This study examined the effects of various insect species, such as those of Bombyx mori, Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio monitor, that have long been used in combination with medicinal plants and are an important alternative to modern medicine in many parts of the world. The current use of traditional pesticides from around the year 2010 and the characteristics of isolated biologically active molecules are also presented. Natural insect products were examined or isolated from ants, bees, beetles, cockroaches, termites, bees, etc. The biological activities of these natural products derived from insects include antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Insect additives to animal feed rarely distort the relevant physicochemical variables or sensory profile of the meat, whereas the fatty acid (FA) profile is discernibly changed. In fact, insect derivatives have great potential for future drug discovery in natural products, as well as for the production of nutritious foods for humans and for animals. It is concluded that the inoculation of insect powder in animal feeds results in the prevention and treatment of disease, enhances the growth of animals and promotes the bioactive compounds in animal-based products. Owing to the sustainability of their breeding, large-scale cultures of these insects seem economically viable. Insect oil and protein as well as chitin ingredients are widely used in cosmetics, and these substances are considered high-value co-products. The major challenges associated with their use will be linked to the development of methods for separating industrial-derived materials.
Frugivorous insects utilize both olfactory and visual cues to locate their host plants. Although volatiles have been extensively studied for detecting infested fruits, the role of visual cues in oviposition site selection remains mostly unknown among frugivorous insects. To investigate physiological changes in a host plant, we measured the quantum yield and reflectance of three wavelengths of light (350, 450 and 520 nm) after puncturing the surfaces of commercially grown pumpkins using insect pins during two different seasons outdoors. Quantum yields did not show significant differences between undamaged and simulated oviposition sites. Two wavelengths within the visual spectrum were similar between the two treatments. However, photon counts at 350 nm, in the ultraviolet range, were 1.76 fold higher in simulated oviposition sites than in undamaged sites, which was consistently observed across three field seasons. Considering that frugivorous insects and other phytophagous insects recognize the 350 nm wavelength for host identification and oviposition, we conclude that the disparities in ultraviolet reflectance can serve as a baseline for assessing the actual oviposition response of fruit flies. This finding contributes to the role of visual cues in the oviposition behavior of frugivorous insects and the development of a nondestructive detection method for pumpkin fruit flies.
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