Pub Date : 2011-06-05DOI: 10.1109/IVS.2011.5940428
W. Liu, Jin Lv, Haihua Gao, Bobo Duan, Huai Yuan, Hong Zhao
In this paper, we present a novel visual speed limit signs detection and recognition system. In detection stage, for the purpose of reducing the computational load and further decreasing the error detection rate of speed limit sign, a novel de-noising method based on HOG is presented and apply it to Fast Radial Symmetry Transform approach for circle signs detector. In recognition stage, firstly, a method of Fourier-wavelet descriptor is introduced to extract rotation invariant features which can recognize slant speed limit signs. Then the Support Vector Machines with Binary Tree Architecture are designed to identify categories of signs. Supplementary traffic signs are used to alter the meaning of speed limit signs. We propose an algorithm which is able to recognize supplementary signs with slightly rotated in a region below recognized speed limit signs. Experimental results in different conditions, including sunny, cloudy and rainy weather demonstrate that most speed limit signs and supplementary signs can be correctly detected and recognized with a high accuracy and the average processing time is less then 33ms per frame on a standard 2.8 GHz dual-core PC.
{"title":"An efficient real-time speed limit signs recognition based on rotation invariant feature","authors":"W. Liu, Jin Lv, Haihua Gao, Bobo Duan, Huai Yuan, Hong Zhao","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2011.5940428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2011.5940428","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a novel visual speed limit signs detection and recognition system. In detection stage, for the purpose of reducing the computational load and further decreasing the error detection rate of speed limit sign, a novel de-noising method based on HOG is presented and apply it to Fast Radial Symmetry Transform approach for circle signs detector. In recognition stage, firstly, a method of Fourier-wavelet descriptor is introduced to extract rotation invariant features which can recognize slant speed limit signs. Then the Support Vector Machines with Binary Tree Architecture are designed to identify categories of signs. Supplementary traffic signs are used to alter the meaning of speed limit signs. We propose an algorithm which is able to recognize supplementary signs with slightly rotated in a region below recognized speed limit signs. Experimental results in different conditions, including sunny, cloudy and rainy weather demonstrate that most speed limit signs and supplementary signs can be correctly detected and recognized with a high accuracy and the average processing time is less then 33ms per frame on a standard 2.8 GHz dual-core PC.","PeriodicalId":117811,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116992683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-05DOI: 10.1109/IVS.2011.5940427
S. Hermann, S. Morales, R. Klette
Semi-global matching is a popular choice for applications where dense and robust stereo estimation is required and real-time performance is crucial. It therefore plays an important role in vision-based driver assistance systems. The strength of the algorithm comes from the integration of multiple 1D energy paths which are minimized along eight different directions across the image domain. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, a thorough evaluation of stereo matching quality is performed when the number of accumulation paths is reduced. Second, an alteration of semi-global matching is proposed that operates only on half of the image domain without losing disparity resolution. The evaluation is performed on four real-world driving sequences of 400 frames each, as well as on 396 frames of a synthetic image sequence where sub-pixel accurate ground truth is available. Results indicate that a reduction of accumulation paths is a very good option to improve the run-time performance without losing significant quality, even on sub-pixel level. Furthermore, operating semiglobal matching only on half the image yields almost identical results to the corresponding full path integration. This approach yields the potential to further speed up the runtime and could also be exploited for other alterations of the algorithm.
{"title":"Half-resolution semi-global stereo matching","authors":"S. Hermann, S. Morales, R. Klette","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2011.5940427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2011.5940427","url":null,"abstract":"Semi-global matching is a popular choice for applications where dense and robust stereo estimation is required and real-time performance is crucial. It therefore plays an important role in vision-based driver assistance systems. The strength of the algorithm comes from the integration of multiple 1D energy paths which are minimized along eight different directions across the image domain. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, a thorough evaluation of stereo matching quality is performed when the number of accumulation paths is reduced. Second, an alteration of semi-global matching is proposed that operates only on half of the image domain without losing disparity resolution. The evaluation is performed on four real-world driving sequences of 400 frames each, as well as on 396 frames of a synthetic image sequence where sub-pixel accurate ground truth is available. Results indicate that a reduction of accumulation paths is a very good option to improve the run-time performance without losing significant quality, even on sub-pixel level. Furthermore, operating semiglobal matching only on half the image yields almost identical results to the corresponding full path integration. This approach yields the potential to further speed up the runtime and could also be exploited for other alterations of the algorithm.","PeriodicalId":117811,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"485 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123034908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-05DOI: 10.1109/IVS.2011.5940556
Yuichi Kobayashi, Noboru Kiyama, Hirokazu Aoshima, M. Kashiyama
In this paper, we propose a new route search method for electric vehicles (EVs), which calculates a route with stopping over charging stations to have extra battery charge when current remaining charge is not enough to reach the destination. In this method, firstly we divided cases into three; the case of reaching the destination straight from the departure point, the case of stopping at one charging station and the case of stopping at several charging stations. In the cases of stopping over at least one charging station, potential charging stations are selected first, and then a route is obtained by Dijkstra's algorithm from routes with some of those stations. Travel distance, estimated travel time between charge stations and time to fully charge after the EV's arrival at each charging stations are calculated and also used for the calculation of travel cost between charging stations. Offering these routes for EV users will eliminate some of the major concerns about EVs such as limited range or sparse charging stations and will contribute to the spread of EVs. In order to confirm appropriateness of the route and examine the impact of increased execution time by this method, authors implemented the method and compared its execution time with that of conventional route search method. As a result, we confirmed that this method calculates routes with accessible charging stations according to the EV's range. We also found that the search of charging stations with this method requires extra execution time, but the time increases by less than a half of the time required for the search of the route with some of these stations by conventional method.
{"title":"A route search method for electric vehicles in consideration of range and locations of charging stations","authors":"Yuichi Kobayashi, Noboru Kiyama, Hirokazu Aoshima, M. Kashiyama","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2011.5940556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2011.5940556","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a new route search method for electric vehicles (EVs), which calculates a route with stopping over charging stations to have extra battery charge when current remaining charge is not enough to reach the destination. In this method, firstly we divided cases into three; the case of reaching the destination straight from the departure point, the case of stopping at one charging station and the case of stopping at several charging stations. In the cases of stopping over at least one charging station, potential charging stations are selected first, and then a route is obtained by Dijkstra's algorithm from routes with some of those stations. Travel distance, estimated travel time between charge stations and time to fully charge after the EV's arrival at each charging stations are calculated and also used for the calculation of travel cost between charging stations. Offering these routes for EV users will eliminate some of the major concerns about EVs such as limited range or sparse charging stations and will contribute to the spread of EVs. In order to confirm appropriateness of the route and examine the impact of increased execution time by this method, authors implemented the method and compared its execution time with that of conventional route search method. As a result, we confirmed that this method calculates routes with accessible charging stations according to the EV's range. We also found that the search of charging stations with this method requires extra execution time, but the time increases by less than a half of the time required for the search of the route with some of these stations by conventional method.","PeriodicalId":117811,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115820937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-05DOI: 10.1109/IVS.2011.5940545
Laurent Bouraoui, Clement Boussard, F. Charlot, Carlos Holguin, F. Nashashibi, M. Parent, Paulo Resende
The objective of the CityMobil project is to achieve a more effective organisation of urban transport, resulting in a more rational use of motorised traffic with less congestion and pollution, safer driving, a higher quality of living and an enhanced integration with spatial development. This objective is brought closer by developing integrated traffic solutions: advanced concepts for innovative autonomous and automated road vehicles for passengers and goods, embedded in an advanced spatial setting. This paper presents the automated road vehicles service demonstration to be held in La Rochelle in 2011.
{"title":"An on-demand personal automated transport system: The CityMobil demonstration in La Rochelle","authors":"Laurent Bouraoui, Clement Boussard, F. Charlot, Carlos Holguin, F. Nashashibi, M. Parent, Paulo Resende","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2011.5940545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2011.5940545","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the CityMobil project is to achieve a more effective organisation of urban transport, resulting in a more rational use of motorised traffic with less congestion and pollution, safer driving, a higher quality of living and an enhanced integration with spatial development. This objective is brought closer by developing integrated traffic solutions: advanced concepts for innovative autonomous and automated road vehicles for passengers and goods, embedded in an advanced spatial setting. This paper presents the automated road vehicles service demonstration to be held in La Rochelle in 2011.","PeriodicalId":117811,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"604 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131562340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-05DOI: 10.1109/IVS.2011.5940582
B. Vanholme, D. Gruyer, S. Glaser, S. Mammar
This paper discusses the design of an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) that ensures safety when traffic rules are respected by all road users. This concept, referred to as legal safety, is proposed as a basis that permits human and automated drivers to share the road infrastructure. It is illustrated for a Highly Automated driving System with speed keeping, distance keeping and lane changing functionalities on highways (HAS). The requirements legal safety places upon HAS components are presented, with a special focus on the co-pilot which calculates a safe trajectory for the vehicle based on perception of lanes and traffic signs and prediction of the trajectories of objects in the environment. A lane coordinate system is proposed as a powerful reference for the trajectory calculations of the co-pilot. The system controls the vehicle and communicates with the driver, according to an automation mode scheme inspired by the horse-rider metaphor (H-metaphor).
{"title":"A legal safety concept for highly automated driving on highways","authors":"B. Vanholme, D. Gruyer, S. Glaser, S. Mammar","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2011.5940582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2011.5940582","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the design of an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) that ensures safety when traffic rules are respected by all road users. This concept, referred to as legal safety, is proposed as a basis that permits human and automated drivers to share the road infrastructure. It is illustrated for a Highly Automated driving System with speed keeping, distance keeping and lane changing functionalities on highways (HAS). The requirements legal safety places upon HAS components are presented, with a special focus on the co-pilot which calculates a safe trajectory for the vehicle based on perception of lanes and traffic signs and prediction of the trajectories of objects in the environment. A lane coordinate system is proposed as a powerful reference for the trajectory calculations of the co-pilot. The system controls the vehicle and communicates with the driver, according to an automation mode scheme inspired by the horse-rider metaphor (H-metaphor).","PeriodicalId":117811,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131576085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-05DOI: 10.1109/IVS.2011.5940470
Masafumi Noda, Tomokazu Takahashi, Daisuke Deguchi, I. Ide, H. Murase, Y. Kojima, T. Naito
Road image is becoming important for several applications such as car navigation systems, traffic environment research, city modeling. Usually, a road image can be obtained from an aerial image but the resolution of the aerial image is often low, or it contains occlusions by obstacles. Therefore, the update of road image is required. In this paper, we propose a road image mosaicing method using in-vehicle camera images and an aerial image. We first perform image registration of road regions between these images, and then, we generate a large road image by performing image mosaicing of road regions in invehicle camera images. In an experiment, we achieved resolution improvement and occlusions removal, and also succeeded in update of a large road image.
{"title":"Road image update using in-vehicle camera images and aerial image","authors":"Masafumi Noda, Tomokazu Takahashi, Daisuke Deguchi, I. Ide, H. Murase, Y. Kojima, T. Naito","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2011.5940470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2011.5940470","url":null,"abstract":"Road image is becoming important for several applications such as car navigation systems, traffic environment research, city modeling. Usually, a road image can be obtained from an aerial image but the resolution of the aerial image is often low, or it contains occlusions by obstacles. Therefore, the update of road image is required. In this paper, we propose a road image mosaicing method using in-vehicle camera images and an aerial image. We first perform image registration of road regions between these images, and then, we generate a large road image by performing image mosaicing of road regions in invehicle camera images. In an experiment, we achieved resolution improvement and occlusions removal, and also succeeded in update of a large road image.","PeriodicalId":117811,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123425674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-05DOI: 10.1109/IVS.2011.5940565
K. Varadarajan, Kai Zhou, M. Vincze
Traffic psychology presents interesting avenues towards the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Analysis of driver state, emotion and behavior are important components of traffic psychology. While being comprehensive in terms of theoretical frameworks, these analyses lack neurobiological computational models for evaluation. In this paper, we develop computational models for driver state and behavior, also known as Mental State Inference (MSI) based on the Mirror Neuron System (MNS) architecture. The integrated system combines neurobiological models with computer vision techniques for traffic monitoring from surveillance video leading to MSI and event recognition. Evaluation of the system is carried out in terms of actual, psychophysical as well as neurobiological criteria on both simulated and real data. Results demonstrate event and mental state recognition convergence within 0.5 normalized time units for the designed event models on synthetic and real data. The model is also robust to perturbations and is aligned to behavior expected at the psychophysical level.
{"title":"Mental state and behavior inference using Mirror Neuron System architecture for traffic/driver monitoring","authors":"K. Varadarajan, Kai Zhou, M. Vincze","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2011.5940565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2011.5940565","url":null,"abstract":"Traffic psychology presents interesting avenues towards the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Analysis of driver state, emotion and behavior are important components of traffic psychology. While being comprehensive in terms of theoretical frameworks, these analyses lack neurobiological computational models for evaluation. In this paper, we develop computational models for driver state and behavior, also known as Mental State Inference (MSI) based on the Mirror Neuron System (MNS) architecture. The integrated system combines neurobiological models with computer vision techniques for traffic monitoring from surveillance video leading to MSI and event recognition. Evaluation of the system is carried out in terms of actual, psychophysical as well as neurobiological criteria on both simulated and real data. Results demonstrate event and mental state recognition convergence within 0.5 normalized time units for the designed event models on synthetic and real data. The model is also robust to perturbations and is aligned to behavior expected at the psychophysical level.","PeriodicalId":117811,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116647841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-05DOI: 10.1109/IVS.2011.5940523
V. Popescu, Mihai Bâce, S. Nedevschi
This paper proposes a method for achieving accurate ego-vehicle global localization with respect to an approaching intersection; the method is based on the data alignment of the information from two input systems: a Sensorial Perception system, on-board of the ego-vehicle, and an a priori digital map. For this purpose an Extended Digital Map is proposed that contains the detailed information about the intersection infrastructure: detailed landmarks accurately measured and positioned on the map. The data alignment mechanism is thus based on superimposing the sensorial detected landmarks with the corresponding, correctly positioned map landmarks stored in the new Extended Digital Map. The data Alignment Algorithm requires as input, beside the information from the two input systems, the ego-vehicle driving lane. This information is inferred by using a probabilistic approach in the form of a Bayesian Network; the uncertain and noisy character of the sensorial data require such a probabilistic approach in the quest of the ego-lane.
{"title":"Lane identification and ego-vehicle accurate global positioning in intersections","authors":"V. Popescu, Mihai Bâce, S. Nedevschi","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2011.5940523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2011.5940523","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a method for achieving accurate ego-vehicle global localization with respect to an approaching intersection; the method is based on the data alignment of the information from two input systems: a Sensorial Perception system, on-board of the ego-vehicle, and an a priori digital map. For this purpose an Extended Digital Map is proposed that contains the detailed information about the intersection infrastructure: detailed landmarks accurately measured and positioned on the map. The data alignment mechanism is thus based on superimposing the sensorial detected landmarks with the corresponding, correctly positioned map landmarks stored in the new Extended Digital Map. The data Alignment Algorithm requires as input, beside the information from the two input systems, the ego-vehicle driving lane. This information is inferred by using a probabilistic approach in the form of a Bayesian Network; the uncertain and noisy character of the sensorial data require such a probabilistic approach in the quest of the ego-lane.","PeriodicalId":117811,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117144661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-05DOI: 10.1109/IVS.2011.5940525
Pierre Kleberger, T. Olovsson, E. Jonsson
In this paper, we briefly survey the research with respect to the security of the connected car, and in particular its in-vehicle network. The aim is to highlight the current state of the research; which are the problems found, and what solutions have been suggested. We have structured our investigation by categorizing the research into the following five categories: problems in the in-vehicle network, architectural security features, intrusion detection systems, honeypots, and threats and attacks. We conclude that even though quite some effort has already been expended in the area, most of it has been directed towards problem definition and not so much towards security solutions. We also highlight a few areas that we believe are of immediate concern.
{"title":"Security aspects of the in-vehicle network in the connected car","authors":"Pierre Kleberger, T. Olovsson, E. Jonsson","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2011.5940525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2011.5940525","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we briefly survey the research with respect to the security of the connected car, and in particular its in-vehicle network. The aim is to highlight the current state of the research; which are the problems found, and what solutions have been suggested. We have structured our investigation by categorizing the research into the following five categories: problems in the in-vehicle network, architectural security features, intrusion detection systems, honeypots, and threats and attacks. We conclude that even though quite some effort has already been expended in the area, most of it has been directed towards problem definition and not so much towards security solutions. We also highlight a few areas that we believe are of immediate concern.","PeriodicalId":117811,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"26 5-6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123424056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-05DOI: 10.1109/IVS.2011.5940420
J. J. Torres, P. Alcantarilla, L. Bergasa
This paper presents the basics of Bag of visual words method, which will be used for an occupant monitoring system that integrates a small onboard camera inside vehicles. It is intended to detect passengers' faces because it is the most appealing characteristic of occupants in a vehicle. This work proposes the implementation of visual categorization by means of two classification methods (Naïve Bayes and Multi-class SVM) that build multi-category image models using the invariant descriptors (SIFT and SURF) extracted from the images under analysis. Bag of visual words approach requires training in order to cluster invariant descriptors and learn the data distribution depending on the classification algorithm. Once the model is created, the category of every test image can be determined by querying a visual dictionary like searching a word in a text dictionary. The performance of the classifiers will be evaluated doing several comparative tests and using standard multi-category image databases. Experimental results and the conclusions are presented.
{"title":"Occupant Monitoring System for Traffic Control Based on Visual Categorization","authors":"J. J. Torres, P. Alcantarilla, L. Bergasa","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2011.5940420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2011.5940420","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the basics of Bag of visual words method, which will be used for an occupant monitoring system that integrates a small onboard camera inside vehicles. It is intended to detect passengers' faces because it is the most appealing characteristic of occupants in a vehicle. This work proposes the implementation of visual categorization by means of two classification methods (Naïve Bayes and Multi-class SVM) that build multi-category image models using the invariant descriptors (SIFT and SURF) extracted from the images under analysis. Bag of visual words approach requires training in order to cluster invariant descriptors and learn the data distribution depending on the classification algorithm. Once the model is created, the category of every test image can be determined by querying a visual dictionary like searching a word in a text dictionary. The performance of the classifiers will be evaluated doing several comparative tests and using standard multi-category image databases. Experimental results and the conclusions are presented.","PeriodicalId":117811,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129706491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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