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Relationships among the Types of Digital Games and Rolefulness 数字游戏类型与角色丰富性之间的关系
Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.22158/jpbr.v6n2p120
Daiki Kato, Genki Kato, Aya Futamura, Mihoko Tsuruta
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among different types of digital games and rolefulness. We hypothesized that the sense of rolefulness increases through collaborative game playing and the effect is different among the types of games. Four categories—“individual”, “competitive”, “cooperative”, and “non-player”—are assumed in this study, and the rolefulness scores were compared among these groups. The social and internal rolefulness scores were compared among the four groups using ANOVA. The results of the analysis showed significant differences. Multiple comparisons showed significant differences between the “competitive” and “non-player” categories in social and internal rolefulness.
本研究旨在探讨不同类型的数字游戏与角色感之间的关系。我们假设,角色感会通过合作游戏而增强,而且不同类型的游戏会产生不同的效果。本研究假设了四个类别--"个人"、"竞争"、"合作 "和 "非玩家",并比较了这些类别之间的角色丰满度得分。通过方差分析比较了四个组别之间的社会角色感和内部角色感得分。分析结果显示差异显著。多重比较显示,"竞技 "组和 "非竞技 "组在社会角色感和内部角色感方面存在显著差异。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of the Left Middle Temporal Gyrus in the Semantic Processing of Nouns and Verbs in Chinese: A Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study 颞叶左中回在汉语名词和动词语义加工中的作用:经颅直流电刺激研究
Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.22158/jpbr.v6n2p124
Huilin Zhang
Vocabulary processing is an important cognitive function of human beings. Nouns and verbs are core word classes that support languages, and the differences in neural mechanisms of semantic processing between the two word classes have received a lot of attention. An important language processing area, left middle temporal gyrus (LMTG), has attracted a lot of attention because of its significant role in language processing. However, there is controversy about the role of LMTG in the semantic processing of nouns and verbs, and few related studies were based on Chinese, an ideological language. With the aid of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), the current study investigated the role of LMTG in the semantic processing of Chinese nouns and verbs. Results showed that after receiving anodal-tDCS stimulation over LMTG, participants’ semantic processing performance of Chinese verbs was significantly promoted. At the same time, such changes were not observed in the noun and number processing. Meanwhile, compared with concrete verbs, participants’ semantic processing performance of abstract verbs was improved more. We concluded that LMTG played an important role in the semantic processing of Chinese verbs, especially abstract verbs.
词汇处理是人类的一项重要认知功能。名词和动词是支撑语言的核心词类,这两类词在语义处理上的神经机制差异受到了广泛关注。颞叶左中回(LMTG)是一个重要的语言加工区,因其在语言加工中的重要作用而备受关注。然而,关于颞叶左中回在名词和动词语义加工中的作用还存在争议,相关研究也很少基于汉语这种意识形态语言。本研究借助经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)研究了LMTG在汉语名词和动词语义加工中的作用。结果表明,接受经颅直流电刺激后,受试者对汉语动词的语义处理能力明显提高。与此同时,在名词和数字处理方面却没有观察到这种变化。同时,与具体动词相比,受试者对抽象动词的语义处理能力得到了更大的提高。我们认为,LMTG 在汉语动词,尤其是抽象动词的语义加工中发挥了重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Prevention of School Attendance Problems in Japan: A Macro-Level Perspective on Avoidance Behaviour 日本预防出勤问题:从宏观角度看逃避行为
Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.22158/jpbr.v6n2p69
Naoki Maeda, Mami Someya, Soichiro Hatada
In this study, we examined government policies and the relevant law on prevention measures for school attendance problems in Japanese compulsory education schools from the perspective of school avoidance behaviour. In summary: (a) the number of students with school attendance problems has been increasing rapidly since 2017; (b) despite an increase in school counsellors as a government-initiated prevention measure, the number of students with school attendance problems has risen; (c) government policies and the relevant law seek to foster social independence even for students unable to return to school and to provide spaces where students with school attendance problems feel comfortable, which may inadvertently reinforce or perpetuate school avoidance behaviour; and (d) in the Japanese compulsory education system, stakeholders have limited opportunities to block school avoidance behaviour. We propose two measures to prevent school attendance problems drawing on a macro-level behavioural perspective: (a) employing data on class absences in mainstream schools, regardless of the reason for the absence, as an evaluation criterion for prolonged school absenteeism, and (b) implementing appropriate grade repetition for students who miss classes in their mainstream school over a certain threshold, including withholding the school diploma.
在本研究中,我们从逃避上学行为的角度出发,研究了日本义务教育学校的政府政策和相关法律对上学问题的预防措施。概括地说(a) 自 2017 年以来,有就学问题的学生人数迅速增加;(b) 尽管作为政府发起的预防措施,增加了学校辅导员,但有就学问题的学生人数仍在上升;(c) 政府政策和相关法律力图培养即使无法返回学校的学生的社会独立性,并为有就学问题的学生提供感到舒适的空间,这可能会无意中强化或延续回避学校的行为;以及 (d) 在日本的义务教育体系中,利益相关者阻止回避学校行为的机会有限。我们从宏观层面的行为角度出发,提出了两项预防出勤问题的措施:(a) 采用主流学校缺课数据(无论缺课原因如何)作为长期旷课的评估标准;(b) 对主流学校缺课超过一定限度的学生实施适当的留级,包括扣发学校毕业证书。
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引用次数: 0
Angry Birds… All in a Twitter about Trophy Hunting: Are the Big Five Safe under the Eaves? 愤怒的小鸟...... 全在一条关于战利品狩猎的 Twitter 中:五大家族在屋檐下安全吗?
Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.22158/jpbr.v6n2p30
Metolo Foyet
Trophy hunting has turned into a contentious global debate opposing urban westerners and rural African communities. The former argue for animal rights. The latter argue for human rights, de-colonialism and legitimacy over their resources, relying on the principle that legal rights should be given back to local people to sustainably use their wildlife. While human geography studies have examined both trophy hunting and social media influences on people and places, conservation as a body of knowledge has not yet caught up with the role of cyber-movements in spreading discourses. This paper presents a case study using netnography, content analysis and the Cycle of Aggression theory to capture the perception of Twitter users towards trophy hunting in Africa. Rural African communities are demanding a new deal in which they are shareholders rather than disempowered stakeholders in their own wildlife resource use and management. Thus, externally imposed bans, including import bans, undermine not only the foundations of sustainable wildlife management but also the rights of local peoples.
战利品狩猎已成为一场有争议的全球性辩论,西方城市居民和非洲农村社区对此针锋相对。前者主张动物权利。后者则主张人权、去殖民主义和资源合法性,其原则是应将合法权利还给当地人,让他们可持续地利用野生动物。虽然人文地理研究已经考察了战利品狩猎和社交媒体对人和地方的影响,但作为知识体系的保护尚未跟上网络运动在传播话语方面的作用。本文介绍了一项案例研究,利用网络志、内容分析和侵略循环理论来捕捉推特用户对非洲战利品狩猎的看法。非洲农村社区正在要求一种新的交易,在这种交易中,他们是股东,而不是在自己的野生动物资源使用和管理中被剥夺权利的利益相关者。因此,外部强加的禁令(包括进口禁令)不仅破坏了可持续野生动物管理的基础,也损害了当地人民的权利。
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引用次数: 0
Profiling Communication Effectiveness in Persons with Aphasia in Aphasia Types 分析失语症患者在失语症类型中的交流效率
Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.22158/jpbr.v6n2p16
U. Mahajani, Abhishek Bp
Communication problems caused by aphasia can negatively impact an individual’s ability to participate in society, and resume employment. The aim of the study was to assess various quality-of-life factors in person with aphasia and compare those factors between aphasia types. 20 (12 non-fluent; 8 fluent) Hindi-English bilingual Persons with Aphasia (PWA) were included in the study. Indian scale of Communicative effectiveness was administered to persons with aphasia. The tool consisted of various situations faced in day-to-day life. A comparison was obtained between aphasia types. Questions related to the generalization of skills acquired during therapy were taxing. Situations related to social involvement, speaking on the telephone, and communicating in various situations had an impact post-stroke. PWA faces challenges in communicating in the job environment. Persons with a fluent variant of aphasia have a lesser impact than the non-fluent type of aphasia. Hence, there is a need to work on the generalization of skills during management and considering the social context.
失语症导致的交流障碍会对患者参与社会和重新就业的能力产生负面影响。本研究旨在评估失语症患者的各种生活质量因素,并比较不同类型失语症患者的生活质量因素。研究共纳入 20 名(12 名不流利;8 名流利)印地语-英语双语失语症患者(PWA)。研究人员对失语症患者进行了印度语沟通有效性量表测试。该工具包括日常生活中面临的各种情况。对不同类型的失语症患者进行了比较。与在治疗过程中获得的技能的通用性有关的问题具有挑战性。与社会参与、电话交谈和各种情况下的沟通有关的情境对中风后的生活产生了影响。PWA 在工作环境中面临着沟通方面的挑战。与非流利型失语症相比,流利型失语症患者受到的影响较小。因此,有必要在管理和考虑社会环境的过程中努力普及技能。
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引用次数: 0
Connotative Interpretations of the “Sex” Word in a Sample of Iranian Students: A Pilot Study 伊朗学生样本中对 "性 "一词的内涵解读:试点研究
Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.22158/jpbr.v6n1p46
H. Ghassemzadeh, R. Firoozikhojastefar, F. Raisi, SeyyedTaha Yahyavi
Objective: Sex is a ubiquitous word which is widely used in other languages with a meaning somewhat different from the English one. This study plan to examine the attributes assigned by a group of Iranian Farsi speakers to “sex” constructs.Method: the total of 33 women and 31 men (45 single and 19 married mean, age= 28.26), of medical students of Tehran University participated in this study which was done at 2020. Our measurement scale has been borrowed from Osgood; fifteen bipolar items in seven-point Likert that arranged in odd and even order is offered to participants. Some of poles are: “Cold-Warm”, “Weak-Strong”, “Secure-Unsecure”, “Hidden-Obvious”, “Up-Down”, “Funky-Fragrant”. Results: this sample evaluated “sex” as warm, strong, up, fragrant, beautiful, sweet, white, good taste, good and active. Interestingly, there are more agreement than disagreement in comparison of two genders. However, there is a significant difference between male and female in the item of “unsecure-secure”. Also, regarding the marital status no significant difference was found between single and married students. The only marginal was Hidden-Obvious and Bad Taste-Good Taste.Conclusion: When communication involves the use of sexuality-related words, semantics may play a particularly important role. Therefore, exploring the meaning of sex assigned by users seems necessary.
目的:性 "是一个无处不在的词,在其他语言中被广泛使用,其含义与英语有些不同。方法:德黑兰大学的医科学生共 33 名女性和 31 名男性(平均 45 名单身,19 名已婚,年龄= 28.26)参与了 2020 年进行的这项研究。我们的测量量表借鉴了奥斯古德(Osgood)的方法;向参与者提供了 15 个两极项目,采用李克特(Likert)七分制,按奇数和偶数顺序排列。其中包括"冷-暖"、"弱-强"、"安全-不安全"、"隐藏-明显"、"上-下"、"时髦-怪异"。结果:该样本对 "性 "的评价是温、强、上、香、美、甜、白、味、好、活。有趣的是,两性之间的一致意见多于分歧意见。不过,在 "没有安全感--有安全感 "这一项上,男性和女性之间存在明显差异。此外,在婚姻状况方面,单身和已婚学生之间也没有发现明显的差异。唯一的边缘项是 "隐藏-明显 "和 "坏品味-好品味":结论:当交流涉及到使用与性有关的词语时,语义学可能起着特别重要的作用。因此,探索使用者赋予性别的含义似乎很有必要。
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引用次数: 0
Motivation, Self-efficacy, and International Students’ Academic Performance 动机、自我效能感与留学生的学习成绩
Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.22158/jpbr.v6n1p16
Zihe Ding
This project explored how international students’ learning motivations and self-efficacy can affect their academic performance when studying abroad via a systematic literature review approach. It specifically explored two sets of relationships by outlining the key concepts and theories that predict such relationships, discussing the specialities of these concepts and theories with regard to the research target, international students, and summarising and comparing the findings of empirical studies in specific contexts.The project specifically reveals that international students’ motivations can be enhanced by their clear goals to study abroad and undermined by their sociocultural adaptation to the learning environments. Their self-efficacy beliefs can also be damaged by their language difficulties and adaptation problems. Despite some inconsistencies in empirical research findings, international students’ intrinsic motivations and self-efficacy beliefs can both positively enhance their academic performances. Based on these findings, teachers are suggested to offer adequate social support for international students by providing student counselling services, promoting an inclusive culture, and supporting the construction of international student communities. These methods will assist international students’ cultural and academic adaptation and enhance their academic motivations and self-efficacy beliefs. The teachers are also suggested to differentiate teaching approaches in response to the specific needs of international students and facilitate students’ self-efficacy development through affirmative recognition.
本项目通过系统的文献综述方法,探讨了留学生的学习动机和自我效能感如何影响他们在国外学习时的学业成绩。该项目具体探讨了两组关系,概述了预测此类关系的关键概念和理论,讨论了这些概念和理论在研究对象--留学生--方面的特殊性,并总结和比较了特定背景下的实证研究结果。该项目具体揭示了留学生的学习动机可能因其明确的留学目标而增强,也可能因其对学习环境的社会文化适应而削弱。语言困难和适应问题也会损害留学生的自我效能感。尽管实证研究结果存在一些不一致,但留学生的内在动机和自我效能感信念都能积极提高他们的学业成绩。基于这些研究结果,建议教师为留学生提供充分的社会支持,如提供学生咨询服务、促进包容性文化、支持留学生社区建设等。这些方法将有助于留学生的文化和学业适应,提高他们的学习动机和自我效能感。此外,还建议教师针对留学生的具体需求采取不同的教学方法,并通过肯定性认可促进学生自我效能感的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Neural Mechanisms and Benefits of Flow: A Meta Analysis 流动的神经机制和益处:一项元分析
Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.22158/jpbr.v6n1p1
Austin Yan
Known as “in the groove” by musicians and “in the zone” for athletes, flow is a sensation of total concentration on a single task. Since the introduction of flow theory by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi in the 1970s, researchers have continued to explore the brain science and performance benefits of such state. The three hypotheses at the forefront of flow theory include brain waves, transient hypofrontality hypothesis, and synchronization theory of flow. Beyond detailing research that supports the three hypotheses, this meta analysis works to communicate the benefits of flow and also techniques to achieve the state. Flow state can be broken down into nine main characteristics, and working to improve each individual feature can contribute to optimizing the overall flow experience. The real world implications of flow state are immeasurable, allowing humans to be more efficient learners and better creative thinkers. Most importantly, flow is not an esoteric phenomenon exclusive to people at the top of their profession. Everyone can achieve flow state, which makes the benefits tangible and realistic for all. Flow theory continues to be a heavily researched subject in psychology, and a greater public interest in the topic can further expand the field of flow science.
流状态被音乐家称为 "in the groove",被运动员称为 "in the zone",它是一种全神贯注于单一任务的感觉。自 20 世纪 70 年代米哈里-齐克森米哈伊(Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi)提出 "流动 "理论以来,研究人员不断探索这种状态对大脑科学和工作表现的益处。流动理论最前沿的三个假说包括脑电波、瞬时前额过度假说和流动同步理论。除了详细介绍支持这三个假说的研究之外,本元分析还致力于传播流动的益处以及达到这种状态的技巧。流动状态可细分为九个主要特征,努力改善每个特征有助于优化整体流动体验。流状态对现实世界的影响是不可估量的,它能让人类成为更高效的学习者和更有创造力的思考者。最重要的是,"流动 "并不是专业顶尖人士独有的深奥现象。每个人都可以达到流动状态,这让所有人都能切实获得好处。流理论仍然是心理学中一个需要大量研究的课题,公众对这一课题的更大兴趣可以进一步拓展流科学领域。
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引用次数: 0
A Review of the Research on Linguistic Prosody in Conversation Entrainment 对话中的语言前奏研究综述
Pub Date : 2023-12-03 DOI: 10.22158/jpbr.v5n4p80
Zhihua Xia
Having conversation is a joint action in which interacting individuals coordinate their behavior and adapt their linguistic choices to each other in order to make smooth and successful communication. This coordination or adaptation is called entrainment. In daily conversation, interlocutors entrain at linguistic or nonlinguistic levels. The present research focuses on linguistic prosody in entrainment, and reviews the theoretical and empirical studies of linguistic prosody in conversation entrainment in order to supply references for future studies in the similar fields.
对话是一种共同的行为,在这种行为中,相互交往的个体相互协调自己的行为,调整自己的语言选择,以使交流顺利成功。这种协调或适应被称为夹带。在日常会话中,对话者在语言或非语言层面上进行交流。本文的研究重点是语言韵律在会话诱导中的作用,并对语言韵律在会话诱导中的理论和实证研究进行了综述,以期为今后类似领域的研究提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Developing a Rolefulness Worksheet and its Effect on Increasing Rolefulness 开发工作效率工作表及其对提高工作效率的影响
Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.22158/jpbr.v5n4p1
Daiki Kato, Nicholas Kemp, Mikie Suzuki
This study investigated the effects of a worksheet on rolefulness, which refers to an individual’s continuous sense of role satisfaction in their daily life. To this end, 25 female university students from Japan were asked to accomplish the worksheet. Furthermore, their scores on the Rolefulness Scale were compared before and after the work. The results showed that the worksheet contributed to a substantial increase in the participants’ social rolefulness. The results indicate that the worksheet can improve an individual’s social rolefulness and can be applied in several areas such as education and career development.
本研究探讨工作表对角色满意度的影响,角色满意度是指个体在日常生活中持续的角色满足感。为此,来自日本的25名女大学生被要求完成工作表。此外,在工作前后比较他们的工作能力量表得分。结果表明,工作表有助于显著提高参与者的社会责任感。结果表明,工作表可以提高个体的社会责任感,并可应用于教育和职业发展等多个领域。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Psychology & Behavior Research
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