The unique tectonic features have resulted in diverse metallic and non-metallic mineralization in Afghanistan. Hence, this paper focused on the development of exploration and mining geology data in Afghanistan. The study area is located in the western Hindu Kush tract and on the northern verge of the Harirud-Panjshir fault, Afghanistan, that mainly associates with the western Hindu Kush and Badakhshan plutonic belts. The rock units include crystalline limestones and diabase formed during the Paleozoic era and Triassic period. The aim of this study was to employ Remote Sensing (RS) methods by using the Landsat-8 satellite and ASTER sensor to spot iron and copper mineralization zones in the Parwan-Panjshir area. Therefore, Band Composition, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Band Ratio were applied to the identification of iron oxide minerals. The detected area provided by satellite images analysis had very good compliance with the results of field studies. Furthermore, the Fe – Cu – (Au) skarn mineralization was observed during field surveys. Magnetite (Hematite), Chalcopyrite (Malachite and Azurite), and pyrite mineralization have resulted from the injection of various diabase subvolcanic into carbonate units. Also, high heat flow has caused widespread marble formation in the area. The results were supported by microscopic and geochemical studies.
{"title":"The exploration of metallic deposits using satellite image processing in the Parwan-Panjshir area, Afghanistan","authors":"Mahdi Khalaj, Ziba Karimi, M. Rabbani","doi":"10.3390/iecms2021-09354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/iecms2021-09354","url":null,"abstract":"The unique tectonic features have resulted in diverse metallic and non-metallic mineralization in Afghanistan. Hence, this paper focused on the development of exploration and mining geology data in Afghanistan. The study area is located in the western Hindu Kush tract and on the northern verge of the Harirud-Panjshir fault, Afghanistan, that mainly associates with the western Hindu Kush and Badakhshan plutonic belts. The rock units include crystalline limestones and diabase formed during the Paleozoic era and Triassic period. The aim of this study was to employ Remote Sensing (RS) methods by using the Landsat-8 satellite and ASTER sensor to spot iron and copper mineralization zones in the Parwan-Panjshir area. Therefore, Band Composition, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Band Ratio were applied to the identification of iron oxide minerals. The detected area provided by satellite images analysis had very good compliance with the results of field studies. Furthermore, the Fe – Cu – (Au) skarn mineralization was observed during field surveys. Magnetite (Hematite), Chalcopyrite (Malachite and Azurite), and pyrite mineralization have resulted from the injection of various diabase subvolcanic into carbonate units. Also, high heat flow has caused widespread marble formation in the area. The results were supported by microscopic and geochemical studies.","PeriodicalId":118040,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131499456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Loro, Leonardo Chevez, H. Apaza, Jean Rodriguez, R. Puga, J. Dávalos
{"title":"Virtual Dimension Analysis of Hyperspectral Imaging to Characterize a Powder Sample from a Mine","authors":"H. Loro, Leonardo Chevez, H. Apaza, Jean Rodriguez, R. Puga, J. Dávalos","doi":"10.3390/iecms2021-09356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/iecms2021-09356","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":118040,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121481996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emmanuel Madayag, I. Graham, Hong-yan Quan, Rohan Worland, L. Adler, C. Dietz
The intermediate-sulfidation epithermal Strauss deposit is part of the Drake Goldfield of north-eastern NSW. The mineralisation in this deposit is gold-dominant with minor silver and significant levels of zinc, copper and lead. Strauss has a combined total resource of 2.66 Mt @ 1.5g/T Au and 1.9g/T Ag. Mineralisation mainly occurs in the form of vein stockworks of three main orientations. Structural analysis indicates these to be the result of two fault system events and one conjugate fault system. Petrographic and SEM analysis shows that there are two separate mineralisation styles, a pyrite dominant and sphalerite dominant style, with at least three mineralisation events. Correlation analysis for the assay data indicates that Au has a strong relation with Ag and moderate correlation with Pb. Petrographic analysis has shown the deposit to be made-up of varying layers of dacitic ash flow tuffs and a cross-cutting lamprophyre dyke though previous authors classified some of the tuffs as intrusive andesites. XRD analysis indicates widespread argillic-phyllic and propylitic alteration. Silver tellurides have been found as late-stage grains associated with sphalerite mineralisation. Sr shows a significant strong depletion, due to the intense and pervasive alteration at Strauss. The carbon and oxygen isotopes of vein carbonates suggest that the carbon from the late-stage carbonates was derived from a magmatic source with a significant influence of low-temperature meteoric water alteration, while the sulphur isotopes indicate a magmatic sulphur source.
{"title":"Mineralisation, alteration assemblages, geochemistry and stable isotopes of the low-sulfidation epithermal Strauss deposit, Drake Goldfield, north-eastern NSW, Australia","authors":"Emmanuel Madayag, I. Graham, Hong-yan Quan, Rohan Worland, L. Adler, C. Dietz","doi":"10.3390/iecms2021-09350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/iecms2021-09350","url":null,"abstract":"The intermediate-sulfidation epithermal Strauss deposit is part of the Drake Goldfield of north-eastern NSW. The mineralisation in this deposit is gold-dominant with minor silver and significant levels of zinc, copper and lead. Strauss has a combined total resource of 2.66 Mt @ 1.5g/T Au and 1.9g/T Ag. Mineralisation mainly occurs in the form of vein stockworks of three main orientations. Structural analysis indicates these to be the result of two fault system events and one conjugate fault system. Petrographic and SEM analysis shows that there are two separate mineralisation styles, a pyrite dominant and sphalerite dominant style, with at least three mineralisation events. Correlation analysis for the assay data indicates that Au has a strong relation with Ag and moderate correlation with Pb. Petrographic analysis has shown the deposit to be made-up of varying layers of dacitic ash flow tuffs and a cross-cutting lamprophyre dyke though previous authors classified some of the tuffs as intrusive andesites. XRD analysis indicates widespread argillic-phyllic and propylitic alteration. Silver tellurides have been found as late-stage grains associated with sphalerite mineralisation. Sr shows a significant strong depletion, due to the intense and pervasive alteration at Strauss. The carbon and oxygen isotopes of vein carbonates suggest that the carbon from the late-stage carbonates was derived from a magmatic source with a significant influence of low-temperature meteoric water alteration, while the sulphur isotopes indicate a magmatic sulphur source.","PeriodicalId":118040,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130198494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two manganese prospects were studied. The Kanif prospect is hosted within an ophiolitic complex located 110 km southeast of Birjand, Southern Khorasan province (eastern Iran). The ophiolitic sequence in this region hosts manganese ore occurring as small discrete patches associated with radiolarian cherts. Ore minerals identified by XRD methods and petrographic studies are pyrolusite, hematite, and goethite showing replacement, colloidal and brecciated textures. Carbonate and silica are the gangue minerals. Based on the ICP-ES-MS methods, the average grade of Kanif is 33.92% Mn. Fluid inclusions hosted by calcite from Kanif demonstrate that the ore-forming solutions had salinities within the range of 0.5-4.5 wt% NaCl eq., homogenization temperatures within the range 100-220˚C and densities of about 0.8-1 g/cm3. Pressure is estimated to be about 50 bars, corresponding to a depth of ~150 meters at the time of formation. The Basiran prospect features veins/veinlets and is located 212 km SW of Birjand, Southern Khorasan province (eastern Iran). These veins/veinlets are hosted by andesitic rocks of Eocene to Oligocene age. Ore minerals identified by XRD methods and petrographic studies are pyrolusite, psilomelane, hematite, goethite and limonite, displaying colloform and open-space filling textures. Gypsum, carbonate and silica are the gangue minerals. Alteration zones, specifically argillic alteration zone, are developed along the veins/veinlets within the andesitic wall rocks. Based on the mineralogical and geochemical data, the primary manganese minerals were Mn oxides and hydroxides, which have gradually been converted to psilomelane and finally pyrolusite. The average Mn grade within the veins/veinlets is 25.95%. Fluid inclusion data show that the ore-forming solutions had salinities within the range of 0.5-5.5 wt% NaCl eq., TH range of 120-220˚C and density about 0.8-1 g/cm3. The pressure was estimated to be less than 50 bars, corresponding to a depth of ~150 meters and a hydrothermal origin. This study focused on investigation of fluid inclusions based on petrography, variety, morphologies, salinity and homogenization temperature for different styles of manganese prospects. Kanif is located in Sistan zone and Basiran is located in lut block. Results and Interpretation of microthermometric data suggest hydrothermal origins for both the Kanif and Basiran Mn prospects.
{"title":"Microthermometric Considerations for the Kanif (SE Birjand) and Basiran (SW Birjand) Manganese Prospects, Birjand, South-Khorasan, Eastern Iran.","authors":"B. Barghi, Ahmad Azargoon Jahromi","doi":"10.3390/iecms2021-09338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/iecms2021-09338","url":null,"abstract":"Two manganese prospects were studied. The Kanif prospect is hosted within an ophiolitic complex located 110 km southeast of Birjand, Southern Khorasan province (eastern Iran). The ophiolitic sequence in this region hosts manganese ore occurring as small discrete patches associated with radiolarian cherts. Ore minerals identified by XRD methods and petrographic studies are pyrolusite, hematite, and goethite showing replacement, colloidal and brecciated textures. Carbonate and silica are the gangue minerals. Based on the ICP-ES-MS methods, the average grade of Kanif is 33.92% Mn. Fluid inclusions hosted by calcite from Kanif demonstrate that the ore-forming solutions had salinities within the range of 0.5-4.5 wt% NaCl eq., homogenization temperatures within the range 100-220˚C and densities of about 0.8-1 g/cm3. Pressure is estimated to be about 50 bars, corresponding to a depth of ~150 meters at the time of formation. The Basiran prospect features veins/veinlets and is located 212 km SW of Birjand, Southern Khorasan province (eastern Iran). These veins/veinlets are hosted by andesitic rocks of Eocene to Oligocene age. Ore minerals identified by XRD methods and petrographic studies are pyrolusite, psilomelane, hematite, goethite and limonite, displaying colloform and open-space filling textures. Gypsum, carbonate and silica are the gangue minerals. Alteration zones, specifically argillic alteration zone, are developed along the veins/veinlets within the andesitic wall rocks. Based on the mineralogical and geochemical data, the primary manganese minerals were Mn oxides and hydroxides, which have gradually been converted to psilomelane and finally pyrolusite. The average Mn grade within the veins/veinlets is 25.95%. Fluid inclusion data show that the ore-forming solutions had salinities within the range of 0.5-5.5 wt% NaCl eq., TH range of 120-220˚C and density about 0.8-1 g/cm3. The pressure was estimated to be less than 50 bars, corresponding to a depth of ~150 meters and a hydrothermal origin. This study focused on investigation of fluid inclusions based on petrography, variety, morphologies, salinity and homogenization temperature for different styles of manganese prospects. Kanif is located in Sistan zone and Basiran is located in lut block. Results and Interpretation of microthermometric data suggest hydrothermal origins for both the Kanif and Basiran Mn prospects.","PeriodicalId":118040,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science","volume":"1398 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120875833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ecandrewsite (ZnTiO3), the zincian end-member of the ilmenite group minerals (IGM) has been found as an accessory relic phase in amphibolites from the Upper Proterozoic-Lower Cambrian metamorphic basement of the Pampa de Olaen region, in the eastern hillside of the Sierra Grande, Cordoba, Argentina. IGM grains occur as anhedral to subhedral inclusions as centers of coronitic titanite, as a result of retrograde metamorphic reactions. Electron microprobe analyses of IGM reveal compositions between Ec56Pph23Ilm21 and Ilm95Pph5 along a solid solution trend ranging from manganoan ferroan ecandrewsite toward ilmenite s.s., passing through intermediate members such as ferroan manganoan ecandrewsite, zincian manganoan ilmenite and manganoan ilmenite. Ecandrewsite and other members of the IGM are considered refractory accessory minerals of a basic igneous rock (likely basalt) later on affected by medium grade regional metamorphism. The inclusions of IGM in titanite would represent non-consumed remnants of the protholithic IGM after coupled reactions with plagioclase that led to the formation of titanite during a retrograde metamorphic event. Even considering that Zn is a relatively widespread element in the metasedimentary associated sequence, we believe that the chemical trend between near end-members ecandrewsite and ilmenite reflects the magmatic composition of IGM in the protholith, where the variations of the Zn contents were controlled by the substitution of Fe by Zn+Mn in the absence any type of regular zonation. However, it is not discarded that chemical adjustments among members of the IGM could have been introduced during prograde regional metamorphism. This would be the first worldwide record of ecandrewsite in amphibolites.
在阿根廷科尔多瓦格兰德山脉东坡Pampa de Olaen地区上元古宙-下寒武统变质基底的角闪岩中，发现了钛铁矿群矿物(IGM)的锌质端元锌矿(ZnTiO3)的副遗迹相。作为逆行变质反应的结果，IGM颗粒在冠状钛矿中以正面体或亚面体包裹体的形式出现。IGM电镜分析显示，Ec56Pph23Ilm21和Ilm95Pph5的组成沿固溶体的变化趋势，从锰铁钛矿到钛铁矿，经过铁锰钛矿、锌锰钛铁矿和锰钛铁矿等中间产物。榴辉石和其他IGM成员被认为是基性火成岩(可能是玄武岩)的难熔副矿物，后来受到中等等级区域变质作用的影响。钛铁矿中的IGM包裹体可能代表了在逆行变质事件中与斜长石偶联反应后，原石器时代IGM未被消耗的残留物，导致钛铁矿的形成。即使考虑到锌在变质沉积岩伴生序列中是较为普遍的元素，我们认为近端元榴辉石与钛铁矿之间的化学变化趋势反映了原岩体中IGM的岩浆组成，其中锌含量的变化受Zn+Mn取代Fe的控制，没有任何类型的规则分带。然而，不能排除IGM成员之间的化学调整可能是在区域渐进变质作用期间引入的。这将是世界上第一次在角闪岩中发现榴辉石。
{"title":"Ecandrewsite (ZnTiO3) in Amphibolite, Sierras de Córdoba, Argentina: A New Paragenetic Occurrence","authors":"M. J. Espeche, R. Lira","doi":"10.3390/iecms2021-09337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/iecms2021-09337","url":null,"abstract":"Ecandrewsite (ZnTiO3), the zincian end-member of the ilmenite group minerals (IGM) has been found as an accessory relic phase in amphibolites from the Upper Proterozoic-Lower Cambrian metamorphic basement of the Pampa de Olaen region, in the eastern hillside of the Sierra Grande, Cordoba, Argentina. IGM grains occur as anhedral to subhedral inclusions as centers of coronitic titanite, as a result of retrograde metamorphic reactions. Electron microprobe analyses of IGM reveal compositions between Ec56Pph23Ilm21 and Ilm95Pph5 along a solid solution trend ranging from manganoan ferroan ecandrewsite toward ilmenite s.s., passing through intermediate members such as ferroan manganoan ecandrewsite, zincian manganoan ilmenite and manganoan ilmenite. Ecandrewsite and other members of the IGM are considered refractory accessory minerals of a basic igneous rock (likely basalt) later on affected by medium grade regional metamorphism. The inclusions of IGM in titanite would represent non-consumed remnants of the protholithic IGM after coupled reactions with plagioclase that led to the formation of titanite during a retrograde metamorphic event. Even considering that Zn is a relatively widespread element in the metasedimentary associated sequence, we believe that the chemical trend between near end-members ecandrewsite and ilmenite reflects the magmatic composition of IGM in the protholith, where the variations of the Zn contents were controlled by the substitution of Fe by Zn+Mn in the absence any type of regular zonation. However, it is not discarded that chemical adjustments among members of the IGM could have been introduced during prograde regional metamorphism. This would be the first worldwide record of ecandrewsite in amphibolites.","PeriodicalId":118040,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127035011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hong-yan Quan, I. Graham, Rohan Worland, L. Adler, C. Dietz, A. Greig
The intermediate-sulfidation epithermal Kylo deposit is part of the Drake Goldfield of north-eastern NSW. The mineralization is gold-dominant with minor silver and significant levels of zinc, copper and lead. Kylo has a resource of 2.298 Mt @ 1.23g/T Au and 1.35 g/T Ag. Mineralization mainly occurs in the form of vein stockworks. Petrographic and SEM analysis show that there are at least three mineralization events, with Au mineralization strongly associated with at least a deposit-scale alteration event. Quantitative XRD analysis shows a strong positive correlation between Au-mineralization and argillic-phyllic alteration. Electrum was found as inclusions in massive sphalerite in the main mineralization stage. Correlation analysis for the assay data indicates that Au has a strong relation with Ag and moderate correlation with Pb. Petrographic and geochemical analysis has identified three lithologies, rhyolite, rhyodacite/dacite and andesite, with Au mineralization more associated with the rhyodacites, while at deeper levels some of the andesites also show a relatively strong correlation with Au. Sr shows a significant strong depletion, due to the intense and pervasive alteration at Kylo. The andesitic volcanics show moderate LREE enrichment with small negative Eu anomalies, and relative depletion in Nb, Ta and Ti, indicating an island arc tectonic setting. The carbon and oxygen isotopes of late-stage vein carbonates suggest that the fluid was derived from a magmatic source with a significant influence of low-temperature alteration, while the sulfur isotopes indicate a magmatic sulfur source.
{"title":"Mineralisation, Alteration Assemblages, Geochemistry and Stable Isotopes of the Intermediate-Sulfidation Epithermal Kylo Deposit, Drake Goldfield, North-Eastern NSW, Australia","authors":"Hong-yan Quan, I. Graham, Rohan Worland, L. Adler, C. Dietz, A. Greig","doi":"10.3390/iecms2021-09347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/iecms2021-09347","url":null,"abstract":"The intermediate-sulfidation epithermal Kylo deposit is part of the Drake Goldfield of north-eastern NSW. The mineralization is gold-dominant with minor silver and significant levels of zinc, copper and lead. Kylo has a resource of 2.298 Mt @ 1.23g/T Au and 1.35 g/T Ag. Mineralization mainly occurs in the form of vein stockworks. Petrographic and SEM analysis show that there are at least three mineralization events, with Au mineralization strongly associated with at least a deposit-scale alteration event. Quantitative XRD analysis shows a strong positive correlation between Au-mineralization and argillic-phyllic alteration. Electrum was found as inclusions in massive sphalerite in the main mineralization stage. Correlation analysis for the assay data indicates that Au has a strong relation with Ag and moderate correlation with Pb. Petrographic and geochemical analysis has identified three lithologies, rhyolite, rhyodacite/dacite and andesite, with Au mineralization more associated with the rhyodacites, while at deeper levels some of the andesites also show a relatively strong correlation with Au. Sr shows a significant strong depletion, due to the intense and pervasive alteration at Kylo. The andesitic volcanics show moderate LREE enrichment with small negative Eu anomalies, and relative depletion in Nb, Ta and Ti, indicating an island arc tectonic setting. The carbon and oxygen isotopes of late-stage vein carbonates suggest that the fluid was derived from a magmatic source with a significant influence of low-temperature alteration, while the sulfur isotopes indicate a magmatic sulfur source.","PeriodicalId":118040,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125474052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Garófano-Medina, M. Fuertes-Fuente, A. Cepedal, A. Martín-Izard
The San Finx W–Sn ore deposit is located in the Spanish province of A Coruna (Galicia, NW Spain). Geologically, it occurs in the Galicia-Tras-os-Montes zone which is one of the innermost zones of the Iberian Variscan collisional belt. This ore deposit is characterized by NE–SW trending quartz-dominated veins with centimeter-size hubnerite and cassiterite. This research focuses on one sector of this deposit known as Buenaventura. The aim of this work is to present a mineralogical and petrological characterization of the ore-bearing veins, their host rocks and associated hydrothermal alteration. The vein mineralogy is mainly quartz, muscovite, K-feldspar, apatite and scarce fluorite. The ore minerals are hubnerite, scheelite and cassiterite with columbite and ilmenorutile-struverite inclusions, together with sulfides, mainly chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite, and, in less abundance, molybdenite, lollingite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, stannite, pyrite, Bi-Pb-Ag sulfosalts and native bismuth. The main host-rocks are micaschist and paragneiss and two types of pegmatites, homogeneous pegmatites and banded aplite-pegmatites with columbite. The host rocks are affected by four types of hydrothermal alterations: tourmalinization, greissenization, feldspathization and silicification. The more widespread alteration is the feldspathization in which the protolith is replaced by massive albite and K-feldspar with fibrous habit, accompanied by apatite, chlorite, rutile, magnetite, hematite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite. In addition, there are highly deformed areas with a complex alteration rich in K-feldspar and sulfides, mainly chalcopyrite, minerals of the stannite group and sphalerite and, in less abundance, bismuthinite, native bismuth, galena and pyrite. This deposit shares features in terms of geological setting, hydrothermal alteration and ore assemblages with exogreisen systems formed in the cupolas of highly fractionated granites in collisional settings.
San Finx W-Sn矿床位于西班牙的A Coruna省(Galicia, NW Spain)。地质上，它发生在加利西亚-特拉斯-奥斯-蒙特斯地区，该地区是伊比利亚瓦利斯碰撞带最内层的地区之一。矿床特征为北东-西向石英为主脉体，含厘米级的斑辉石和锡石。这项研究的重点是该矿床的一个部分，称为布埃纳文图拉。本文的目的是对含矿脉及其寄主岩和伴生热液蚀变进行矿物学和岩石学表征。脉石矿物主要为石英、白云母、钾长石、磷灰石和稀有萤石。矿石矿物为辉锑矿、白钨矿、锡锑矿，内含铅锌矿、钛辉锑矿和银辉锑矿，硫化物以黄铜矿和毒砂为主，其次为辉钼矿、滑石、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、锡锑矿、黄铁矿、Bi-Pb-Ag硫酸盐和天然铋。主要寄主岩为云母岩和副云母岩，以及均质伟晶岩和带柱长石的带状长晶伟晶岩两种类型。寄主岩石受电气石化、灰石化、长石化和硅化4种热液蚀变的影响。较广泛的蚀变是长石化，原岩被块状钠长石和具有纤维状习性的钾长石所取代，并伴有磷灰石、绿泥石、金红石、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿。此外，该区变形程度高，蚀变复杂，富含钾长石和硫化物，主要为黄铜矿、锡石族矿物和闪锌矿，少量含铋矿、天然铋、方铅矿和黄铁矿。该矿床在地质环境、热液蚀变和矿石组合上具有碰撞环境下高分选花岗岩冲天炉中形成的外辉体系的特征。
{"title":"The Buenaventura Sector of the San Finx W-Sn Deposit (NW Spain): Ore Mineralogy, Host Rocks and Associated Hydrothermal Alterations.","authors":"David Garófano-Medina, M. Fuertes-Fuente, A. Cepedal, A. Martín-Izard","doi":"10.3390/IECMS2021-09358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMS2021-09358","url":null,"abstract":"The San Finx W–Sn ore deposit is located in the Spanish province of A Coruna (Galicia, NW Spain). Geologically, it occurs in the Galicia-Tras-os-Montes zone which is one of the innermost zones of the Iberian Variscan collisional belt. This ore deposit is characterized by NE–SW trending quartz-dominated veins with centimeter-size hubnerite and cassiterite. This research focuses on one sector of this deposit known as Buenaventura. The aim of this work is to present a mineralogical and petrological characterization of the ore-bearing veins, their host rocks and associated hydrothermal alteration. The vein mineralogy is mainly quartz, muscovite, K-feldspar, apatite and scarce fluorite. The ore minerals are hubnerite, scheelite and cassiterite with columbite and ilmenorutile-struverite inclusions, together with sulfides, mainly chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite, and, in less abundance, molybdenite, lollingite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, stannite, pyrite, Bi-Pb-Ag sulfosalts and native bismuth. The main host-rocks are micaschist and paragneiss and two types of pegmatites, homogeneous pegmatites and banded aplite-pegmatites with columbite. The host rocks are affected by four types of hydrothermal alterations: tourmalinization, greissenization, feldspathization and silicification. The more widespread alteration is the feldspathization in which the protolith is replaced by massive albite and K-feldspar with fibrous habit, accompanied by apatite, chlorite, rutile, magnetite, hematite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite. In addition, there are highly deformed areas with a complex alteration rich in K-feldspar and sulfides, mainly chalcopyrite, minerals of the stannite group and sphalerite and, in less abundance, bismuthinite, native bismuth, galena and pyrite. This deposit shares features in terms of geological setting, hydrothermal alteration and ore assemblages with exogreisen systems formed in the cupolas of highly fractionated granites in collisional settings.","PeriodicalId":118040,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126366964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The phase relations in the Si-Al-Na-K-Li-F-H-O model granite system are studied experimentally at T = 800, 700 °C and P = 1 and 2 kbar, as well as at T = 600, 550, 500 and 400 °C and P = 1 kbar and different water content from 2 to 50 wt.%. The initial composition was set in such a way that the composition of the resulting silicate melt was close to the granite eutectic. It is shown that in the presence of Li, two immiscible melts are formed in the system—an aluminosilicate (L) and a salt alkali-aluminofluoride (LF). It is shown that at Т = 800 °С, Р = 1 kbar and 2 kbar and water content > 10 wt. %, three phases are equilibrium in the system: L, LF, and fluid (Fl). Cryolite (Crl), which does not contain REE, begins to crystallize from the salt melt at 700 °C. Quartz (Qtz) crystallizes from the silicate melt at 600 °C and the equilibrium phases are L, LF, Crl, Qtz. At T = 500 °C Qtz, Na and K aluminofluorides and polylithionite crystallize from the aluminosilicate melt. The joint crystallization of Crl and Qtz is observed. Large crystals of cryolite and elpasolite are formed in both the salt and silicate melts. At the same time, the residual salt melt enriched in Li and REE is partially preserved. LF is completely crystallized at 400 °C, and L is in a metastable state. It is established that REE, Sc, Y and Li accumulate in the salt melt up to 500 °C with partition coefficients >> 1. REE and Sc enter into composition of the crystal phases at T = 500 °C and 400 °C. Sc partially isomorphically replaces Al. REE most often forms its own fluoride phases of the LnF3 type.
{"title":"The Peculiarities of Crystallization of Lithium-Containing Granite Melt with High Water and Fluorine Contents in the Temperature Range of 800 - 400 °C and Pressure of 1 kbar (According to Experimental Data).","authors":"A. Rusak, Shchekina Tatyana, Zinovyeva Nina, Alferyeva Yana, Khvostikov Vladimir, Gramenitsky Evgeniy, Kotelnikov Alexey","doi":"10.3390/IECMS2021-09361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMS2021-09361","url":null,"abstract":"The phase relations in the Si-Al-Na-K-Li-F-H-O model granite system are studied experimentally at T = 800, 700 °C and P = 1 and 2 kbar, as well as at T = 600, 550, 500 and 400 °C and P = 1 kbar and different water content from 2 to 50 wt.%. The initial composition was set in such a way that the composition of the resulting silicate melt was close to the granite eutectic. It is shown that in the presence of Li, two immiscible melts are formed in the system—an aluminosilicate (L) and a salt alkali-aluminofluoride (LF). It is shown that at Т = 800 °С, Р = 1 kbar and 2 kbar and water content > 10 wt. %, three phases are equilibrium in the system: L, LF, and fluid (Fl). Cryolite (Crl), which does not contain REE, begins to crystallize from the salt melt at 700 °C. Quartz (Qtz) crystallizes from the silicate melt at 600 °C and the equilibrium phases are L, LF, Crl, Qtz. At T = 500 °C Qtz, Na and K aluminofluorides and polylithionite crystallize from the aluminosilicate melt. The joint crystallization of Crl and Qtz is observed. Large crystals of cryolite and elpasolite are formed in both the salt and silicate melts. At the same time, the residual salt melt enriched in Li and REE is partially preserved. LF is completely crystallized at 400 °C, and L is in a metastable state. It is established that REE, Sc, Y and Li accumulate in the salt melt up to 500 °C with partition coefficients >> 1. REE and Sc enter into composition of the crystal phases at T = 500 °C and 400 °C. Sc partially isomorphically replaces Al. REE most often forms its own fluoride phases of the LnF3 type.","PeriodicalId":118040,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131620275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Red mud is the residual mass resultant from NaOH digestion of bauxite ore by following the Bayer process for aluminum extraction. The global stockpile of red mud is estimated to be about 3 billion tons that either sent to marine disposal or as the dry stack in open space. In both cases, it poses a great environmental threat due to the high alkalinity and the presence of several heavy metals. On contrary, red mud contains a significant amount of rare earth elements (REEs). The increasing demands of REEs with fast depleting mineral reserves are therefore presenting red mud a potential secondary reservoir for REEs’ exploitation. In recent times, numerous studies are conducted using the pyro- and hydro-metallurgical routes albeit the disadvantages like high energy consumption, low recovery, and generation of secondary wastes have found to be associated with the disclosed processes. Due to the inherent benefits of low environmental stress, the less energy-intensive process using the microbial activity, bioleaching is increasingly attractive to the metallurgical operations, especially from the secondary resources. Results: Henceforth, a feasibility study on the bioleaching of red mud has been investigated using Penicillium chrysogenum strain KBS3 (accession number GQ228447) with glucose, sawdust, and molasses as the substrate material. Three different modes of bioleaching (one-step, two-step, and spent medium) were examined with different capacity of metabolic production of acids. One-step bioleaching involving 12 mM citric acid, 2.5 mM oxalic acid, 1.8 mM tartaric acid, and 1162 mM gluconic acid. Whereas, the respective biogenic acid production was observed to be 15 mM, 1 mM, 0.5 mM, and 152 mM in two-step bioleaching, which were 63 mM, 29 mM, 23 mM, and 3 mM in the spent medium bioleaching while using glucose as the substrate and pulp density at 3%. Concomitant bio-mobilization was analyzed to be 79% Y, 28% La, and 28% Ce in a single-step bioleaching system. In the spent medium bioleaching 63% Y, 28% La, and 28% Ce could be mobilized into biogenic lixiviant, which was 67% Y, 20% La, and 15% Ce in a two-step leaching mode. Using molasses as the substrate, citric acid (4.21 mM, 3.57 mM, and 4.85 mM), oxalic acid (1.55 mM, 1.0 mM, and 0.09 mM), tartaric acid (1.18 mM, 0.95 mM, and 2.17 mM), and gluconic acid (210.19 mM, 52.5 mM, and 0.09 mM) were involved in one-step, two-step, and spent-medium bioleaching, respectively at the same pulp density of 3%. The resultant bio-mobilization was analyzed to be 57% Y, 13.5% La, and 12.77% Ce in one-step; 57% Y, 14% La, and 12% Ce in a two-step, and 49% Y, 6.3% La, and 2.9% Ce in the spent-medium bioleaching system. The insignificant mobilization of REEs (1-5%) was observed in the case of abiotic controls. Conclusions: One-step bioleaching has shown good potential for the bio-mobilization of REEs from red mud using Penicillium chrysogenum strain KBS3 and glucose substrate. Future studies in this conte
背景:赤泥是采用拜耳法对铝土矿进行NaOH溶出后产生的残余质量。据估计，全球储存的赤泥约有30亿吨，这些赤泥要么被送往海洋处理，要么作为露天干堆。在这两种情况下，由于高碱度和几种重金属的存在，它对环境构成了很大的威胁。相反，赤泥含有大量的稀土元素(ree)。随着矿产储量的快速枯竭，对稀土元素的需求不断增加，赤泥成为稀土资源开发的潜在二次储层。近年来，使用热法和湿法冶金路线进行了大量研究，尽管发现所披露的工艺存在高能耗、低回收率和产生二次废物等缺点。由于低环境压力和利用微生物活动的低能耗工艺的固有优势，生物浸出对冶金作业，特别是对二次资源的浸出越来越有吸引力。结果:研究了以葡萄糖、木屑和糖蜜为底物，以青霉菌(Penicillium chrysogenum)菌株KBS3 (accession number GQ228447)对赤泥进行生物浸出的可行性研究。考察了三种不同的生物浸出模式(一步浸出、两步浸出和废培养基浸出)及其代谢产酸能力的差异。一步生物浸出涉及12mm柠檬酸，2.5 mM草酸，1.8 mM酒石酸和1162 mM葡萄糖酸。然而，在两步生物浸出中，分别观察到生物原酸产量为15 mM, 1 mM, 0.5 mM和152 mM，而在以葡萄糖为底物和矿浆密度为3%的废培养基生物浸出中，分别为63 mM, 29 mM, 23 mM和3 mM。在单步生物浸出系统中，伴随的生物动员分析为79% Y, 28% La和28% Ce。在生物浸出的废介质中，63% Y、28% La和28% Ce可以在两步浸出模式下被活化成67% Y、20% La和15% Ce的生物浸出剂。以糖蜜为底物，在相同矿浆密度为3%的条件下，柠檬酸(4.21 mM、3.57 mM和4.85 mM)、草酸(1.55 mM、1.0 mM和0.09 mM)、酒石酸(1.18 mM、0.95 mM和2.17 mM)和葡萄糖酸(210.19 mM、52.5 mM和0.09 mM)分别进行一步、两步和废培养基生物浸出。经分析，所得生物动员率为57% Y, 13.5% La, 12.77% Ce;两步浸出系统中Y含量为57%，La含量为14%，Ce含量为12%;废培养基生物浸出系统中Y含量为49%，La含量为6.3%，Ce含量为2.9%。在非生物对照的情况下，观察到REEs(1-5%)的动员不明显。结论:利用黄化青霉菌株KBS3和葡萄糖底物，一步法生物浸出对赤泥中稀土元素具有良好的生物动员潜力。在这方面的未来研究可能会产生一个更有效的过程，在更高的产量以及其环保特性方面。
{"title":"Feasibility of Bio-Mobilization of Rare Earth Elements from Bauxite Residual Red Mud","authors":"S. Ilyas, Hyunjung Kim, R. Srivastava","doi":"10.3390/IECMS2021-09334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMS2021-09334","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Red mud is the residual mass resultant from NaOH digestion of bauxite ore by following the Bayer process for aluminum extraction. The global stockpile of red mud is estimated to be about 3 billion tons that either sent to marine disposal or as the dry stack in open space. In both cases, it poses a great environmental threat due to the high alkalinity and the presence of several heavy metals. On contrary, red mud contains a significant amount of rare earth elements (REEs). The increasing demands of REEs with fast depleting mineral reserves are therefore presenting red mud a potential secondary reservoir for REEs’ exploitation. In recent times, numerous studies are conducted using the pyro- and hydro-metallurgical routes albeit the disadvantages like high energy consumption, low recovery, and generation of secondary wastes have found to be associated with the disclosed processes. Due to the inherent benefits of low environmental stress, the less energy-intensive process using the microbial activity, bioleaching is increasingly attractive to the metallurgical operations, especially from the secondary resources. \u0000Results: Henceforth, a feasibility study on the bioleaching of red mud has been investigated using Penicillium chrysogenum strain KBS3 (accession number GQ228447) with glucose, sawdust, and molasses as the substrate material. Three different modes of bioleaching (one-step, two-step, and spent medium) were examined with different capacity of metabolic production of acids. One-step bioleaching involving 12 mM citric acid, 2.5 mM oxalic acid, 1.8 mM tartaric acid, and 1162 mM gluconic acid. Whereas, the respective biogenic acid production was observed to be 15 mM, 1 mM, 0.5 mM, and 152 mM in two-step bioleaching, which were 63 mM, 29 mM, 23 mM, and 3 mM in the spent medium bioleaching while using glucose as the substrate and pulp density at 3%. Concomitant bio-mobilization was analyzed to be 79% Y, 28% La, and 28% Ce in a single-step bioleaching system. In the spent medium bioleaching 63% Y, 28% La, and 28% Ce could be mobilized into biogenic lixiviant, which was 67% Y, 20% La, and 15% Ce in a two-step leaching mode. Using molasses as the substrate, citric acid (4.21 mM, 3.57 mM, and 4.85 mM), oxalic acid (1.55 mM, 1.0 mM, and 0.09 mM), tartaric acid (1.18 mM, 0.95 mM, and 2.17 mM), and gluconic acid (210.19 mM, 52.5 mM, and 0.09 mM) were involved in one-step, two-step, and spent-medium bioleaching, respectively at the same pulp density of 3%. The resultant bio-mobilization was analyzed to be 57% Y, 13.5% La, and 12.77% Ce in one-step; 57% Y, 14% La, and 12% Ce in a two-step, and 49% Y, 6.3% La, and 2.9% Ce in the spent-medium bioleaching system. The insignificant mobilization of REEs (1-5%) was observed in the case of abiotic controls. \u0000Conclusions: One-step bioleaching has shown good potential for the bio-mobilization of REEs from red mud using Penicillium chrysogenum strain KBS3 and glucose substrate. Future studies in this conte","PeriodicalId":118040,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129997134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: In this study, a method based on flotation assistance of homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction (FA-HLLME) combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) was proposed for the measurement of trace Samarium in Mineral concentrate samples. As one of the miniaturized separation and extraction techniques, homogenous liquid-liquid microextraction (HLLME) has been widely applied in the field of Mineral processing. PAN (1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol) was used as the complexing agent and 1-Dodecanol and Acetone were selected as extraction and homogeneous solvents, respectively. The factors that influenced the extraction efficiency for Samarium measurement (including pH, extraction, and homogeneous solvents, the concentration of PAN and NaCl, extraction time) were studied statistically. Under the optimum conditions (pH=8.0, 140µL 1-Dodecanol, 1.2 mL Tetrahydrofuran, 3.045×10-4 mol L-1PAN, 2.5mol L-1 NaCl, and 120 sec of extraction time), the linear dynamic range for Samarium determination was 10.0 - 220.0 ng L-1 (R2=0.9862) with a limit of detection (LOD) for Samarium was 2.91 ng L-1. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) (C=40 ng L-1, n=7) was 2.1% and the enrichment factor of 250 for Samarium extraction. The proposed method was successfully applied to the measurement of Samarium in different Mineral concentrate samples.
摘要:本研究提出了一种基于均相液液微萃取(FA-HLLME)辅助浮选结合电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定矿物精矿样品中痕量钐的方法。均相液液微萃取作为一种小型化的分离萃取技术，在选矿领域得到了广泛的应用。以PAN(1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚)为络合剂，以1-十二醇和丙酮分别作为萃取溶剂和均相溶剂。统计研究了pH、萃取剂、均相溶剂、PAN和NaCl浓度、萃取时间等因素对钐测定萃取效率的影响。在最佳提取条件(pH=8.0, 1-十二醇140µL，四氢呋喃1.2 mL, 3.045×10-4 mol L- 1pan, 2.5mol L-1 NaCl，提取时间120秒)下，钐的线性动态范围为10.0 ~ 220.0 ng L-1 (R2=0.9862)，检出限为2.91 ng L-1。相对标准偏差(rsd) (C=40 ng L-1, n=7)为2.1%，富集系数为250。该方法成功地应用于不同矿物精矿样品中钐的测定。
{"title":"Measurement of Light Rare Earth element of Samarium in the Processing of Mineral Concentrate Samples by HLLME Pre-concentration Method and ICP-MS","authors":"A. Dehghan, S. Veyseh, Shabnam Najafi Aslipashaki","doi":"10.3390/iecms2021-09339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/iecms2021-09339","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:\u0000In this study, a method based on flotation assistance of homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction (FA-HLLME) combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) was proposed for the measurement of trace Samarium in Mineral concentrate samples. As one of the miniaturized separation and extraction techniques, homogenous liquid-liquid microextraction (HLLME) has been widely applied in the field of Mineral processing. PAN (1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol) was used as the complexing agent and 1-Dodecanol and Acetone were selected as extraction and homogeneous solvents, respectively. The factors that influenced the extraction efficiency for Samarium measurement (including pH, extraction, and homogeneous solvents, the concentration of PAN and NaCl, extraction time) were studied statistically. Under the optimum conditions (pH=8.0, 140µL 1-Dodecanol, 1.2 mL Tetrahydrofuran, 3.045×10-4 mol L-1PAN, 2.5mol L-1 NaCl, and 120 sec of extraction time), the linear dynamic range for Samarium determination was 10.0 - 220.0 ng L-1 (R2=0.9862) with a limit of detection (LOD) for Samarium was 2.91 ng L-1. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) (C=40 ng L-1, n=7) was 2.1% and the enrichment factor of 250 for Samarium extraction. The proposed method was successfully applied to the measurement of Samarium in different Mineral concentrate samples.","PeriodicalId":118040,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129883303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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