States levy insurance premium taxes, which are essentially gross receipt taxes on premiums. An unusual characteristic of insurance premium taxes is that in each state in which an insurance company writes premiums, the firm pays the higher of the tax rate in the state in which the company is domiciled and the state in which the policy is written. Thus, the choice of location has a significant effect on the firm's tax liability. Using firm‐level data for the property‐casualty (P‐C) insurance industry, we calculate the firm‐specific tax rate for each P‐C firm for every possible state of domicile. We estimate conditional logistic models to analyze the effect of insurance premium taxes on the choice of the state of domicile of existing and relocated firms. We find robust evidence of a small, negative, and statistically significant effect of these taxes on the choice of the state of domicile.
{"title":"The Effect of Taxes on the Location of Property‐Casualty Insurance Firms","authors":"Martin Grace, D. Sjoquist","doi":"10.1111/jori.12298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jori.12298","url":null,"abstract":"States levy insurance premium taxes, which are essentially gross receipt taxes on premiums. An unusual characteristic of insurance premium taxes is that in each state in which an insurance company writes premiums, the firm pays the higher of the tax rate in the state in which the company is domiciled and the state in which the policy is written. Thus, the choice of location has a significant effect on the firm's tax liability. Using firm‐level data for the property‐casualty (P‐C) insurance industry, we calculate the firm‐specific tax rate for each P‐C firm for every possible state of domicile. We estimate conditional logistic models to analyze the effect of insurance premium taxes on the choice of the state of domicile of existing and relocated firms. We find robust evidence of a small, negative, and statistically significant effect of these taxes on the choice of the state of domicile.","PeriodicalId":119398,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Fiscal & Monetary Policy eJournal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125084220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study uses two large datasets to explore the output dynamics following economic disasters, one including 180 economic disasters across 38 countries over the last two centuries and the other including 204 disasters in 182 countries since World War II. Our results suggest that extreme economic crises are associated with huge and remarkably persistent loss. On average, output loss surges to above 26% in the first few years after the outbreak of a disaster and remains above 20% for as long as 20 years. It is only after more than 50 years that the loss is fully recovered.
{"title":"Recovery from Economic Disasters","authors":"B. Ćorić, Blanka Škrabić","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3750371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3750371","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study uses two large datasets to explore the output dynamics following economic disasters, one including 180 economic disasters across 38 countries over the last two centuries and the other including 204 disasters in 182 countries since World War II. Our results suggest that extreme economic crises are associated with huge and remarkably persistent loss. On average, output loss surges to above 26% in the first few years after the outbreak of a disaster and remains above 20% for as long as 20 years. It is only after more than 50 years that the loss is fully recovered.","PeriodicalId":119398,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Fiscal & Monetary Policy eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124729467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the launch of bitcoin in 2009, there have been fierce calls for the regulation of cryptocurrencies particularly linked with, amongst other things, their use to facilitate financial crime. One of the mechanisms deemed best to achieve this has been at the point of their intersection with mainstream finance – which is mostly through cryptocurrency exchanges and wallet providers which convert fiat currency to cryptocurrency and vice versa. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendation 16 is expected to achieve this, however, this rule is only as strong as its robust implementation globally. The growth of decentralised finance (DeFi) further exacerbates the challenges of regulating the crypto industry, particularly as it is not covered by FATF Recommendation 16.
{"title":"Decentralised Finance: The Case for a Holistic Approach to Regulating the Crypto Industry","authors":"Iwa Salami","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3733647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3733647","url":null,"abstract":"Since the launch of bitcoin in 2009, there have been fierce calls for the regulation of cryptocurrencies particularly linked with, amongst other things, their use to facilitate financial crime. One of the mechanisms deemed best to achieve this has been at the point of their intersection with mainstream finance – which is mostly through cryptocurrency exchanges and wallet providers which convert fiat currency to cryptocurrency and vice versa. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendation 16 is expected to achieve this, however, this rule is only as strong as its robust implementation globally. The growth of decentralised finance (DeFi) further exacerbates the challenges of regulating the crypto industry, particularly as it is not covered by FATF Recommendation 16.","PeriodicalId":119398,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Fiscal & Monetary Policy eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121174854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A tax system should be fair. According to conventional wisdom, this fairness mandate means that similarly situated taxpayers should pay similar taxes. Notably absent from most discussions about tax fairness or equity is any consideration of race. This makes sense, if one focuses on the tax laws’ facial neutrality, as well as the Internal Revenue Service’s failure to collect official data about the race of taxpayers. But if one is interested in equity among taxpayers, we must also examine to what extent different groups of taxpayers benefit from a Code section that reduces their tax liability. In the context of distributional equity, race and other identity characteristics must inform any analysis. This Article intervenes in this discussion with three principal claims: one descriptive, one normative, and one utilitarian. First, the Article uses data from the higher education sector to demonstrate that primarily wealthy, white taxpayers capture the most generous educational tax benefits. Black taxpayers appear to benefit the least from these tax provisions. Black college graduates have greater education-related debt (both in incidence and quantum) than any other group of their peers. Furthermore Black college graduates have lower average wages and higher rates of unemployment compared to their Asian, Hispanic/Latinx counterparts. Black families are the least likely to be able to contribute to a 529 college tuition savings program or to make tax-free, direct tuition payments. While Black college graduates and families can take advantage of some tax benefits for higher education, the greatest tax expenditures are for those that benefit whites. The Article next argues that achieving a more racially just society requires attention to the ways that tax laws exacerbate existing race-based economic inequality. This Article uses the example of the gift tax exemption for direct tuition payments to illustrate the ways that tax rules can exacerbate the racial wealth gap. In the context of any tax benefit statute, there are abundant opportunities for future research at the intersection of race and taxation. That work is made more difficult by the absence of readily available tax data on the basis of race, but other data sources can help fill the gaps. Finally, the Article proposes a test for evaluating the distributional equity of any tax exclusion or deduction that results in an understatement of the donor’s or decedent’s transfer of wealth. Unlike a wealth transfer that is considered an item of consumption, a wealth transfer that has concomitant lifelong benefits, such as direct tuition payments for education, should not be allowed to reduce the donor’s transfer tax base. In the case of wealth transfer taxes, a particular tax benefit is inequitable if (1) it has disparate impacts on the basis of race and (2) the benefit is inconsistent with the overall policy objective of imposing a gift tax on inter vivos transfers that create substantial capital-l
{"title":"Tax Benefits, Higher Education and Race: A Gift Tax Proposal for Direct Tuition Payments","authors":"Bridget J. Crawford, Wendy C. Gerzog","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3727700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3727700","url":null,"abstract":"A tax system should be fair. According to conventional wisdom, this fairness mandate means that similarly situated taxpayers should pay similar taxes. Notably absent from most discussions about tax fairness or equity is any consideration of race. This makes sense, if one focuses on the tax laws’ facial neutrality, as well as the Internal Revenue Service’s failure to collect official data about the race of taxpayers. But if one is interested in equity among taxpayers, we must also examine to what extent different groups of taxpayers benefit from a Code section that reduces their tax liability. In the context of distributional equity, race and other identity characteristics must inform any analysis. This Article intervenes in this discussion with three principal claims: one descriptive, one normative, and one utilitarian. \u0000 \u0000First, the Article uses data from the higher education sector to demonstrate that primarily wealthy, white taxpayers capture the most generous educational tax benefits. Black taxpayers appear to benefit the least from these tax provisions. Black college graduates have greater education-related debt (both in incidence and quantum) than any other group of their peers. Furthermore Black college graduates have lower average wages and higher rates of unemployment compared to their Asian, Hispanic/Latinx counterparts. Black families are the least likely to be able to contribute to a 529 college tuition savings program or to make tax-free, direct tuition payments. While Black college graduates and families can take advantage of some tax benefits for higher education, the greatest tax expenditures are for those that benefit whites. \u0000 \u0000The Article next argues that achieving a more racially just society requires attention to the ways that tax laws exacerbate existing race-based economic inequality. This Article uses the example of the gift tax exemption for direct tuition payments to illustrate the ways that tax rules can exacerbate the racial wealth gap. In the context of any tax benefit statute, there are abundant opportunities for future research at the intersection of race and taxation. That work is made more difficult by the absence of readily available tax data on the basis of race, but other data sources can help fill the gaps. \u0000 \u0000Finally, the Article proposes a test for evaluating the distributional equity of any tax exclusion or deduction that results in an understatement of the donor’s or decedent’s transfer of wealth. Unlike a wealth transfer that is considered an item of consumption, a wealth transfer that has concomitant lifelong benefits, such as direct tuition payments for education, should not be allowed to reduce the donor’s transfer tax base. In the case of wealth transfer taxes, a particular tax benefit is inequitable if (1) it has disparate impacts on the basis of race and (2) the benefit is inconsistent with the overall policy objective of imposing a gift tax on inter vivos transfers that create substantial capital-l","PeriodicalId":119398,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Fiscal & Monetary Policy eJournal","volume":"212 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126022166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grant E. Donnelly, Cait Lamberton, Stephen Bush, Zoe Chance, M. Norton
Many consumers struggle to repay their credit card debt, in part because paying small portions of large bills often feels fruitless. We introduce a novel credit card payment option – repayment-by-purchase – and examine its influence on both the amount consumers’ repay and their perception of progress toward reducing their debt. With typical repayment, consumers simply enter the amount they wish to pay toward their total balance – often the minimum required payment. With repayment-by-purchase, in contrast, consumers can select specific purchases (e.g., a coffee at Starbucks, a utility bill) that they wish to repay, and make payments specifically directed toward “eliminating” these purchases. Five studies reveal that repayment-by-purchase increases awareness of what is being repaid, which increases perceptions of progress toward reducing debt, which in turn encourages higher repayment. In a large field experiment, credit card customers who were given the opportunity to allocate their payment toward specific purchase categories paid 12.18% more toward their debt balance than a control group. These findings advance our practical understanding of how consumers can be encouraged to pay more toward credit card debt and offer conceptual insight into how both increased awareness and perceived goal progress enhance consumer motivation to get out of debt.
{"title":"'Repayment-by-Purchase' Helps Consumers to Reduce Credit Card Debt","authors":"Grant E. Donnelly, Cait Lamberton, Stephen Bush, Zoe Chance, M. Norton","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3728254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3728254","url":null,"abstract":"Many consumers struggle to repay their credit card debt, in part because paying small portions of large bills often feels fruitless. We introduce a novel credit card payment option – repayment-by-purchase – and examine its influence on both the amount consumers’ repay and their perception of progress toward reducing their debt. With typical repayment, consumers simply enter the amount they wish to pay toward their total balance – often the minimum required payment. With repayment-by-purchase, in contrast, consumers can select specific purchases (e.g., a coffee at Starbucks, a utility bill) that they wish to repay, and make payments specifically directed toward “eliminating” these purchases. Five studies reveal that repayment-by-purchase increases awareness of what is being repaid, which increases perceptions of progress toward reducing debt, which in turn encourages higher repayment. In a large field experiment, credit card customers who were given the opportunity to allocate their payment toward specific purchase categories paid 12.18% more toward their debt balance than a control group. These findings advance our practical understanding of how consumers can be encouraged to pay more toward credit card debt and offer conceptual insight into how both increased awareness and perceived goal progress enhance consumer motivation to get out of debt.","PeriodicalId":119398,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Fiscal & Monetary Policy eJournal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126959062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interest Rate-Growth Differentials on Government Debt: An Empirical Investigation for the Euro Area","authors":"Cristina D. Checherita-Westphal, J. Semeano","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3724876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3724876","url":null,"abstract":"The interest rate-growth differential (","PeriodicalId":119398,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Fiscal & Monetary Policy eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116674760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines earnings management around the reduction in the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% as enacted by the ‘Tax Cuts and Jobs Act’ (TCJA) of 2017. Building on a theoretical model that considers a higher level of book-tax conformity of ‘real earnings management’ (REM) in relation to ‘accrual-based earnings management’ (AEM), we hypothesize that firms concertedly use these manipulation techniques for different purposes. Specifically, we predict and find that firms engage in REM to shift income from the high-tax period prior to the TCJA to the low-tax period after of the TCJA to realize tax benefits. In contrast, we predict and find that firms use AEM, which has a lower degree of book-tax conformity, to simultaneously increase book income. Consistent with intertemporal income shifting, we also find that these effects reverse in 2018. Overall, our results document a potential unintended consequence of the TCJA on firm behavior that should be useful to policymakers, regulators, and researchers to evaluate the largest tax reform since 1986.
{"title":"Earnings Management around the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017","authors":"Dan Lynch, Max Pflitsch, M. Stich","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3721848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3721848","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines earnings management around the reduction in the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% as enacted by the ‘Tax Cuts and Jobs Act’ (TCJA) of 2017. Building on a theoretical model that considers a higher level of book-tax conformity of ‘real earnings management’ (REM) in relation to ‘accrual-based earnings management’ (AEM), we hypothesize that firms concertedly use these manipulation techniques for different purposes. Specifically, we predict and find that firms engage in REM to shift income from the high-tax period prior to the TCJA to the low-tax period after of the TCJA to realize tax benefits. In contrast, we predict and find that firms use AEM, which has a lower degree of book-tax conformity, to simultaneously increase book income. Consistent with intertemporal income shifting, we also find that these effects reverse in 2018. Overall, our results document a potential unintended consequence of the TCJA on firm behavior that should be useful to policymakers, regulators, and researchers to evaluate the largest tax reform since 1986.","PeriodicalId":119398,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Fiscal & Monetary Policy eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125731666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a novel method of measuring the comparability of reported accounting numbers from the perspective of creditors. We demonstrate the validity of the measure and show that new bond issues of firms with superior comparability have better credit ratings and reduced bond yields, ceteris paribus. This is commensurate with comparability reducing the information uncertainty surrounding credit risk assessments derived from a firm’s financial information. Comparison of the impact of comparability on public and private bond issues suggests that the impact of comparability is greater in the public market, which we suggest is due to the presence of uninformed investors and higher reputation costs for the rating agencies.
{"title":"Financial Reporting Comparability in US Firms Issuing Debt in the US Primary Market","authors":"P. Hill, Gerald J. Lobo, Shuo Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3713075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3713075","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a novel method of measuring the comparability of reported accounting numbers from the perspective of creditors. We demonstrate the validity of the measure and show that new bond issues of firms with superior comparability have better credit ratings and reduced bond yields, ceteris paribus. This is commensurate with comparability reducing the information uncertainty surrounding credit risk assessments derived from a firm’s financial information. Comparison of the impact of comparability on public and private bond issues suggests that the impact of comparability is greater in the public market, which we suggest is due to the presence of uninformed investors and higher reputation costs for the rating agencies.","PeriodicalId":119398,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Fiscal & Monetary Policy eJournal","volume":"417 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132415484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a compendium of several related notes on taxes. Section I presents a simple general tax scheme. It is a tax on value added by labor and capital that does not favor one over the other. Section II, on business income taxes, contrasts the taxation of business income for closely held pass-through entities and open corporations. Section III discusses property taxes as annual taxes on housing services and so a form of income tax. Section IV turns to wealth taxes. Its main point is that like property taxes, wealth taxes imposed annually are income taxes that are large relative to annual income or consumption services from taxed assets. As a result, wealth taxes can have large negative effects on prices of taxed assets. The paper closes with (what I think is) a fun section contrasting governments and non-profits and the way they are financed. The puzzle posed is to explain why people donate to nonprofits but minimize tax payments to governments even though governments and nonprofits engage in many of the same activities.
{"title":"Taxes","authors":"E. Fama","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3701844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3701844","url":null,"abstract":"This is a compendium of several related notes on taxes. Section I presents a simple general tax scheme. It is a tax on value added by labor and capital that does not favor one over the other. Section II, on business income taxes, contrasts the taxation of business income for closely held pass-through entities and open corporations. Section III discusses property taxes as annual taxes on housing services and so a form of income tax. Section IV turns to wealth taxes. Its main point is that like property taxes, wealth taxes imposed annually are income taxes that are large relative to annual income or consumption services from taxed assets. As a result, wealth taxes can have large negative effects on prices of taxed assets. The paper closes with (what I think is) a fun section contrasting governments and non-profits and the way they are financed. The puzzle posed is to explain why people donate to nonprofits but minimize tax payments to governments even though governments and nonprofits engage in many of the same activities.","PeriodicalId":119398,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Fiscal & Monetary Policy eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124678309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Draft Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Bill 2020 (the “Draft Bill”), Singapore proposes a new framework to deal with the problem of MTF. The approach is neatly summarized by a document released by the Singapore Ministry of Finance: “Annex: Proposed Changes to the Goods and Services Tax Act”, of which one point is of particular interest. The document states that the proposed legislative amendments will “allow the Comptroller of GST to deny a GST-registered business’ input GST claim, if the business knew or should have known that his purchase was part of or connected with a fraudulent arrangement. The burden of proving that the business knew or should have known of the fraudulent arrangement lies on the Comptroller, with the standard of proof being the balance of probabilities. This is similar to the approach taken in the United Kingdom (“UK”) and the European Union to safeguard tax revenue.”
在《2020年商品及服务税(修订)法案草案》(“草案”)中，新加坡提出了一个新的框架来处理MTF问题。新加坡财政部(Singapore Ministry of Finance)发布的一份文件简洁地总结了这种做法:《附件:商品和服务税法的拟议修改》(Annex: Proposed Changes to The Goods and Services Act)，其中有一点特别值得关注。该文件指出，拟议的立法修正案将“允许商品及服务税审计长拒绝商品及服务税注册企业的输入商品及服务税索赔，如果该企业知道或应该知道他的购买是欺诈安排的一部分或与欺诈安排有关。”证明企业知道或应该知道欺诈安排的责任落在主计长身上，其证明标准是可能性的平衡。这与英国(“英国”)和欧盟(eu)为保障税收而采取的做法类似。
{"title":"Singapore’s Proposed Approach to Tackling Missing Trader Fraud","authors":"V. Ooi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3698508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3698508","url":null,"abstract":"In the Draft Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Bill 2020 (the “Draft Bill”), Singapore proposes a new framework to deal with the problem of MTF. The approach is neatly summarized by a document released by the Singapore Ministry of Finance: “Annex: Proposed Changes to the Goods and Services Tax Act”, of which one point is of particular interest. The document states that the proposed legislative amendments will “allow the Comptroller of GST to deny a GST-registered business’ input GST claim, if the business knew or should have known that his purchase was part of or connected with a fraudulent arrangement. The burden of proving that the business knew or should have known of the fraudulent arrangement lies on the Comptroller, with the standard of proof being the balance of probabilities. This is similar to the approach taken in the United Kingdom (“UK”) and the European Union to safeguard tax revenue.”","PeriodicalId":119398,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Fiscal & Monetary Policy eJournal","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115589674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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