Aggressive behavior is important for acquiring crucial resources in many animals. As such behavior is costly, selection favors contestants that can accurately gather information regarding the likely costs and benefits of conflict to enable appropriate tactical decisions. Mate choice based on relatedness is widespread among animals and has severe consequences. Theoretically, due to the potential costs of inbreeding, contestants may benefit from discriminating between relative and nonrelative mates and adjusting their behavior accordingly. If inbreeding results in fitness costs, related mates might be perceived as less valuable and individuals might be expected to invest less in costly aggression, and vice versa. However, the role of male–female relatedness in aggression has been less addressed. The egg parasitoid wasp Anastatus disparis, which exhibits extreme male–male aggressive behavior for mating opportunities, was used as an experimental model to explore the role of male–female relatedness in aggression. Inconsistent with our prediction, male–female relatedness had no significant effect on male–male fighting frequency or intensity in A. disparis. The ability of males to discriminate relative from nonrelative females is a prerequisite for male–female relatedness to affect males’ aggression. However, A. disparis males did not exhibit any mating preferences for relative or nonrelative females. Besides, inbreeding did not result in depression in terms of longevity, fecundity or sex ratio in A. disparis. Our finding of no effect of male–female relatedness on male–male fights in A. disparis may be caused by a lack of kin discrimination ability or/and a lack of benefits from discriminating relatives from nonrelatives.
{"title":"Effect of male–female relatedness on aggression and inbreeding in an egg parasitoid wasp","authors":"Si-Yu Yin, Yu-Mei Tao, Peng-Cheng Liu","doi":"10.1111/ens.12541","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ens.12541","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aggressive behavior is important for acquiring crucial resources in many animals. As such behavior is costly, selection favors contestants that can accurately gather information regarding the likely costs and benefits of conflict to enable appropriate tactical decisions. Mate choice based on relatedness is widespread among animals and has severe consequences. Theoretically, due to the potential costs of inbreeding, contestants may benefit from discriminating between relative and nonrelative mates and adjusting their behavior accordingly. If inbreeding results in fitness costs, related mates might be perceived as less valuable and individuals might be expected to invest less in costly aggression, and vice versa. However, the role of male–female relatedness in aggression has been less addressed. The egg parasitoid wasp <i>Anastatus disparis</i>, which exhibits extreme male–male aggressive behavior for mating opportunities, was used as an experimental model to explore the role of male–female relatedness in aggression. Inconsistent with our prediction, male–female relatedness had no significant effect on male–male fighting frequency or intensity in <i>A. disparis</i>. The ability of males to discriminate relative from nonrelative females is a prerequisite for male–female relatedness to affect males’ aggression. However, <i>A. disparis</i> males did not exhibit any mating preferences for relative or nonrelative females. Besides, inbreeding did not result in depression in terms of longevity, fecundity or sex ratio in <i>A. disparis</i>. Our finding of no effect of male–female relatedness on male–male fights in <i>A. disparis</i> may be caused by a lack of kin discrimination ability or/and a lack of benefits from discriminating relatives from nonrelatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":11745,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43220042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The genus Aquarius, of the subfamily Gerrinae, was formerly divided into two species and one subspecies in Japan (A. paludum paludum, A. paludum amamiensis and A. elongatus, respectively). Aquarius haliplous Yasunaga et al. 2018 has recently been described as a new species, which occurs in brackish waters of Nagasaki Prefecture and is found sympatrically with the widely distributed species, A. p. paludum. However, they are considered to be speciated, with no cross-breeding. In this study, molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses were undertaken using the mitochondrial DNA COI (529 bp) and nuclear DNA histone H3 (314 bp) gene regions to investigate the genetic and morphological differentiation in the genus Aquarius, including A. haliplous, throughout Japan (including the islands). The results show that, unlike A. p. paludum, A. p. amamiensis and A. haliplous, A. elongatus displays substantial genetic differentiation. Considering that, although morphological differences exist in the antennae of A. p. paludum and A. p. amamiensis, A. haliplous has no clear genetic or morphological difference from A. p. paludum, and hence cannot be classified as a distinct species. Therefore, we propose that A. haliplous be synonymized with A. paludum.
宝瓶属,Gerrinae亚科,以前在日本分为两个种和一个亚种(A. paludum paludum, A. paludum amamiensis和A. elongatus)。水瓶座halipous Yasunaga et al. 2018最近被描述为一个新物种,它出现在长崎县的半咸淡水中,与广泛分布的物种a . p. paludum共生。然而,它们被认为是有物种的,没有杂交。本研究利用线粒体DNA COI (529 bp)和核DNA组蛋白H3 (314 bp)基因区进行分子系统发育和形态学分析,探讨了日本(包括岛屿)地区宝瓶属(包括A. halipous)的遗传和形态学分化。结果表明,与paludum、a.p. amamiensis和haaliplous不同,A. elongatus表现出明显的遗传分化。综上所述,尽管a . p. paludum和a . p. amamiensis的触角在形态上存在差异,但haaliplous与a . p. paludum在遗传和形态上都没有明显的差异,因此不能将其归类为一个独立的物种。因此,我们建议将A. halipous与A. paludum同义。
{"title":"Phylogenetic and morphological analyses of Japanese Aquarius water strider, with a new synonym","authors":"Naoki Hiraishi, Tomoya Suzuki, Ryosuke Matsushima, Shin-ya Ohba","doi":"10.1111/ens.12544","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ens.12544","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The genus <i>Aquarius</i>, of the subfamily Gerrinae, was formerly divided into two species and one subspecies in Japan (<i>A</i>. <i>paludum paludum</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>paludum amamiensis</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>elongatus</i>, respectively). <i>Aquarius haliplous</i> Yasunaga et al. 2018 has recently been described as a new species, which occurs in brackish waters of Nagasaki Prefecture and is found sympatrically with the widely distributed species, <i>A</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>paludum</i>. However, they are considered to be speciated, with no cross-breeding. In this study, molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses were undertaken using the mitochondrial DNA <i>COI</i> (529 bp) and nuclear DNA histone H3 (314 bp) gene regions to investigate the genetic and morphological differentiation in the genus <i>Aquarius</i>, including <i>A</i>. <i>haliplous</i>, throughout Japan (including the islands). The results show that, unlike <i>A</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>paludum</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>amamiensis</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>haliplous</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>elongatus</i> displays substantial genetic differentiation. Considering that, although morphological differences exist in the antennae of <i>A</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>paludum</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>amamiensis</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>haliplous</i> has no clear genetic or morphological difference from <i>A</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>paludum</i>, and hence cannot be classified as a distinct species. Therefore, we propose that <i>A</i>. <i>haliplous</i> be synonymized with <i>A</i>. <i>paludum</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":11745,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43096265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shigeki Ogata, Atsuhiro Nishiwaki, Kanji Yamazoe, Kyoko Sugai, Teruhiko Takahara
Basic ecological information (e.g. habitat or distribution) is indispensable for conserving endangered species. The giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli is an aquatic insect in the large stink bug family (Belostomatidae). It inhabits ponds and is a critically endangered species. In this study, we developed a species‐specific primer–probe set (the cytochrome c oxidase I region in mitochondrial DNA) that was used in real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect K. deyrolli environmental DNA (eDNA). Next, using eDNA analysis, we investigated the presence of K. deyrolli in 89 study ponds (including one pond that had already been identified as the habitat of this species) in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. The eDNA of K. deyrolli was detected in 11 of these 89 ponds. Furthermore, when the traditional method of direct capture survey was carried out in four of the 10 ponds where K. deyrolli eDNA had been detected and no prior occupancy information for this species was available, the capture of one K. deyrolli (female) was successful in only one pond. This study showed that combining eDNA analysis and direct capture methods can lead to discovering previously unknown habitats essential for conserving an endangered species.
{"title":"Discovery of unknown new ponds occupied by the endangered giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) by combining environmental DNA and capture surveys","authors":"Shigeki Ogata, Atsuhiro Nishiwaki, Kanji Yamazoe, Kyoko Sugai, Teruhiko Takahara","doi":"10.1111/ens.12540","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ens.12540","url":null,"abstract":"Basic ecological information (e.g. habitat or distribution) is indispensable for conserving endangered species. The giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli is an aquatic insect in the large stink bug family (Belostomatidae). It inhabits ponds and is a critically endangered species. In this study, we developed a species‐specific primer–probe set (the cytochrome c oxidase I region in mitochondrial DNA) that was used in real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect K. deyrolli environmental DNA (eDNA). Next, using eDNA analysis, we investigated the presence of K. deyrolli in 89 study ponds (including one pond that had already been identified as the habitat of this species) in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. The eDNA of K. deyrolli was detected in 11 of these 89 ponds. Furthermore, when the traditional method of direct capture survey was carried out in four of the 10 ponds where K. deyrolli eDNA had been detected and no prior occupancy information for this species was available, the capture of one K. deyrolli (female) was successful in only one pond. This study showed that combining eDNA analysis and direct capture methods can lead to discovering previously unknown habitats essential for conserving an endangered species.","PeriodicalId":11745,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45132588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The biology of Horniolus fortunatus (Lewis, 1896) has been fragmentarily reported, but what the larvae and adults feed on and the immature stages are still unknown. In this article, I report that this coccinellid adult and larva feed on mealybugs (Planococcus sp.) living in the nest of the ant Crematogaster matsumurai Forel, 1901.
{"title":"Myrmecophily of Horniolus fortunatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)","authors":"Hiroyuki Yoshitomi","doi":"10.1111/ens.12543","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ens.12543","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The biology of <i>Horniolus fortunatus</i> (Lewis, 1896) has been fragmentarily reported, but what the larvae and adults feed on and the immature stages are still unknown. In this article, I report that this coccinellid adult and larva feed on mealybugs (<i>Planococcus</i> sp.) living in the nest of the ant <i>Crematogaster matsumurai</i> Forel, 1901.</p>","PeriodicalId":11745,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45762510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adults and various immature stages of the stag beetle Torynognathus chrysomelinus Bomans, 1986 were found inside the nests of Pseudolasius ants in Peninsular Malaysia. This paper provides a detailed description of T. chrysomelinus, which is the first ever record of myrmecophily in this genus and the third record in the family Lucanidae. This is also the first record of myrmecophilous Coleoptera with Pseudolasius ants as a host. The description includes the illustration of the male genitalia, mouthparts, larva, and pupa of this genus for the first time. Furthermore, the systematic position of T. chrysomelinus was inferred by the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family Lucanidae. The results suggest that Torynognathus is a sister taxon to the genus Aegus.
{"title":"Myrmecophily of the enigmatic stag beetle Torynognathus chrysomelinus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae) with remarks on adult morphology, immature stages, and systematic position","authors":"Showtaro Kakizoe, Shunsuke Kakinuma, Konosuke Hoshino, Rosli Hashim, Nurul Ashikin Abdullah, Munetoshi Maruyama","doi":"10.1111/ens.12539","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ens.12539","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Adults and various immature stages of the stag beetle <i>Torynognathus chrysomelinus</i> Bomans, 1986 were found inside the nests of <i>Pseudolasius</i> ants in Peninsular Malaysia. This paper provides a detailed description of <i>T. chrysomelinus</i>, which is the first ever record of myrmecophily in this genus and the third record in the family Lucanidae. This is also the first record of myrmecophilous Coleoptera with <i>Pseudolasius</i> ants as a host. The description includes the illustration of the male genitalia, mouthparts, larva, and pupa of this genus for the first time. Furthermore, the systematic position of <i>T. chrysomelinus</i> was inferred by the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family Lucanidae. The results suggest that <i>Torynognathus</i> is a sister taxon to the genus <i>Aegus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":11745,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48860571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dorcus montivagus is a Japanese endemic stag beetle that feeds exclusively on dead beech wood, and its distribution is almost completely coincidental with that of beech forests. Japanese beech, Fagus crenata, is the dominant tree species of the cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in Japan. Historical changes in the distribution of beech forests due to Pleistocene climate change are expected to have also affected the phylogeographic structures of dependent beech-feeding phytophagous insects. In this study, we elucidated the present phylogeographic structures of D. montivagus using molecular markers, and also compared them with the present geographic genetic structures of beech tress and the post-glacial distribution as inferred by pollen fossil analyses. It was found that D. montivagus is largely differentiated into two phylogenetic clades: Clade I consisted of populations from Hokkaido, Honshu and Shikoku, and Clade II consisted only of Kyushu populations. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of the stag beetle showed a geographically declining gradient from south-west to north-east, consistent with the genetic variation observable in Japanese beech. Genetic differentiation between the Sea of Japan side and the Pacific Ocean side populations was also observed in both clades of the stag beetle. These results indicate a similar phylogeographic structure between the stag beetle and Japanese beech. Therefore, the distributional changes in Japanese beech correspondingly restricted the migratory dispersal of D. montivagus, and strongly influenced its phylogeographic structure.
{"title":"The phylogeography of the stag beetle Dorcus montivagus (Coleoptera, Lucanidae): Comparison with the phylogeography of its specific host tree, the Japanese beech Fagus crenata","authors":"Gaku Ueki, Koji Tojo","doi":"10.1111/ens.12535","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ens.12535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Dorcus montivagus</i> is a Japanese endemic stag beetle that feeds exclusively on dead beech wood, and its distribution is almost completely coincidental with that of beech forests. Japanese beech, <i>Fagus crenata</i>, is the dominant tree species of the cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in Japan. Historical changes in the distribution of beech forests due to Pleistocene climate change are expected to have also affected the phylogeographic structures of dependent beech-feeding phytophagous insects. In this study, we elucidated the present phylogeographic structures of <i>D. montivagus</i> using molecular markers, and also compared them with the present geographic genetic structures of beech tress and the post-glacial distribution as inferred by pollen fossil analyses. It was found that <i>D. montivagus</i> is largely differentiated into two phylogenetic clades: Clade I consisted of populations from Hokkaido, Honshu and Shikoku, and Clade II consisted only of Kyushu populations. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of the stag beetle showed a geographically declining gradient from south-west to north-east, consistent with the genetic variation observable in Japanese beech. Genetic differentiation between the Sea of Japan side and the Pacific Ocean side populations was also observed in both clades of the stag beetle. These results indicate a similar phylogeographic structure between the stag beetle and Japanese beech. Therefore, the distributional changes in Japanese beech correspondingly restricted the migratory dispersal of <i>D. montivagus</i>, and strongly influenced its phylogeographic structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":11745,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42421573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The evolution of exaggerated sexual traits may be possible by the relaxation of various constraints on exaggeration. Functional constraints refer to the reduced performance of exaggerated traits per se or increased survival costs by holding the exaggerated traits. Genetic constraints, such as genetic correlations or pleiotropy, may hinder the independent evolution and exaggeration of traits. Structural constraints, such as competition for space and resources among traits, may require the coordination of the exaggerated trait with surrounding structures. The remarkable diversity of male genital morphology provides an ideal opportunity for examining constraints on sexual trait exaggeration. In this study, we addressed the constraints on the evolution of exaggerated male genital morphology based on a comparative analysis of phenotypic covariation between the genitalia and other body parts using Ohomopterus ground beetles. We found that exaggerated male genitalia were related to a relaxation of functional constraint, as revealed by a steeper allometric slope in the species with exaggerated male genitalia. By contrast, genetic constraint based on a shared genetic basis for the male genitalia and other appendages may have little effect on diversification in male genitalia. Structural constraints were strongest in the species with the most exaggerated male genitalia, suggesting that the observed constraint was a result of exaggeration. These findings improve our understanding of sexual trait exaggeration and underlying constraints.
{"title":"Functional, genetic, and structural constraints on the exaggeration and diversification of male genital morphology in Ohomopterus ground beetles","authors":"Karen Terada, Sougo Takahashi, Yasuoki Takami","doi":"10.1111/ens.12538","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ens.12538","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolution of exaggerated sexual traits may be possible by the relaxation of various constraints on exaggeration. Functional constraints refer to the reduced performance of exaggerated traits <i>per se</i> or increased survival costs by holding the exaggerated traits. Genetic constraints, such as genetic correlations or pleiotropy, may hinder the independent evolution and exaggeration of traits. Structural constraints, such as competition for space and resources among traits, may require the coordination of the exaggerated trait with surrounding structures. The remarkable diversity of male genital morphology provides an ideal opportunity for examining constraints on sexual trait exaggeration. In this study, we addressed the constraints on the evolution of exaggerated male genital morphology based on a comparative analysis of phenotypic covariation between the genitalia and other body parts using <i>Ohomopterus</i> ground beetles. We found that exaggerated male genitalia were related to a relaxation of functional constraint, as revealed by a steeper allometric slope in the species with exaggerated male genitalia. By contrast, genetic constraint based on a shared genetic basis for the male genitalia and other appendages may have little effect on diversification in male genitalia. Structural constraints were strongest in the species with the most exaggerated male genitalia, suggesting that the observed constraint was a result of exaggeration. These findings improve our understanding of sexual trait exaggeration and underlying constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":11745,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43259023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Variation in body color occurs in many animals, and its function differs by species. Some species use multiple colors to create different effects. Most dragonflies change their body color unilaterally with maturation, whereas in a few species these changes are reversible. Both sexes of the damselfly Indolestes peregrinus show temperature-dependent reversible body color changes, with a brown color when the ambient temperature decreases and a blue color when the temperature increases. To elucidate the temperature range at which this color change occurs and the exact elapsed time for the color change, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine whether the time required for body color change was related to ambient temperature and whether sex differences affected this duration. The body color and time required for the change were recorded under four temperature conditions. Bluing was completed in a few minutes, whereas browning took several hours. Moreover, sexual differences were observed, whereby males showed a more rapid transformation to blue than that of females. Our results suggest that the rapid bluing has some importance in this species, especially in males.
{"title":"Rapid bluing and slow browning: reversible body color change according to ambient temperature in damselfly Indolestes peregrinus (Ris, 1916)","authors":"Yuki Hasebe, Yuta Nagano, Tomoyuki Yokoi","doi":"10.1111/ens.12537","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ens.12537","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Variation in body color occurs in many animals, and its function differs by species. Some species use multiple colors to create different effects. Most dragonflies change their body color unilaterally with maturation, whereas in a few species these changes are reversible. Both sexes of the damselfly <i>Indolestes peregrinus</i> show temperature-dependent reversible body color changes, with a brown color when the ambient temperature decreases and a blue color when the temperature increases. To elucidate the temperature range at which this color change occurs and the exact elapsed time for the color change, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine whether the time required for body color change was related to ambient temperature and whether sex differences affected this duration. The body color and time required for the change were recorded under four temperature conditions. Bluing was completed in a few minutes, whereas browning took several hours. Moreover, sexual differences were observed, whereby males showed a more rapid transformation to blue than that of females. Our results suggest that the rapid bluing has some importance in this species, especially in males.</p>","PeriodicalId":11745,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44896302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the beetle family Carabidae, feeding habits are important life history traits that determine their role in ecosystems and suitability as bioindicators. However, they have not been elucidated for most species, especially in the larval stages. Using laboratory-rearing experiments, this study examined the larval feeding habits of two large carabid species: Lesticus magnus (tribe Pterostichini) and Chlaenius costiger (tribe Chlaeniini). Although previous studies failed to rear these larvae on insect larva diets, the mandible morphology of the first instars described in those studies, together with subsequently obtained knowledge of the relationship between mandible morphology and feeding habits in other carabid larvae, suggests that they are earthworm feeders. Rearing experiments with three types of animal diet (insect larvae, mixed snail and slug, and earthworm diets) showed that as expected, their larvae are earthworm feeders. In L. magnus, although the larvae accepted the mixed snail and slug diet and the earthworm diet, only larvae reared on the earthworm diet reached adulthood. In C. costiger, the larvae accepted only the earthworm diet and reached adulthood. This is the first report of earthworm feeding during the larval stage for the genus Lesticus (tribe Pterostichini) and tribe Chlaeniini. The importance of these results is discussed from ecological and evolutionary perspectives.
{"title":"Inferring feeding habits of Carabidae (Coleoptera) larvae based on mandible morphology: Case studies of Lesticus magnus and Chlaenius costiger","authors":"Kôji Sasakawa","doi":"10.1111/ens.12536","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ens.12536","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the beetle family Carabidae, feeding habits are important life history traits that determine their role in ecosystems and suitability as bioindicators. However, they have not been elucidated for most species, especially in the larval stages. Using laboratory-rearing experiments, this study examined the larval feeding habits of two large carabid species: <i>Lesticus magnus</i> (tribe Pterostichini) and <i>Chlaenius costiger</i> (tribe Chlaeniini). Although previous studies failed to rear these larvae on insect larva diets, the mandible morphology of the first instars described in those studies, together with subsequently obtained knowledge of the relationship between mandible morphology and feeding habits in other carabid larvae, suggests that they are earthworm feeders. Rearing experiments with three types of animal diet (insect larvae, mixed snail and slug, and earthworm diets) showed that as expected, their larvae are earthworm feeders. In <i>L</i>. <i>magnus</i>, although the larvae accepted the mixed snail and slug diet and the earthworm diet, only larvae reared on the earthworm diet reached adulthood. In <i>C</i>. <i>costiger</i>, the larvae accepted only the earthworm diet and reached adulthood. This is the first report of earthworm feeding during the larval stage for the genus <i>Lesticus</i> (tribe Pterostichini) and tribe Chlaeniini. The importance of these results is discussed from ecological and evolutionary perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":11745,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46240795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The genus Neotrogaspidia Lelej, 1996 is a small group of velvet ants with five species from the Australasian, Oriental and Palearctic Regions. The type species, N. pustulata (Smith, 1873) (♂♀), is the only Northeast Asian species known at present. In this paper, N. elpinice (Mickel, 1933), stat. resurr. et comb. nov. (♂♀) is resurrected from the junior synonym of N. pustulata. Two new combinations are proposed for N. circumcincta (André, 1896), comb. nov. (♂♀) from Orientidia Lelej, 1996 and N. recticarinata (Chen, 1957), comb. nov. (♂) from Trogaspidia Ashmead, 1899. New synonymies are proposed for N. elpinice with T. aestivalis Hammer, 1949, syn. nov. and T. maritima Chen, 1957, syn. nov., and N. circumcincta with T. yuliensis Tsuneki, 1972, syn. nov. and Krombeinidia agricola Williams, 2019, syn. nov. An updated genus diagnosis and a key to all described species are provided. New records include N. circumcincta from Laos and Vietnam, N. pustulata from North Korea, and N. recticarinata from Taiwan. The inflated endophallus of the male genitalia of N. pustulata is illustrated. A potential host record, habitat records and mating observations of Neotrogaspidia are presented. The historical process of formation of the distributional patterns of this genus in Northeast Asia is discussed.
{"title":"Love is in the air and beyond the ocean: Taxonomic review of Neotrogaspidia Lelej (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae: Trogaspidiini) in Northeast Asia highlights its unique distributional pattern","authors":"Juriya Okayasu","doi":"10.1111/ens.12532","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ens.12532","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The genus <i>Neotrogaspidia</i> Lelej, 1996 is a small group of velvet ants with five species from the Australasian, Oriental and Palearctic Regions. The type species, <i>N. pustulata</i> (Smith, 1873) (♂♀), is the only Northeast Asian species known at present. In this paper, <i>N. elpinice</i> (Mickel, 1933), <b>stat. resurr. et comb. nov.</b> (♂♀) is resurrected from the junior synonym of <i>N. pustulata</i>. Two new combinations are proposed for <i>N. circumcincta</i> (André, 1896), <b>comb. nov.</b> (♂♀) from <i>Orientidia</i> Lelej, 1996 and <i>N. recticarinata</i> (Chen, 1957), <b>comb. nov.</b> (♂) from <i>Trogaspidia</i> Ashmead, 1899. New synonymies are proposed for <i>N. elpinice</i> with <i>T</i>. <i>aestivalis</i> Hammer, 1949, <b>syn. nov.</b> and <i>T</i>. <i>maritima</i> Chen, 1957, <b>syn. nov.</b>, and <i>N. circumcincta</i> with <i>T</i>. <i>yuliensis</i> Tsuneki, 1972, <b>syn. nov.</b> and <i>Krombeinidia agricola</i> Williams, 2019, <b>syn. nov.</b> An updated genus diagnosis and a key to all described species are provided. New records include <i>N. circumcincta</i> from Laos and Vietnam, <i>N. pustulata</i> from North Korea, and <i>N. recticarinata</i> from Taiwan. The inflated endophallus of the male genitalia of <i>N. pustulata</i> is illustrated. A potential host record, habitat records and mating observations of <i>Neotrogaspidia</i> are presented. The historical process of formation of the distributional patterns of this genus in Northeast Asia is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11745,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44024782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}