunaga et al. 2018 has recently been described as a new species, which occurs in brackish waters of Nagasaki Prefecture and is found sympatrically with the widely distributed species, A. ppaludum. However, they are considered to be speciated, with no cross-breeding. In this study, molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses were undertaken using the mitochondrial DNA COI (529 bp) and nuclear DNA histone H3 (314 bp) gene regions to investigate the genetic and morphological differentiation in the genus Aquarius, including Ahaliplous, throughout Japan (including the islands). The results show that, unlike A. ppaludum, A. pamamiensis and Ahaliplous, Aelongatus displays substantial genetic differentiation. Considering that, although morphological differences exist in the antennae of A. ppaludum and A. pamamiensis, Ahaliplous has no clear genetic or morphological difference from A. ppaludum, and hence cannot be classified as a distinct species. Therefore, we propose that Ahaliplous be synonymized with Apaludum.

宝瓶属,Gerrinae亚科,以前在日本分为两个种和一个亚种(A. paludum paludum, A. paludum amamiensis和A. elongatus)。水瓶座halipous Yasunaga et al. 2018最近被描述为一个新物种,它出现在长崎县的半咸淡水中,与广泛分布的物种a . p. paludum共生。然而,它们被认为是有物种的,没有杂交。本研究利用线粒体DNA COI (529 bp)和核DNA组蛋白H3 (314 bp)基因区进行分子系统发育和形态学分析,探讨了日本(包括岛屿)地区宝瓶属(包括A. halipous)的遗传和形态学分化。结果表明,与paludum、a.p. amamiensis和haaliplous不同,A. elongatus表现出明显的遗传分化。综上所述,尽管a . p. paludum和a . p. amamiensis的触角在形态上存在差异,但haaliplous与a . p. paludum在遗传和形态上都没有明显的差异,因此不能将其归类为一个独立的物种。因此,我们建议将A. halipous与A. paludum同义。
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引用次数: 0
Discovery of unknown new ponds occupied by the endangered giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) by combining environmental DNA and capture surveys 结合环境DNA和捕获调查,发现濒危巨型水虫Kirkaldyia deyrolli(半翅目:异翅目:Belostomatidae)所占据的未知新池塘
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-24 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12540
Shigeki Ogata, Atsuhiro Nishiwaki, Kanji Yamazoe, Kyoko Sugai, Teruhiko Takahara
Basic ecological information (e.g. habitat or distribution) is indispensable for conserving endangered species. The giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli is an aquatic insect in the large stink bug family (Belostomatidae). It inhabits ponds and is a critically endangered species. In this study, we developed a species‐specific primer–probe set (the cytochrome c oxidase I region in mitochondrial DNA) that was used in real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect K. deyrolli environmental DNA (eDNA). Next, using eDNA analysis, we investigated the presence of K. deyrolli in 89 study ponds (including one pond that had already been identified as the habitat of this species) in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. The eDNA of K. deyrolli was detected in 11 of these 89 ponds. Furthermore, when the traditional method of direct capture survey was carried out in four of the 10 ponds where K. deyrolli eDNA had been detected and no prior occupancy information for this species was available, the capture of one K. deyrolli (female) was successful in only one pond. This study showed that combining eDNA analysis and direct capture methods can lead to discovering previously unknown habitats essential for conserving an endangered species.
基本生态信息(如栖息地或分布)对于保护濒危物种是必不可少的。巨型水蝽Kirkaldyia deyrolli是大型蝽科的一种水生昆虫。它栖息在池塘里,是一种极度濒危的物种。在这项研究中,我们开发了一种物种特异性引物-探针组(线粒体DNA中的细胞色素c氧化酶I区),用于实时聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测K.deyrolli环境DNA(eDNA)。接下来,使用eDNA分析,我们调查了日本岛根县89个研究池塘(包括一个已经被确定为该物种栖息地的池塘)中K.deyrolli的存在。在这89个池塘中的11个池塘中检测到了K.deyrolli的eDNA。此外,当传统的直接捕获调查方法在10个池塘中的4个池塘中进行时,在那里检测到了K.deyrolli eDNA,并且没有该物种的先前占有信息,只有一个池塘成功捕获了一只K.deyrelli(雌性)。这项研究表明,将eDNA分析和直接捕获方法相结合,可以发现以前未知的栖息地,这对保护濒危物种至关重要。
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引用次数: 1
Myrmecophily of Horniolus fortunatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Horniolus fortunatus的嗜蚁性(鞘翅目:球虫科)
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12543
Hiroyuki Yoshitomi

The biology of Horniolus fortunatus (Lewis, 1896) has been fragmentarily reported, but what the larvae and adults feed on and the immature stages are still unknown. In this article, I report that this coccinellid adult and larva feed on mealybugs (Planococcus sp.) living in the nest of the ant Crematogaster matsumurai Forel, 1901.

关于fortunatus Horniolus (Lewis, 1896)的生物学报道并不完整,但其幼虫和成虫以什么为食以及未成熟阶段仍不清楚。在这篇文章中,我报告了这种球菌属的成虫和幼虫以生活在蚂蚁Crematogaster matsumurai Forel, 1901的巢中的粉蚧(Planococcus sp.)为食。
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引用次数: 0
Myrmecophily of the enigmatic stag beetle Torynognathus chrysomelinus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae) with remarks on adult morphology, immature stages, and systematic position 神秘鹿角甲Torynognathus chrysomelinus(鞘翅目:Lucanidae:Lucaninae)的Myrmocophily,对成年形态、未成熟阶段和系统位置的评论
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-21 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12539
Showtaro Kakizoe, Shunsuke Kakinuma, Konosuke Hoshino, Rosli Hashim, Nurul Ashikin Abdullah, Munetoshi Maruyama

Adults and various immature stages of the stag beetle Torynognathus chrysomelinus Bomans, 1986 were found inside the nests of Pseudolasius ants in Peninsular Malaysia. This paper provides a detailed description of T. chrysomelinus, which is the first ever record of myrmecophily in this genus and the third record in the family Lucanidae. This is also the first record of myrmecophilous Coleoptera with Pseudolasius ants as a host. The description includes the illustration of the male genitalia, mouthparts, larva, and pupa of this genus for the first time. Furthermore, the systematic position of T. chrysomelinus was inferred by the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family Lucanidae. The results suggest that Torynognathus is a sister taxon to the genus Aegus.

1986年,在马来西亚半岛的Pseudolasius蚂蚁的巢穴中发现了成年和各种未成熟阶段的鹿角甲虫Torynognathus chrysomelinus Bomans。本文对金缕梅进行了详细的描述,这是金缕梅属有史以来第一个亲金缕梅记录,也是Lucanidae科的第三个记录。这也是第一个以假毛蚁为宿主的亲蚁鞘翅目记录。该描述首次包括该属雄性生殖器、口器、幼虫和蛹的插图。此外,通过对金缕梅科植物的分子系统发育分析,推断了金缕梅的系统位置。结果表明,Torynognathus是Aegus属的姐妹分类单元。
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引用次数: 1
The phylogeography of the stag beetle Dorcus montivagus (Coleoptera, Lucanidae): Comparison with the phylogeography of its specific host tree, the Japanese beech Fagus crenata 鹿甲Dorcus montivagus(鞘翅目,Lucanidae)的系统地理学:与其特定寄主树日本山毛榉Fagus crenata的系统地理学比较
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-04 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12535
Gaku Ueki, Koji Tojo

Dorcus montivagus is a Japanese endemic stag beetle that feeds exclusively on dead beech wood, and its distribution is almost completely coincidental with that of beech forests. Japanese beech, Fagus crenata, is the dominant tree species of the cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in Japan. Historical changes in the distribution of beech forests due to Pleistocene climate change are expected to have also affected the phylogeographic structures of dependent beech-feeding phytophagous insects. In this study, we elucidated the present phylogeographic structures of D. montivagus using molecular markers, and also compared them with the present geographic genetic structures of beech tress and the post-glacial distribution as inferred by pollen fossil analyses. It was found that D. montivagus is largely differentiated into two phylogenetic clades: Clade I consisted of populations from Hokkaido, Honshu and Shikoku, and Clade II consisted only of Kyushu populations. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of the stag beetle showed a geographically declining gradient from south-west to north-east, consistent with the genetic variation observable in Japanese beech. Genetic differentiation between the Sea of Japan side and the Pacific Ocean side populations was also observed in both clades of the stag beetle. These results indicate a similar phylogeographic structure between the stag beetle and Japanese beech. Therefore, the distributional changes in Japanese beech correspondingly restricted the migratory dispersal of D. montivagus, and strongly influenced its phylogeographic structure.

Dorcus montivagus是一种日本特有的鹿角甲虫,专门以死山毛榉木材为食,其分布几乎与山毛榉林完全一致。日本山毛榉(Fagus crenata)是日本冷温带落叶阔叶林的优势树种。更新世气候变化导致的山毛榉林分布的历史变化预计也会影响以山毛榉为食的植食性昆虫的系统地理结构。在本研究中,我们使用分子标记阐明了蒙蒂瓦格斯的现有系统地理结构,并将其与山毛榉树的现有地理遗传结构和花粉化石分析推断的冰川后分布进行了比较。研究发现,D.montivagus在很大程度上可分为两个系统发育分支:分支I由北海道、本州和四国的种群组成,分支II仅由九州种群组成。此外,鹿角甲虫的遗传多样性从西南到东北呈地理下降趋势,这与日本山毛榉的遗传变异一致。日本海侧和太平洋侧种群之间的遗传分化也在鹿角甲虫的两个分支中观察到。这些结果表明,鹿角甲虫和日本山毛榉之间存在相似的系统地理结构。因此,日本山毛榉的分布变化相应地限制了山毛榉的迁徙扩散,并强烈影响了其系统地理结构。
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引用次数: 1
Functional, genetic, and structural constraints on the exaggeration and diversification of male genital morphology in Ohomopterus ground beetles 异翅蝽雄性生殖形态夸张和多样化的功能、遗传和结构限制
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12538
Karen Terada, Sougo Takahashi, Yasuoki Takami

The evolution of exaggerated sexual traits may be possible by the relaxation of various constraints on exaggeration. Functional constraints refer to the reduced performance of exaggerated traits per se or increased survival costs by holding the exaggerated traits. Genetic constraints, such as genetic correlations or pleiotropy, may hinder the independent evolution and exaggeration of traits. Structural constraints, such as competition for space and resources among traits, may require the coordination of the exaggerated trait with surrounding structures. The remarkable diversity of male genital morphology provides an ideal opportunity for examining constraints on sexual trait exaggeration. In this study, we addressed the constraints on the evolution of exaggerated male genital morphology based on a comparative analysis of phenotypic covariation between the genitalia and other body parts using Ohomopterus ground beetles. We found that exaggerated male genitalia were related to a relaxation of functional constraint, as revealed by a steeper allometric slope in the species with exaggerated male genitalia. By contrast, genetic constraint based on a shared genetic basis for the male genitalia and other appendages may have little effect on diversification in male genitalia. Structural constraints were strongest in the species with the most exaggerated male genitalia, suggesting that the observed constraint was a result of exaggeration. These findings improve our understanding of sexual trait exaggeration and underlying constraints.

夸大性特征的进化可能是由于对夸大的各种限制的放松。功能约束是指夸大性状本身的性能降低或因持有夸大性状而增加生存成本。遗传限制,如遗传相关性或多效性,可能会阻碍性状的独立进化和夸张。结构约束,如性状之间对空间和资源的竞争,可能需要夸张性状与周围结构的协调。男性生殖器形态的显著多样性为研究性特征夸张的限制提供了一个理想的机会。在本研究中,我们通过比较分析土甲虫生殖器与其他身体部位的表型共变异,探讨了雄性生殖器形态夸张进化的制约因素。我们发现,雄性生殖器夸张与功能约束的放松有关,这表明雄性生殖器夸张的物种具有更陡峭的异速斜率。相比之下,基于男性生殖器和其他附属物共享遗传基础的遗传约束可能对男性生殖器的多样化影响不大。结构约束在男性生殖器最夸张的物种中是最强的,这表明观察到的约束是夸张的结果。这些发现提高了我们对性特征夸大和潜在限制的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Rapid bluing and slow browning: reversible body color change according to ambient temperature in damselfly Indolestes peregrinus (Ris, 1916) 快蓝慢褐:豆娘Indolestes peregrinus的身体颜色随环境温度的可逆变化(Ris, 1916)
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-27 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12537
Yuki Hasebe, Yuta Nagano, Tomoyuki Yokoi

Variation in body color occurs in many animals, and its function differs by species. Some species use multiple colors to create different effects. Most dragonflies change their body color unilaterally with maturation, whereas in a few species these changes are reversible. Both sexes of the damselfly Indolestes peregrinus show temperature-dependent reversible body color changes, with a brown color when the ambient temperature decreases and a blue color when the temperature increases. To elucidate the temperature range at which this color change occurs and the exact elapsed time for the color change, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine whether the time required for body color change was related to ambient temperature and whether sex differences affected this duration. The body color and time required for the change were recorded under four temperature conditions. Bluing was completed in a few minutes, whereas browning took several hours. Moreover, sexual differences were observed, whereby males showed a more rapid transformation to blue than that of females. Our results suggest that the rapid bluing has some importance in this species, especially in males.

体色的变化发生在许多动物身上,其功能因物种而异。有些物种使用多种颜色来创造不同的效果。大多数蜻蜓随着成熟而单方面改变体色,而在少数物种中,这些变化是可逆的。雌游隼的两性都表现出依赖温度的可逆体色变化,当环境温度降低时为棕色,当温度升高时为蓝色。为了阐明这种颜色变化发生的温度范围和颜色变化的确切经过时间,进行了实验室实验,以确定身体颜色变化所需的时间是否与环境温度有关,以及性别差异是否影响这一持续时间。在四种温度条件下记录体色和变化所需的时间。发蓝只需几分钟,而褐变则需要几个小时。此外,还观察到性别差异,即男性比女性更快地转变为蓝色。我们的研究结果表明,快速发蓝在该物种中具有一定的重要性,尤其是在雄性中。
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引用次数: 0
Inferring feeding habits of Carabidae (Coleoptera) larvae based on mandible morphology: Case studies of Lesticus magnus and Chlaenius costiger 基于下颌骨形态推断金龟子科(Coleoptera)幼虫的食性——以大鳞Lesticus magnus和Chlaenius costiger为例
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-15 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12536
Kôji Sasakawa

In the beetle family Carabidae, feeding habits are important life history traits that determine their role in ecosystems and suitability as bioindicators. However, they have not been elucidated for most species, especially in the larval stages. Using laboratory-rearing experiments, this study examined the larval feeding habits of two large carabid species: Lesticus magnus (tribe Pterostichini) and Chlaenius costiger (tribe Chlaeniini). Although previous studies failed to rear these larvae on insect larva diets, the mandible morphology of the first instars described in those studies, together with subsequently obtained knowledge of the relationship between mandible morphology and feeding habits in other carabid larvae, suggests that they are earthworm feeders. Rearing experiments with three types of animal diet (insect larvae, mixed snail and slug, and earthworm diets) showed that as expected, their larvae are earthworm feeders. In L. magnus, although the larvae accepted the mixed snail and slug diet and the earthworm diet, only larvae reared on the earthworm diet reached adulthood. In C. costiger, the larvae accepted only the earthworm diet and reached adulthood. This is the first report of earthworm feeding during the larval stage for the genus Lesticus (tribe Pterostichini) and tribe Chlaeniini. The importance of these results is discussed from ecological and evolutionary perspectives.

在甲虫科中,摄食习性是重要的生活史特征,决定了其在生态系统中的作用和作为生物指标的适用性。然而,在大多数物种中,特别是在幼虫阶段,它们尚未被阐明。采用室内饲养实验,研究了两种大型蜈蚣的幼虫摄食习性:大蜈蚣(翼龙属)和大蜈蚣(翼龙属)。虽然之前的研究未能以昆虫幼虫为食来饲养这些幼虫,但这些研究中描述的一龄幼虫的下颌骨形态,以及随后获得的其他carabides幼虫下颌骨形态与摄食习性之间关系的知识,表明它们以蚯蚓为食。用昆虫幼虫、螺蛞蝓混合饲料和蚯蚓饲料三种动物饲料进行饲养实验,结果表明,幼虫以蚯蚓为食。钉螺幼虫虽然接受螺蛞蝓混合饲料和蚯蚓饲料,但只有以蚯蚓饲料饲养的幼虫才能成虫。在C. costiger,幼虫只接受蚯蚓的饮食,并达到成年。这是首次报道的蚯蚓在幼虫期摄食的Lesticus属(Pterostichini族)和Chlaeniini族。从生态学和进化的角度讨论了这些结果的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Love is in the air and beyond the ocean: Taxonomic review of Neotrogaspidia Lelej (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae: Trogaspidiini) in Northeast Asia highlights its unique distributional pattern 爱在空气中,在海洋之外:东北亚Neotrogaspidia Lelej(膜翅目:Mutilidae:Trogaspidini)的分类学综述突出了其独特的分布模式
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.1111/ens.12532
Juriya Okayasu

The genus Neotrogaspidia Lelej, 1996 is a small group of velvet ants with five species from the Australasian, Oriental and Palearctic Regions. The type species, N. pustulata (Smith, 1873) (♂♀), is the only Northeast Asian species known at present. In this paper, N. elpinice (Mickel, 1933), stat. resurr. et comb. nov. (♂♀) is resurrected from the junior synonym of N. pustulata. Two new combinations are proposed for N. circumcincta (André, 1896), comb. nov. (♂♀) from Orientidia Lelej, 1996 and N. recticarinata (Chen, 1957), comb. nov. (♂) from Trogaspidia Ashmead, 1899. New synonymies are proposed for N. elpinice with T. aestivalis Hammer, 1949, syn. nov. and T. maritima Chen, 1957, syn. nov., and N. circumcincta with T. yuliensis Tsuneki, 1972, syn. nov. and Krombeinidia agricola Williams, 2019, syn. nov. An updated genus diagnosis and a key to all described species are provided. New records include N. circumcincta from Laos and Vietnam, N. pustulata from North Korea, and N. recticarinata from Taiwan. The inflated endophallus of the male genitalia of N. pustulata is illustrated. A potential host record, habitat records and mating observations of Neotrogaspidia are presented. The historical process of formation of the distributional patterns of this genus in Northeast Asia is discussed.

Neotrogaspidia Lelej属,1996年,是一小群绒蚁,有五个物种,来自澳大拉西亚、东方和北极地区。模式种,脓疱猪笼草(Smith,1873)(♂♀), 是目前已知的唯一东北亚物种。在本文中,N.elpinice(Mickel,1933),stat.resrer。et comb。11月(♂♀) 从脓疱猪笼草的初级同义词中复活。文中提出了两个新的组合。11月(♂♀) 来自Orientidia Lelej,1996和N.recticarinata(Chen,1957),comb。11月(♂) 来自特罗加斯皮迪亚·阿什米德,1899年。提出了N.elpinice与T.aestivalis-Hammer的新同义词,1949,syn。nov.和T.maritima Chen,1957,syn。nov.,和N.环切与T.yuliensis Tsuneki,1972,syn。nov.和Krombeinidia agricola Williams,2019,syn。nov.提供了一个更新的属诊断和所有描述物种的密钥。新记录包括来自老挝和越南的圆脊猪笼草、来自朝鲜的脓疱猪笼草和来自台湾的直脊猪笼虫。图中展示了脓疱猪笼草雄性生殖器膨胀的内拇。本文介绍了一个可能的寄主记录、生境记录和交配观察。论述了该属植物在东北亚分布格局形成的历史过程。
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引用次数: 1
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Entomological Science
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