ASEAN is a region with high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, accompanied by an increase in population, gross domestic product (GDP) and energy consumption. Population, GDP, and energy consumption can be linked to CO2 emissions through an identity equation called the Rich Identity. This research is based on Kaya identity to describe CO2 emissions to calculate the impact of population, economic activity, energy intensity and carbon intensity on CO2 emissions in ASEAN and 8 ASEAN countries (i.e., Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar and Brunei Darussalam) from 1990 to 2017. The method used is the Logarithmic Mean Division Index (LMDI). The data used are from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the World Bank. Four effects measured and main findings showed that population, economic activity and carbon intensity factor increased by 293.02 MtCO2, 790.0 MtCO2, and 195.51 MtCO2, respectively. Meanwhile, energy intensity effect made ASEAN's CO2 emissions decrease by 283.13 MtCO2. Regarding contributions to the increase in CO2 emissions in all ASEAN countries, the population effect increases CO2 emissions in all countries in ASEAN and the economic activity effect is also the same, except in Brunei Darussalam which makes CO2 emissions in this country decreased by 1.07 MtCO2. Meanwhile, the effects of energy and carbon intensity are different. The effect of energy intensity causes CO2 emissions in lower-middle income countries to decrease, while in upper-middle and high-income countries, it increases carbon emissions. In contrast to the effect of carbon intensity, that actually makes CO2 emissions increase in lower-middle income countries and reduces carbon emissions in upper-middle and high-income countries.
{"title":"Decomposition of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions in ASEAN Based on Kaya Identity","authors":"Vivid Amalia Khusna, Deni Kusumawardani","doi":"10.33116/ije.v4i2.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v4i2.122","url":null,"abstract":"ASEAN is a region with high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, accompanied by an increase in population, gross domestic product (GDP) and energy consumption. Population, GDP, and energy consumption can be linked to CO2 emissions through an identity equation called the Rich Identity. This research is based on Kaya identity to describe CO2 emissions to calculate the impact of population, economic activity, energy intensity and carbon intensity on CO2 emissions in ASEAN and 8 ASEAN countries (i.e., Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar and Brunei Darussalam) from 1990 to 2017. The method used is the Logarithmic Mean Division Index (LMDI). The data used are from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the World Bank. Four effects measured and main findings showed that population, economic activity and carbon intensity factor increased by 293.02 MtCO2, 790.0 MtCO2, and 195.51 MtCO2, respectively. Meanwhile, energy intensity effect made ASEAN's CO2 emissions decrease by 283.13 MtCO2. Regarding contributions to the increase in CO2 emissions in all ASEAN countries, the population effect increases CO2 emissions in all countries in ASEAN and the economic activity effect is also the same, except in Brunei Darussalam which makes CO2 emissions in this country decreased by 1.07 MtCO2. Meanwhile, the effects of energy and carbon intensity are different. The effect of energy intensity causes CO2 emissions in lower-middle income countries to decrease, while in upper-middle and high-income countries, it increases carbon emissions. In contrast to the effect of carbon intensity, that actually makes CO2 emissions increase in lower-middle income countries and reduces carbon emissions in upper-middle and high-income countries.","PeriodicalId":119876,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127764159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focuses on the public building in Indonesia that has implemented an energy management system compliant with ISO 50001 standard. The main objectives of this study are to review the implementation of the energy management system in the building, highlighting the main aspect of the ISO cycle deployment and key lessons learned for further dissemination. We performed the study of the implementation of energy management in the building sector based on the ISO 50001 framework that aims to enhance an organization to pursue the continuous improvement of energy management with a systematic approach. Implementing the plan, do, check and act cycle of the ISO’s framework, it is found that the management keeps a strong commitment to continuous improvement. As part of the energy management system cycle, an Investment Grade Audit (IGA) was performed in 2018. Implementing the IGA recommendation, both passive and active designs have been applied in the Slamet Bratanata building. Active design strategies that have been implemented include building automation system utilization, chiller and lighting replacement and Energy Monitoring System (EMonS) application. Implemented passive designs include windows film installation and an efficient room redesigned for optimizing natural light. To implement the ISO 50001 Energy Management System in the building, the energy management team has also held various activities. It includes developing Standard Operating Procedures, appointing a Person in Charge on each floor, conducting capacity building and performing an energy efficiency campaign. It is estimated that the energy management system has succeeded in reducing energy consumption by 613.188 kWh (in 2018–2020) and the Energy Efficiency Index by 129.06 kWh/m2/year in 2020. Furthermore, management energy implementation also reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 539.60 tons of CO2 equivalent. This study provides a reference for energy management in another building for improving its energy performance.
{"title":"Assessing the Implementation of the Energy Management System in the First ISO 50001 Building in Indonesia","authors":"R. Kurniawan, Agung Feinnudin","doi":"10.33116/ije.v4i2.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v4i2.125","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the public building in Indonesia that has implemented an energy management system compliant with ISO 50001 standard. The main objectives of this study are to review the implementation of the energy management system in the building, highlighting the main aspect of the ISO cycle deployment and key lessons learned for further dissemination. We performed the study of the implementation of energy management in the building sector based on the ISO 50001 framework that aims to enhance an organization to pursue the continuous improvement of energy management with a systematic approach. Implementing the plan, do, check and act cycle of the ISO’s framework, it is found that the management keeps a strong commitment to continuous improvement. As part of the energy management system cycle, an Investment Grade Audit (IGA) was performed in 2018. Implementing the IGA recommendation, both passive and active designs have been applied in the Slamet Bratanata building. Active design strategies that have been implemented include building automation system utilization, chiller and lighting replacement and Energy Monitoring System (EMonS) application. Implemented passive designs include windows film installation and an efficient room redesigned for optimizing natural light. To implement the ISO 50001 Energy Management System in the building, the energy management team has also held various activities. It includes developing Standard Operating Procedures, appointing a Person in Charge on each floor, conducting capacity building and performing an energy efficiency campaign. It is estimated that the energy management system has succeeded in reducing energy consumption by 613.188 kWh (in 2018–2020) and the Energy Efficiency Index by 129.06 kWh/m2/year in 2020. Furthermore, management energy implementation also reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 539.60 tons of CO2 equivalent. This study provides a reference for energy management in another building for improving its energy performance.","PeriodicalId":119876,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115151103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luthfansyah Mohammad, M. Asy’ari, M. F. Izdiharrudin, Suyanto
The growth of public awareness of the environment is directly proportional to the development of the use of electric cars. Electric cars operate by consuming electrical energy from battery storage, which must be recharged periodically at the charging station. Solar panels are one source of energy that is environmentally friendly and has the potential to be applied to charging stations. The use of solar panels causes the charging station to no longer depend on conventional electricity networks, which the majority of it still use fossil fuel power plants. Solar panels have a problem that is not optimal electrical power output so that it has the potential to affect the charging parameters of the battery charging station. Adaptive Velocity-Particle Swarm Optimization (AV-PSO) is an artificial intelligence type MPPT optimization algorithm that can solve the problem of solar panel power optimization. This study also uses the Coulomb Counting method as a battery capacity estimator. The results showed that the average sensor accuracy is more than 91% with a DC-DC SEPIC converter which has an efficiency of 69.54%. In general, the proposed charging station system has been proven capable to enhance the energy security by optimizing the output power of solar panels up to 22.30% more than using conventional systems.
{"title":"Performance Enhancement of Solar Panels Using Adaptive Velocity-Particle Swarm Optimization (AVPSO) Algorithm for Charging Station as an Effort for Energy Security","authors":"Luthfansyah Mohammad, M. Asy’ari, M. F. Izdiharrudin, Suyanto","doi":"10.33116/ije.v3i2.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v3i2.91","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of public awareness of the environment is directly proportional to the development of the use of electric cars. Electric cars operate by consuming electrical energy from battery storage, which must be recharged periodically at the charging station. Solar panels are one source of energy that is environmentally friendly and has the potential to be applied to charging stations. The use of solar panels causes the charging station to no longer depend on conventional electricity networks, which the majority of it still use fossil fuel power plants. Solar panels have a problem that is not optimal electrical power output so that it has the potential to affect the charging parameters of the battery charging station. Adaptive Velocity-Particle Swarm Optimization (AV-PSO) is an artificial intelligence type MPPT optimization algorithm that can solve the problem of solar panel power optimization. This study also uses the Coulomb Counting method as a battery capacity estimator. The results showed that the average sensor accuracy is more than 91% with a DC-DC SEPIC converter which has an efficiency of 69.54%. In general, the proposed charging station system has been proven capable to enhance the energy security by optimizing the output power of solar panels up to 22.30% more than using conventional systems.","PeriodicalId":119876,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126909239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A shift into a more developed country means an increase in various aspects of economy, energy, social, and even environment. For Indonesia, a major change that the country needs to face is the increase of energy demand of 7% every year, reaching a final average expected energy consumption of 497.77 MTOE in 2050. In order to fulfil all upcoming energy demands and achieve energy security, it is crucial to utilize the available abundant resources that the country possesses. Two of these potential resources include coal (22.6 billion tons) and biomass (32.6 GW). Gasification is an alternative clean technology that can utilize low rank coal or biomass to convert it into syngas. The quality of syngas was characterized using the H2/CO ratio parameter. The greater the carbon density in a material, the greater H2/CO ratio will be. However, syngas produced from conventional gasification still emits CO2. Since CO2 is still emitted in coal gasification technology, a carbon capture system called HyPr-RING process is implemented as an alternative to reduce CO2 and increase the quality of syngas up to 91% volume of H2. The process uses CaO as a sorbent to capture CO2 and convert it into CaCO3 in a gasifier. Then, the CaCO3 is calcinated in a calciner to release back CaO that is recycled to capture more of the CO2. Aside from the high availability of coal and biomass, CaO as a major substance used in the CO2 capture process is also abundant in Indonesia (2,156 billion tons). This technology innovation is also economically feasible as it creates a net profit of USD 58,215 and ROI of 11%.
{"title":"Biomass Waste and Low Rank Coal Gasification Technology with Carbon Capture System to Optimize A Clean Energy Production as An Alternative Solution to Achieve Energy Security in Indonesia","authors":"A. N. Baskoro, Odara E. Aptari","doi":"10.33116/ije.v3i2.90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v3i2.90","url":null,"abstract":"A shift into a more developed country means an increase in various aspects of economy, energy, social, and even environment. For Indonesia, a major change that the country needs to face is the increase of energy demand of 7% every year, reaching a final average expected energy consumption of 497.77 MTOE in 2050. In order to fulfil all upcoming energy demands and achieve energy security, it is crucial to utilize the available abundant resources that the country possesses. Two of these potential resources include coal (22.6 billion tons) and biomass (32.6 GW). Gasification is an alternative clean technology that can utilize low rank coal or biomass to convert it into syngas. The quality of syngas was characterized using the H2/CO ratio parameter. The greater the carbon density in a material, the greater H2/CO ratio will be. However, syngas produced from conventional gasification still emits CO2. Since CO2 is still emitted in coal gasification technology, a carbon capture system called HyPr-RING process is implemented as an alternative to reduce CO2 and increase the quality of syngas up to 91% volume of H2. The process uses CaO as a sorbent to capture CO2 and convert it into CaCO3 in a gasifier. Then, the CaCO3 is calcinated in a calciner to release back CaO that is recycled to capture more of the CO2. Aside from the high availability of coal and biomass, CaO as a major substance used in the CO2 capture process is also abundant in Indonesia (2,156 billion tons). This technology innovation is also economically feasible as it creates a net profit of USD 58,215 and ROI of 11%.","PeriodicalId":119876,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114159029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. S. Sabarman, Evita H. Legowo, D. Widiputri, A. R. Siregar
Increasing concern in fossil fuel depletion and CO2 emissions create an urgent need for biofuel substitution. Bio-jet fuel is a possible alternative for conventional jet fuels which currently accounts for 2% of the world’s CO2 emission. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is the byproduct of palm oil refinery process, which has a potential to become a promising raw material for the synthesis of bioavtur due to its high free fatty acid content. The oil-to-jet pathway is a possible route to produce bioavtur from PFAD, which includes hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and hydroisomerization processes. This research aims to investigate the hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. The parameters that were investigated are temperature, solvent to PFAD ratio, catalyst loading, and pressure. The parameters variations were as follows: the temperature at 350oC and 400oC, the pressure at 40 bar and 32.5 bar, the solvent to PFAD ratio at 2:1 and 1:1, and the catalyst loading (%wt) at 1%, 2%, and 3%. Presulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 PIDO 120 1.3 was used for one-step hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. Results indicated that the 400oC provided better free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. FFA is also almost completely removed when the catalyst used is 3% weight. Solvent to PFAD ratio affected the FFA conversion marginally, while higher catalyst loading (3%) improved the FFA conversion. Gas chromatography results show that the hydrocarbon chains are successfully hydrocracked into C9-C17. The best selectivity of the product to bioavtur range was calculated at 68.99%. Solvent ratio affects the hydrocracking more significantly than the catalyst loading. One sample with temperature operation 400oC and solvent to PFAD ratio 1:1 was in the range of conventional avtur density. With the method used in this study, it can be concluded that PFAD is a promising raw material for bioavtur. Keywords: Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), hydrotreating, hydrocracking, bioavtur
{"title":"Bioavtur Synthesis from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate through Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking Processes","authors":"J. S. Sabarman, Evita H. Legowo, D. Widiputri, A. R. Siregar","doi":"10.33116/ije.v2i2.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v2i2.40","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing concern in fossil fuel depletion and CO2 emissions create an urgent need for biofuel substitution. Bio-jet fuel is a possible alternative for conventional jet fuels which currently accounts for 2% of the world’s CO2 emission. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is the byproduct of palm oil refinery process, which has a potential to become a promising raw material for the synthesis of bioavtur due to its high free fatty acid content. The oil-to-jet pathway is a possible route to produce bioavtur from PFAD, which includes hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and hydroisomerization processes. This research aims to investigate the hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. The parameters that were investigated are temperature, solvent to PFAD ratio, catalyst loading, and pressure. The parameters variations were as follows: the temperature at 350oC and 400oC, the pressure at 40 bar and 32.5 bar, the solvent to PFAD ratio at 2:1 and 1:1, and the catalyst loading (%wt) at 1%, 2%, and 3%. Presulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 PIDO 120 1.3 was used for one-step hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. Results indicated that the 400oC provided better free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. FFA is also almost completely removed when the catalyst used is 3% weight. Solvent to PFAD ratio affected the FFA conversion marginally, while higher catalyst loading (3%) improved the FFA conversion. Gas chromatography results show that the hydrocarbon chains are successfully hydrocracked into C9-C17. The best selectivity of the product to bioavtur range was calculated at 68.99%. Solvent ratio affects the hydrocracking more significantly than the catalyst loading. One sample with temperature operation 400oC and solvent to PFAD ratio 1:1 was in the range of conventional avtur density. With the method used in this study, it can be concluded that PFAD is a promising raw material for bioavtur. \u0000Keywords: Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), hydrotreating, hydrocracking, bioavtur","PeriodicalId":119876,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125128467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. C. A. Zahra, H. A. Prasetyo, J. Rizkiana, W. Wulandari, D. Sasongko
Co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass blend to produce hybrid coal has recently been experimentally studied by some previous researchers. For similar generated energy, a newly developed hybrid coal is claimed to be more environmentally friendly compared to the coal only due to the release of neutral CO2. To acquire a better understanding of co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass blend, an experiment had been carried out in a tubular furnace reactor. For this purpose, the blends of constant mass composition of 20 wt% sawdust and 80 wt% low-rank coal were used throughout the study. It was found from the experiment that approximately 42.1% carbon, and 1.6% of ash were produced from the co-pyrolysis blend. Then, a steady state simulation of co-pyrolysis was developed using Aspen Plus v8.8 to predict the hybrid coal carbon content and required heat to perform the co-pyrolysis. The model simulation showed that hybrid coal yielded 44.0% carbon, which was at 4.5% deviation from the experimental study. The model had also been successfully used to estimate heat required to produce hybrid coal. It predicted that the equivalent heat of 336.2 kW was required to produce hybrid coal from 1,000 kg/h blend feed. The heat generated by the modeling of sawdust biomass combustion for fuel purposes was also estimated to supply heat for endothermic co-pyrolysis. It was found that 1,000 kg/h sawdust was predicted to be equivalent to 371.4 kW. This suggests that for scaling up purpose, ratio of sawdust fuel to blend feed of 1:1.1 is sufficient for this process. Keywords: co-pyrolysis, hybrid coal, low-rank coal, sawdust, Aspen Plus
煤与生物质共热解制混煤的实验研究已经有了一定的进展。对于类似的能源，新开发的混合煤被认为比煤炭更环保，因为它释放的是中性的二氧化碳。为了更好地了解煤与生物质共热解的机理，在管式炉反应器中进行了实验研究。为此，在整个研究中，使用了20 wt%木屑和80 wt%低阶煤的等质量组成的混合物。实验结果表明，共热解共混物产碳量约为42.1%，灰分约为1.6%。然后，利用Aspen Plus v8.8进行共热解稳态模拟，预测混合煤碳含量和共热解所需热量。模型模拟结果表明，混合煤产碳率为44.0%，与实验研究偏差为4.5%。该模型还被成功地用于估算生产混合煤所需的热量。预测1,000 kg/h混合饲料生产混合煤需要336.2 kW的等效热量。木屑生物质燃烧模型产生的热量也被估计为吸热共热解提供热量。结果表明，1000 kg/h锯末的预测发电量为371.4 kW。这表明，为了扩大规模，木屑燃料与混合饲料的比例为1:1.1就足够了。关键词:共热解，混合煤，低阶煤，木屑，Aspen Plus
{"title":"Model Validation of Biomass-Coal Blends Co-Pyrolysis to Produce Hybrid Coal","authors":"A. C. A. Zahra, H. A. Prasetyo, J. Rizkiana, W. Wulandari, D. Sasongko","doi":"10.33116/ije.v2i2.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v2i2.41","url":null,"abstract":"Co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass blend to produce hybrid coal has recently been experimentally studied by some previous researchers. For similar generated energy, a newly developed hybrid coal is claimed to be more environmentally friendly compared to the coal only due to the release of neutral CO2. To acquire a better understanding of co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass blend, an experiment had been carried out in a tubular furnace reactor. For this purpose, the blends of constant mass composition of 20 wt% sawdust and 80 wt% low-rank coal were used throughout the study. It was found from the experiment that approximately 42.1% carbon, and 1.6% of ash were produced from the co-pyrolysis blend. Then, a steady state simulation of co-pyrolysis was developed using Aspen Plus v8.8 to predict the hybrid coal carbon content and required heat to perform the co-pyrolysis. The model simulation showed that hybrid coal yielded 44.0% carbon, which was at 4.5% deviation from the experimental study. The model had also been successfully used to estimate heat required to produce hybrid coal. It predicted that the equivalent heat of 336.2 kW was required to produce hybrid coal from 1,000 kg/h blend feed. The heat generated by the modeling of sawdust biomass combustion for fuel purposes was also estimated to supply heat for endothermic co-pyrolysis. It was found that 1,000 kg/h sawdust was predicted to be equivalent to 371.4 kW. This suggests that for scaling up purpose, ratio of sawdust fuel to blend feed of 1:1.1 is sufficient for this process. \u0000Keywords: co-pyrolysis, hybrid coal, low-rank coal, sawdust, Aspen Plus","PeriodicalId":119876,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121995348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To improve connectivity and energy security, especially natural gas, Southeast Asian countries, under the cooperation of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), are trying to build a gas pipeline that stretches from Indonesia to Myanmar. The project is called the Trans ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP) under the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) scheme. However, regional countries are still dealing with their domestic problems, and there are fears that TAGP is detrimental to producer countries, resulting in the delay of this project as much by as four years – from 2020 to 2024. The uncertainty of the TAGP project further emphasizes that there is a tendency for countries not to adhere to the ASEAN forum’s agreements. Especially if it has to be juxtaposed with the Russian Gas Pipeline project which was built to distribute natural gas to Western European countries, TAGP is still far behind. In designing this paper, the authors use qualitative methods through literature studies by referring to the realism approach of International Relations to dissect TAGP problems. Furthermore, the author also feels the need to accommodate the neorealism approach to be used as a supportive approach in looking at the issues of disobedience in regional countries in supporting the TAGP scheme. Also, the authors conducted a brief comparison between TAGP and the Russian Gas Pipeline to be used as a case study analysis material that would later provide answers of why TAGP failed to go as planned.Keywords: realism, neorealism, TAGP, Russian Gas Pipeline
{"title":"Realism in the Trans ASEAN Gas Pipeline Project","authors":"Rahmadha Akbar Syah, Zaki Khudzaifi Mahmud","doi":"10.33116/ije.v2i2.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v2i2.39","url":null,"abstract":"To improve connectivity and energy security, especially natural gas, Southeast Asian countries, under the cooperation of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), are trying to build a gas pipeline that stretches from Indonesia to Myanmar. The project is called the Trans ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP) under the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) scheme. However, regional countries are still dealing with their domestic problems, and there are fears that TAGP is detrimental to producer countries, resulting in the delay of this project as much by as four years – from 2020 to 2024. The uncertainty of the TAGP project further emphasizes that there is a tendency for countries not to adhere to the ASEAN forum’s agreements. Especially if it has to be juxtaposed with the Russian Gas Pipeline project which was built to distribute natural gas to Western European countries, TAGP is still far behind. In designing this paper, the authors use qualitative methods through literature studies by referring to the realism approach of International Relations to dissect TAGP problems. Furthermore, the author also feels the need to accommodate the neorealism approach to be used as a supportive approach in looking at the issues of disobedience in regional countries in supporting the TAGP scheme. Also, the authors conducted a brief comparison between TAGP and the Russian Gas Pipeline to be used as a case study analysis material that would later provide answers of why TAGP failed to go as planned.Keywords: realism, neorealism, TAGP, Russian Gas Pipeline","PeriodicalId":119876,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133571536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer injection is a tertiary recovery that lowering the injection-oil water mobility ratio thus more efficient to produce oil. The increase in the polymer used for injection requires a large number of suitable polymers. Laboratory studies are necessary to develop new polymer produced domestically, with easily available materials, do not damage the environment, not harm the environment, and are economical. Seeds of Kluwih and Jackfruit contain the starch as a biopolymer for polymer injection because competent to act as a viscosifying agent thus repair the water-oil mobility ratio. Laboratory study is carried out through a series of processes. From starch extraction to polymer screening. The pure starch extraction is done by the wet method through a series of experiments carried out repeatedly. Observation with polymer screening was carried out on five tests. The rheology of polymers examined at two different polymer concentrations and temperatures to determine the viscosity at varying shear rate. Compatibility tests are reviewed to determine the homogeneous and the solubility of the polymer by the solvent. Filtration test is an entrapment test, know the relation between polymer molecule sizes and pore size distribution. The static polymer test is an adsorption test to know the polymer retention in the core caused by chemical interaction between core and polymer. The polymer flooding procedure is to know polymer performance to pushes remaining oil after waterflooding. The results show a pure starch without impurity content. In liquid, the starch acts as a viscosifying agent. Both of the two polymers degrade by shear rate and (polymer chain) broken at higher temperatures. Kluwih and Jackfruit starch dissolve homogeneously without a lumping. Polymer trapping and adsorption not dominantly occur by Jackfruit and Kluwih. The native polymer can enhance oil recovery but sensitive to the core and polymeric conditions.Keywords: Enhanced Oil Recovery, polymer injection, Kluwih, jackfruit, starch
{"title":"Laboratory Study","authors":"G. Gajah, Ihsan Arifin, R. Hidayat","doi":"10.33116/ije.v2i2.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v2i2.38","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer injection is a tertiary recovery that lowering the injection-oil water mobility ratio thus more efficient to produce oil. The increase in the polymer used for injection requires a large number of suitable polymers. Laboratory studies are necessary to develop new polymer produced domestically, with easily available materials, do not damage the environment, not harm the environment, and are economical. Seeds of Kluwih and Jackfruit contain the starch as a biopolymer for polymer injection because competent to act as a viscosifying agent thus repair the water-oil mobility ratio. Laboratory study is carried out through a series of processes. From starch extraction to polymer screening. The pure starch extraction is done by the wet method through a series of experiments carried out repeatedly. Observation with polymer screening was carried out on five tests. The rheology of polymers examined at two different polymer concentrations and temperatures to determine the viscosity at varying shear rate. Compatibility tests are reviewed to determine the homogeneous and the solubility of the polymer by the solvent. Filtration test is an entrapment test, know the relation between polymer molecule sizes and pore size distribution. The static polymer test is an adsorption test to know the polymer retention in the core caused by chemical interaction between core and polymer. The polymer flooding procedure is to know polymer performance to pushes remaining oil after waterflooding. The results show a pure starch without impurity content. In liquid, the starch acts as a viscosifying agent. Both of the two polymers degrade by shear rate and (polymer chain) broken at higher temperatures. Kluwih and Jackfruit starch dissolve homogeneously without a lumping. Polymer trapping and adsorption not dominantly occur by Jackfruit and Kluwih. The native polymer can enhance oil recovery but sensitive to the core and polymeric conditions.Keywords: Enhanced Oil Recovery, polymer injection, Kluwih, jackfruit, starch","PeriodicalId":119876,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130835531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Irsyad, A. Halog, Rabindra Nepal, Deddy P. Koesrindartoto
Climate change policy often contradicts the least-cost objective of electricity generation in developing countries. The objective of our study is to propose electricity generation mixes that can meet emission reduction targets in Indonesia. We estimate the optimal generation mix, costs, and emissions from three scenarios, namely existing power plant planning, and 11% and 14% emission reductions in Indonesia’s electricity sector. The estimations are based on linear programming, input-output analysis, and life-cycle analysis, integrated into an agent-based modeling (ABM) platform. The simulation results confirm the existing power plant planning, which is dominated by coal-based power plants, as the lowest-cost scenario in the short-term; however, this scenario also produces the highest emissions. Emission reduction scenarios have lower emissions due to a higher share of renewables and, therefore, the Indonesian electricity system is robust from fossil fuel price increases. In the long-term, costs incurred in the emission reduction scenarios will be lower than electricity generation costs under the existing power plant planning. Our findings should be a basis for re-evaluating energy policies, power plant planning, and the research agenda in Indonesia. Keyword: linear programming, agent-based modelling (ABM), input-output analysis, life-cycle analysis
{"title":"The Impacts of Emission Reduction Targets in Indonesia Electricity Systems","authors":"M. Irsyad, A. Halog, Rabindra Nepal, Deddy P. Koesrindartoto","doi":"10.33116/ije.v2i2.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v2i2.42","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change policy often contradicts the least-cost objective of electricity generation in developing countries. The objective of our study is to propose electricity generation mixes that can meet emission reduction targets in Indonesia. We estimate the optimal generation mix, costs, and emissions from three scenarios, namely existing power plant planning, and 11% and 14% emission reductions in Indonesia’s electricity sector. The estimations are based on linear programming, input-output analysis, and life-cycle analysis, integrated into an agent-based modeling (ABM) platform. The simulation results confirm the existing power plant planning, which is dominated by coal-based power plants, as the lowest-cost scenario in the short-term; however, this scenario also produces the highest emissions. Emission reduction scenarios have lower emissions due to a higher share of renewables and, therefore, the Indonesian electricity system is robust from fossil fuel price increases. In the long-term, costs incurred in the emission reduction scenarios will be lower than electricity generation costs under the existing power plant planning. Our findings should be a basis for re-evaluating energy policies, power plant planning, and the research agenda in Indonesia. \u0000Keyword: linear programming, agent-based modelling (ABM), input-output analysis, life-cycle analysis","PeriodicalId":119876,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125390560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Like many countries, an increase in population and economic growth has made Indonesia’s energy demands significantly raise. By 2050, Indonesia hopes to have 31% of its energy supply met by tapping on renewable energy, like the wind which can yield up to 16.7% of the power. However, the development of wind energy in Indonesia is still low. One underlying reason is the average speed of wind in Indonesia quite low, making it very difficult to produce energy on a large scale. Many of Indonesia’s current wind energy systems installed in remote locations, often as part of a development or research project in stand-alone or hybrid systems. These partly caused by a lack of confidence in wind power and not being sure of where could be the best locations for wind plants. This paper studies the status of wind energy in Indonesia, the challenges that it faces and future policies.Keywords: wind energy, Indonesia, potential, future policy
{"title":"Wind Energy in Indonesia","authors":"Danur Lambang Pristiandaru, N. A. Pambudi","doi":"10.33116/ije.v2i2.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v2i2.37","url":null,"abstract":"Like many countries, an increase in population and economic growth has made Indonesia’s energy demands significantly raise. By 2050, Indonesia hopes to have 31% of its energy supply met by tapping on renewable energy, like the wind which can yield up to 16.7% of the power. However, the development of wind energy in Indonesia is still low. One underlying reason is the average speed of wind in Indonesia quite low, making it very difficult to produce energy on a large scale. Many of Indonesia’s current wind energy systems installed in remote locations, often as part of a development or research project in stand-alone or hybrid systems. These partly caused by a lack of confidence in wind power and not being sure of where could be the best locations for wind plants. This paper studies the status of wind energy in Indonesia, the challenges that it faces and future policies.Keywords: wind energy, Indonesia, potential, future policy","PeriodicalId":119876,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124685322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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