Salmonella is one of the major causes of foodborne diseases that remained important public health concerns worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella is also a global concern. Establishing the status of Salmonella in dairy farms and antimicrobial susceptibility of circulating isolates particularly where animals and humans live in close proximity is vital to devise appropriate intervention. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to May 2020 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates among lactating dairy cows in Addis Ababa. A total of 151 fecal and 151 milk samples were collected from lactating dairy cows and cultured for Salmonella. Salmonella isolation and identification was conducted using standard microbiological techniques and further confirmation was carried out using Salmonella genus-specific PCR. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Salmonella was isolated from 4 fecal samples (4/151) (2.7%) whereas none of the 151 milk samples were positive for Salmonella. One isolate was multidrugresistant (MDR) to seven antimicrobials namely: ampicillin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, tetracycline, and sufamethoxazole+ trimethoprim and two isolates were resistant to either tetracycline or sulfisoxazole. All Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin. In conclusion, a low prevalence of Salmonella among lactating dairy cattle was recorded in this study and it was not detected in milk samples. However, the observed resistance to commonly used antimicrobials particularly third-generation cephalosporin, ceftriaxone in one of the isolates pose a public health concern. Thus, appropriate measures should be instituted to protect the public and animals from infection with multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella.
{"title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in feces and milk samples of lactating dairy cows in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","authors":"H. Mekonnen, Haile Alemayehu, M. Girma, T. Eguale","doi":"10.4314/evj.v26i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v26i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella is one of the major causes of foodborne diseases that remained important public health concerns worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella is also a global concern. Establishing the status of Salmonella in dairy farms and antimicrobial susceptibility of circulating isolates particularly where animals and humans live in close proximity is vital to devise appropriate intervention. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to May 2020 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates among lactating dairy cows in Addis Ababa. A total of 151 fecal and 151 milk samples were collected from lactating dairy cows and cultured for Salmonella. Salmonella isolation and identification was conducted using standard microbiological techniques and further confirmation was carried out using Salmonella genus-specific PCR. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Salmonella was isolated from 4 fecal samples (4/151) (2.7%) whereas none of the 151 milk samples were positive for Salmonella. One isolate was multidrugresistant (MDR) to seven antimicrobials namely: ampicillin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, tetracycline, and sufamethoxazole+ trimethoprim and two isolates were resistant to either tetracycline or sulfisoxazole. All Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin. In conclusion, a low prevalence of Salmonella among lactating dairy cattle was recorded in this study and it was not detected in milk samples. However, the observed resistance to commonly used antimicrobials particularly third-generation cephalosporin, ceftriaxone in one of the isolates pose a public health concern. Thus, appropriate measures should be instituted to protect the public and animals from infection with multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella.","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"2004 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76745906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mulata Bekele Gudisa, Manyazewal Anberber, E. Gebremedhin, Lencho Megersa Marami
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the most important emerging foodborne pathogens and cause life-threatening disease condition in consumers worldwide. A cross-sectional study was carried out from February 2020 to August 2020 in Gojo and Shukute towns, Jeldu district, West Shewa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia to isolate and identify E. coli O157:H7 from raw cow’s milk samples and determine antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. A total of 262 milk samples (127 from Gojo and 135 from Shukute towns) were collected from dairy cows (126 from udder, 115 from milking bucket) and 21 from collection tanks and examined bacteriologically. The isolates were tested with a series of biochemical tests followed by a latex agglutination test for identification and confirmation of E. coli O157:H7. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolated E. coli O157:H7 was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The study revealed 1.5% (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 0.4–3.8%) of the collected raw milk was contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. The isolates showed 100% susceptibility to azithromycin, norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In contrast, the isolates showed 75% and 100% resistance to ampicillin and cefotaxime, respectively. In conclusion, the consumption of raw milk may constitute a public health hazard due to contamination with E. coli O157:H7. Farmers and farmworkers should be trained on milk hygiene and proper milk handling practices.
{"title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in raw cow’s milk in Gojo and Shukute towns, central Ethiopia","authors":"Mulata Bekele Gudisa, Manyazewal Anberber, E. Gebremedhin, Lencho Megersa Marami","doi":"10.4314/evj.v26i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v26i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the most important emerging foodborne pathogens and cause life-threatening disease condition in consumers worldwide. A cross-sectional study was carried out from February 2020 to August 2020 in Gojo and Shukute towns, Jeldu district, West Shewa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia to isolate and identify E. coli O157:H7 from raw cow’s milk samples and determine antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. A total of 262 milk samples (127 from Gojo and 135 from Shukute towns) were collected from dairy cows (126 from udder, 115 from milking bucket) and 21 from collection tanks and examined bacteriologically. The isolates were tested with a series of biochemical tests followed by a latex agglutination test for identification and confirmation of E. coli O157:H7. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolated E. coli O157:H7 was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The study revealed 1.5% (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 0.4–3.8%) of the collected raw milk was contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. The isolates showed 100% susceptibility to azithromycin, norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In contrast, the isolates showed 75% and 100% resistance to ampicillin and cefotaxime, respectively. In conclusion, the consumption of raw milk may constitute a public health hazard due to contamination with E. coli O157:H7. Farmers and farmworkers should be trained on milk hygiene and proper milk handling practices.","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"27 Suppl 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80307579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Demissie, G. Mamo, M. Girma, B. Gumi, T. Abayneh, G. Ameni
Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic and contagious disease of animals and humans with worldwide distribution. A cross-sectional study was employed to estimate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and its associated risk factors in dairy cattle found in the Debre Berhan milk shed. The study covered three districts found in the Debre Berhan milk shed for the duration of six months extending from July to December 2018. A single intradermal comparative cervicaltuberculin test was used as a screening test of bovine tuberculosis. Face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire was also employed to collect data on the risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis. A binary logistic regression statistical model was used for data analysis. The finding showed that the apparent individual animal level prevalence was 17% (106/625; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.2-20.2) at ≥ a 4mm cut-off value in 625 heads of dairy cattle tested. The herd prevalence was 16.7% (16/96; 95% CI: 10.1-26) at ≥ a 4mm cut-off value in 96 dairy herds tested. Multivariable logistic regression analysis at ≥ a 4mm cut-off value revealed that dairy cattle in poor body condition (Adjusted Odd ratio [AOR] = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.6-8.4; p = 0.002), large herd size (AOR = 29.5; 95% CI: 5.6-154.1; p = 0.000) and exotic breed (AOR = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.3-10.7; p = 0.018) had 4, 30 and 4 times the odds of tuberculin positivity with statistical significance, respectively compared to their counterparts. The findings in this study complement the works of other authors who conducted bovine tuberculosis studies elsewhere in Ethiopia. In conclusion, the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle of Debre Berhan milk shedwas found to be moderately high both at animal and herd levels. Moreover, poor body condition, herd size, and breed were important predictors of tuberculin test positivity. A further in-depth study on the prevalence and associated risk factors using a larger sample size are recommended.
{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis in local and crossbred dairy cattle in Debre Berhan milk shed, central Ethiopia","authors":"K. Demissie, G. Mamo, M. Girma, B. Gumi, T. Abayneh, G. Ameni","doi":"10.4314/evj.v26i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v26i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic and contagious disease of animals and humans with worldwide distribution. A cross-sectional study was employed to estimate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and its associated risk factors in dairy cattle found in the Debre Berhan milk shed. The study covered three districts found in the Debre Berhan milk shed for the duration of six months extending from July to December 2018. A single intradermal comparative cervicaltuberculin test was used as a screening test of bovine tuberculosis. Face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire was also employed to collect data on the risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis. A binary logistic regression statistical model was used for data analysis. The finding showed that the apparent individual animal level prevalence was 17% (106/625; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.2-20.2) at ≥ a 4mm cut-off value in 625 heads of dairy cattle tested. The herd prevalence was 16.7% (16/96; 95% CI: 10.1-26) at ≥ a 4mm cut-off value in 96 dairy herds tested. Multivariable logistic regression analysis at ≥ a 4mm cut-off value revealed that dairy cattle in poor body condition (Adjusted Odd ratio [AOR] = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.6-8.4; p = 0.002), large herd size (AOR = 29.5; 95% CI: 5.6-154.1; p = 0.000) and exotic breed (AOR = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.3-10.7; p = 0.018) had 4, 30 and 4 times the odds of tuberculin positivity with statistical significance, respectively compared to their counterparts. The findings in this study complement the works of other authors who conducted bovine tuberculosis studies elsewhere in Ethiopia. In conclusion, the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle of Debre Berhan milk shedwas found to be moderately high both at animal and herd levels. Moreover, poor body condition, herd size, and breed were important predictors of tuberculin test positivity. A further in-depth study on the prevalence and associated risk factors using a larger sample size are recommended.","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75132387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of fasciolosis and associated risk factors at Haramaya Municipal Abattoir was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018. Moreover, the direct financial loss due to liver condemnationand evaluation of the sensitivity of direct sedimentation technique for detection of Fasciola eggs were performed. A total of 384 small ruminants comprising of 235 sheep and 149 goats were subjected to coprological and postmortem examination. An overall prevalence of 12.8% was found. Forty-four animals were positive for eggs of Fasciola with an overall prevalence of 11.5%. However, it was 14.1% (54/384) in the examination of the same animals exposed to postmortem examinations of fluke-infected livers. The prevalence of fasciolosis based on body condition score was 62.2%, 12.4%, and 4.1% in that order, in poor, medium, and good body condition groups and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Other factors considered like, the monthly prevalence, species, age, and sex of the animals did not show significant differences (p>0.05). The prevalence of fasciolosis was highest in Haramaya (19.0%)followed by Awaday (14.9%), Kersa (10.3%), Midhaga (8.1%), and the lowest prevalence was observed in Babile (5.8%), however, the difference in prevalence across the origin of the animals was not significant (p > 0.05). F. hepatica was a dominant 63.0 % (34/54) species identified followed by F. gigantica 20.4% (11/54) and 5.6% (3/54) and 11.1% (6/54) were due to mixed and immature flukes, respectively. Taking liver examination as the gold standard for diagnosisof fasciolosis, the sensitivity of the direct sedimentation technique was found to be 81.5% and the specificity 100% with almost perfect agreement (k =0.89) between the two methods. The direct financial loss due to liver condemnation was estimated to be 46,318.5 (965 USD) Ethiopian birr per annum. In conclusion, Fasciola spp are important parasites affecting small ruminants in the study area. Control strategies targeted to the parasite and the intermediate hosts (snail) with particular emphasis on mature poorly conditionedanimals is recommended.
{"title":"Status of small ruminant fasciolosis and diagnostic test evaluation at Haramaya town municipal abattoir, East Harrarghe Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Abebayehu Tadesse, Juhar Usman","doi":"10.4314/evj.v26i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v26i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"A cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of fasciolosis and associated risk factors at Haramaya Municipal Abattoir was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018. Moreover, the direct financial loss due to liver condemnationand evaluation of the sensitivity of direct sedimentation technique for detection of Fasciola eggs were performed. A total of 384 small ruminants comprising of 235 sheep and 149 goats were subjected to coprological and postmortem examination. An overall prevalence of 12.8% was found. Forty-four animals were positive for eggs of Fasciola with an overall prevalence of 11.5%. However, it was 14.1% (54/384) in the examination of the same animals exposed to postmortem examinations of fluke-infected livers. The prevalence of fasciolosis based on body condition score was 62.2%, 12.4%, and 4.1% in that order, in poor, medium, and good body condition groups and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Other factors considered like, the monthly prevalence, species, age, and sex of the animals did not show significant differences (p>0.05). The prevalence of fasciolosis was highest in Haramaya (19.0%)followed by Awaday (14.9%), Kersa (10.3%), Midhaga (8.1%), and the lowest prevalence was observed in Babile (5.8%), however, the difference in prevalence across the origin of the animals was not significant (p > 0.05). F. hepatica was a dominant 63.0 % (34/54) species identified followed by F. gigantica 20.4% (11/54) and 5.6% (3/54) and 11.1% (6/54) were due to mixed and immature flukes, respectively. Taking liver examination as the gold standard for diagnosisof fasciolosis, the sensitivity of the direct sedimentation technique was found to be 81.5% and the specificity 100% with almost perfect agreement (k =0.89) between the two methods. The direct financial loss due to liver condemnation was estimated to be 46,318.5 (965 USD) Ethiopian birr per annum. In conclusion, Fasciola spp are important parasites affecting small ruminants in the study area. Control strategies targeted to the parasite and the intermediate hosts (snail) with particular emphasis on mature poorly conditionedanimals is recommended.","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73629368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2016 to May 2017 in Kembata-Tembaro Zone, Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of major reproductive disorders and brucellosis in dairy cattle. A total of 733 dairy cows were selected from Kedida-Gambella and Damboya districts by a systematic random sampling technique. Clinical examination for reproductive disorders (n=733 cows) was carried out to investigate reproductive problems. From each cow, about 10 ml blood sample was collected and serum separated. Serum samples were screened for Brucella antibody by Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and positive samples were further tested by Complement Fixation Test (CFT). Results showed that the overall seroprevalence of brucellosis using RBPT and CFT were 2.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15 – 3.35%) and 0.8% (95% CL 0.2-1.5%)., respectively. About 61% of the study cows had exhibited one or more of the reproductive disorders. The major reproductive disorders identified during this study were anoestrus (34.2%), repeat breeding (19.8%), dystocia (12.4%), retained placenta (8.5%), metritis (4.8%), abortion (3.8%), vaginal prolapse (1.8%) and stillbirth (0.9%). Reproductive disorders were significantly associated with the management system, body condition, watering point, and age of the animals (p< 0.05). Accordingly, the disorders were more frequent in the extensive management system, in cows with poor body conditions, and among those using communal watering points. The problems of reproductive disorders were found to increase with age, especially in cows older than eight years of age. The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis reflects a low level of Brucella infection in the study area. In general, reproductive disorders are widely prevalent in dairy cows of the study area and undoubtedly hinder the production performances of dairy farms. Thus, there is a need for further study on the causes of clinical reproductive disorders in the study areas.
{"title":"Major reproductive disorders and seroprevalence of brucellosis in dairy cows of Kembata-Tembaro zone, Southern Ethiopia.","authors":"Mulatu Mitiku, B. Megersa, D. Sheferaw","doi":"10.4314/evj.v26i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v26i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2016 to May 2017 in Kembata-Tembaro Zone, Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of major reproductive disorders and brucellosis in dairy cattle. A total of 733 dairy cows were selected from Kedida-Gambella and Damboya districts by a systematic random sampling technique. Clinical examination for reproductive disorders (n=733 cows) was carried out to investigate reproductive problems. From each cow, about 10 ml blood sample was collected and serum separated. Serum samples were screened for Brucella antibody by Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and positive samples were further tested by Complement Fixation Test (CFT). Results showed that the overall seroprevalence of brucellosis using RBPT and CFT were 2.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15 – 3.35%) and 0.8% (95% CL 0.2-1.5%)., respectively. About 61% of the study cows had exhibited one or more of the reproductive disorders. The major reproductive disorders identified during this study were anoestrus (34.2%), repeat breeding (19.8%), dystocia (12.4%), retained placenta (8.5%), metritis (4.8%), abortion (3.8%), vaginal prolapse (1.8%) and stillbirth (0.9%). Reproductive disorders were significantly associated with the management system, body condition, watering point, and age of the animals (p< 0.05). Accordingly, the disorders were more frequent in the extensive management system, in cows with poor body conditions, and among those using communal watering points. The problems of reproductive disorders were found to increase with age, especially in cows older than eight years of age. The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis reflects a low level of Brucella infection in the study area. In general, reproductive disorders are widely prevalent in dairy cows of the study area and undoubtedly hinder the production performances of dairy farms. Thus, there is a need for further study on the causes of clinical reproductive disorders in the study areas.","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84824926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an acute highly contagious viral disease of all cloven-hoofed animals that causes significant economic problems in Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were to assess the morbidity and clinical features of FMD in sick cattle and identify causal serotypes of FMD outbreaks in central Ethiopia. Outbreaks of FMD were investigated in a total of 150 herds of cattle from January 2021 to April 2021. Seven epithelial tissue and 23 oral swab samples were collected and subjected to a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and Sandwich Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detection and serotyping of FMD virus, respectively. A total of 150 herds of cattle were examined, of which 114 (76%) herds of cattle were clinically affected with FMD. In this study, 75.9% animal-level morbidity was recorded. Exotic breeds and adult cattle were more affected by Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) with morbidity of 100% and 77.4%, respectively. The clinical features in sick cattle showed that profuse salivation was the most frequently observed clinical sign (40%) followed by oral cavity vesicle formation (30%), and interdigital space lesion (15%). Out of 30 samples subjected to rRT-PCR and ELISA test, 28 (93.33%) and 27 (90%) samples were found positive, respectively. In this study, three types of FMD serotypes were detected in which SAT-2 (n = 13) was the predominant serotype followed by serotype O (n = 9), and serotype A (n = 5). The current study revealed that FMD serotype SAT-2 was highly responsible for the occurrence of FMD outbreaks in central Ethiopia. Although the FMD vaccine produced in Ethiopia contains all the identified serotypes, detailed studies on topotypes identification have to be performed to provide full protection.
{"title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the foot and mouth disease outbreaks in cattle in central Ethiopia","authors":"Zelalem Mohammed, A. Aliy, Y. Jibril, H. Negussie","doi":"10.4314/evj.v26i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v26i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an acute highly contagious viral disease of all cloven-hoofed animals that causes significant economic problems in Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were to assess the morbidity and clinical features of FMD in sick cattle and identify causal serotypes of FMD outbreaks in central Ethiopia. Outbreaks of FMD were investigated in a total of 150 herds of cattle from January 2021 to April 2021. Seven epithelial tissue and 23 oral swab samples were collected and subjected to a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and Sandwich Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detection and serotyping of FMD virus, respectively. A total of 150 herds of cattle were examined, of which 114 (76%) herds of cattle were clinically affected with FMD. In this study, 75.9% animal-level morbidity was recorded. Exotic breeds and adult cattle were more affected by Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) with morbidity of 100% and 77.4%, respectively. The clinical features in sick cattle showed that profuse salivation was the most frequently observed clinical sign (40%) followed by oral cavity vesicle formation (30%), and interdigital space lesion (15%). Out of 30 samples subjected to rRT-PCR and ELISA test, 28 (93.33%) and 27 (90%) samples were found positive, respectively. In this study, three types of FMD serotypes were detected in which SAT-2 (n = 13) was the predominant serotype followed by serotype O (n = 9), and serotype A (n = 5). The current study revealed that FMD serotype SAT-2 was highly responsible for the occurrence of FMD outbreaks in central Ethiopia. Although the FMD vaccine produced in Ethiopia contains all the identified serotypes, detailed studies on topotypes identification have to be performed to provide full protection.","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88901454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yosef Nigussie, A. Melaku, Misgana Tadese, B. Belete, E. Kebede
This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of different brands of injectable oxytetracycline solutions circulating in the legal markets of Addis Ababa with respect to physicochemical characteristics and sterility. Nine brands of oxytetracycline with thirteen different batches were randomly purchased from veterinary drug stores in the city. The physical assessment was performed by using a checklist that was prepared based on the World Health Organization guidelines. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) was performed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The sterility test was assessed by using the direct inoculation method. All samples passed the identity, the assay, and the sterility tests. However, there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) among brands in the quantity of API. The highest percentage of the API was recorded in brand G (112.12%± 1.86) while the lowest was seen in brand H (92.61%± 1.5). This study revealed that all brands passed both physicochemical and sterility tests except for the differences in the API level among brands. Strict regulation, monitoring, and wider-scale surveillance are required to assure sustainable control of substandard, unsterile, and falsified pharmaceutical products in the country.
{"title":"Quality of injectable oxytetracycline circulating in legal markets of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia using physiochemical and sterility analysis","authors":"Yosef Nigussie, A. Melaku, Misgana Tadese, B. Belete, E. Kebede","doi":"10.4314/evj.v25i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v25i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of different brands of injectable oxytetracycline solutions circulating in the legal markets of Addis Ababa with respect to physicochemical characteristics and sterility. Nine brands of oxytetracycline with thirteen different batches were randomly purchased from veterinary drug stores in the city. The physical assessment was performed by using a checklist that was prepared based on the World Health Organization guidelines. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) was performed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The sterility test was assessed by using the direct inoculation method. All samples passed the identity, the assay, and the sterility tests. However, there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) among brands in the quantity of API. The highest percentage of the API was recorded in brand G (112.12%± 1.86) while the lowest was seen in brand H (92.61%± 1.5). This study revealed that all brands passed both physicochemical and sterility tests except for the differences in the API level among brands. Strict regulation, monitoring, and wider-scale surveillance are required to assure sustainable control of substandard, unsterile, and falsified pharmaceutical products in the country.","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81559277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dereje Tsegaye, G. Terefe, Deresse Delema, Abebayehu Tadesse
A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to assess farmers’ perception of the disease and its control operations. From October to April 2012, a total of 586 cattle were sampled for the prevalence study. Buffy coat procedure and haematocrit value determination were performed. To capture the fly that was involved in the transmission dynamics, one hundred monopyramidal traps were deployed for 72 hours. A semi-structured questionnaire was conducted to study farmers’ perceptions of the diseases and their control operations. Trypanosomal infections were diagnosed in only 8.7 % (51) of animals. The overall prevalence of trypanosome infection in cattle was significantly varied between study districts (33.1% Dale Sadi and 66.9% Dale Wabera). Most infections were due to Trypanosoma congolense (81.8%) followed by T. vivax (15.6%) and mixed infections (2.6%). The association of hematological value changes and trypanosome infections was profound. The overall Packed Cell Volume (PCV) values of sampled cattle were 25.8%. A significant (P< 0.05) variation in PCV values was recorded in infected (20.8%) and non-infected (26.5%) cattle. In the study period, a total of 2055 flies were captured and of which 92% belong to the genus Glossina followed by Stomoxys and Tabanids. Four types of tsetse species (G. pallidpes, G. m. morsitans, G. tachinoides, and G. f. fuscipes) were identified. The questionnaire survey revealed that trypanosomosis is the most important problem for agricultural activity and animal production in the study areas. Farmers are well aware of the problem, means of transmission, and the different control methods. Integrating tsetse control program with other trypanosomosis control options is recommended.
{"title":"Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors: prevalence and control operations in Kellem Wollega, Western Ethiopia","authors":"Dereje Tsegaye, G. Terefe, Deresse Delema, Abebayehu Tadesse","doi":"10.4314/evj.v25i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v25i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to assess farmers’ perception of the disease and its control operations. From October to April 2012, a total of 586 cattle were sampled for the prevalence study. Buffy coat procedure and haematocrit value determination were performed. To capture the fly that was involved in the transmission dynamics, one hundred monopyramidal traps were deployed for 72 hours. A semi-structured questionnaire was conducted to study farmers’ perceptions of the diseases and their control operations. Trypanosomal infections were diagnosed in only 8.7 % (51) of animals. The overall prevalence of trypanosome infection in cattle was significantly varied between study districts (33.1% Dale Sadi and 66.9% Dale Wabera). Most infections were due to Trypanosoma congolense (81.8%) followed by T. vivax (15.6%) and mixed infections (2.6%). The association of hematological value changes and trypanosome infections was profound. The overall Packed Cell Volume (PCV) values of sampled cattle were 25.8%. A significant (P< 0.05) variation in PCV values was recorded in infected (20.8%) and non-infected (26.5%) cattle. In the study period, a total of 2055 flies were captured and of which 92% belong to the genus Glossina followed by Stomoxys and Tabanids. Four types of tsetse species (G. pallidpes, G. m. morsitans, G. tachinoides, and G. f. fuscipes) were identified. The questionnaire survey revealed that trypanosomosis is the most important problem for agricultural activity and animal production in the study areas. Farmers are well aware of the problem, means of transmission, and the different control methods. Integrating tsetse control program with other trypanosomosis control options is recommended.","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81922096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boran breed is the most suitable type of cattle breed for arid and semi-arid regions of Ethiopia due to their adaptive characteristics. Understanding their reproductive anatomy is important for successful reproductive management and has many implications for the application of assisted reproductive technology, and interpretation of physiological changes at different stages of their reproductive cycle. In this study, data of the anatomical structures of the reproductive organs of 20 Boran heifers were measured and characterized at different stages of reproduction. The mean (±SE) length (L) of the vagina, cervix, and body of uterus were 13.17±2.98 cm, 7.19±1.28 cm, and 6.70±1.08cm, respectively. The mean (±SE) length of the right uterine horn and oviduct was 18.47 ±2.54 and 18.17 ±1.27cm, respectively and that of the left were 18.05±2.73 and 17.45±1.80 cm, respectively. The mean ±SE weight (W) of right and left ovaries were 2.44±1.51 gm and 2.44±1.51 gm, respectively. The mean ±SE Length x Width x Thickness of the right ovary was 2.10±0.59 x 1.75±0.35 x 0.83±0.36 and that of the left was 1.97±0.41 x 1.58±0.29 x 0.67±0.33 cm. The mean (±SE) weight of the whole reproductive organ (without the vulva) was 301.35±66.34gm. The ovarian size was influenced by the presence of the corpus luteum(CL) usually larger with its presence.
{"title":"Morphometrical study of the reproductive tract in Boran (Bos indicus) heifers in Ethiopia","authors":"Sayid Ali, T. Degefa, A. Lemma","doi":"10.4314/evj.v25i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v25i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Boran breed is the most suitable type of cattle breed for arid and semi-arid regions of Ethiopia due to their adaptive characteristics. Understanding their reproductive anatomy is important for successful reproductive management and has many implications for the application of assisted reproductive technology, and interpretation of physiological changes at different stages of their reproductive cycle. In this study, data of the anatomical structures of the reproductive organs of 20 Boran heifers were measured and characterized at different stages of reproduction. The mean (±SE) length (L) of the vagina, cervix, and body of uterus were 13.17±2.98 cm, 7.19±1.28 cm, and 6.70±1.08cm, respectively. The mean (±SE) length of the right uterine horn and oviduct was 18.47 ±2.54 and 18.17 ±1.27cm, respectively and that of the left were 18.05±2.73 and 17.45±1.80 cm, respectively. The mean ±SE weight (W) of right and left ovaries were 2.44±1.51 gm and 2.44±1.51 gm, respectively. The mean ±SE Length x Width x Thickness of the right ovary was 2.10±0.59 x 1.75±0.35 x 0.83±0.36 and that of the left was 1.97±0.41 x 1.58±0.29 x 0.67±0.33 cm. The mean (±SE) weight of the whole reproductive organ (without the vulva) was 301.35±66.34gm. The ovarian size was influenced by the presence of the corpus luteum(CL) usually larger with its presence.","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84948747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Demissie, T. Yilma, T. Degefa, Adise Ambilo, Tsigereda Tadesse, A. Lema
This study aimed to characterize estrus sign/s which best predict the time of ovulation and determine ovarian responses to different synchronization protocols and conception rates to fixed-time artificial insemination in Boran*Holstein crossbred heifers. In the first part of the study, twenty-seven heifers were observed for estrus signs (from induced and natural) and the relationship of various estrus signs with ovulation time was evaluated by using ultrasonography. In the second part, 91 Boran*Holstein crossbred heifers were randomly grouped into three groups. Group one heifers (n=28) received 100μg gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on day zero (D0), 500μg prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) on day 7 and 100μg of GnRH on day 9. Group 2 heifers (n=32) were treated as group one but additionally received progesterone as controlled internal drug release (CIDR). Group three heifers (n=31) were treated as those in group 2 but without injection with GnRH on day 0. In all the 3 groups’ insemination was made at 19h of the second GnRH. The results showed that irrespective of estrus source type (induced or natural), score for standing to be mounted, mounting other heifers, and non-receptive mount by other heifers showed a strong positive correlation with ovulation time (r=0.67, P<0.05). Standing estrus duration, and time elapsed from standing estrus to ovulation were shorter (P<0.05) in induced estrus. The conception rate was 39.3% in synchronized ovulation in the absence of CIDR. The conception rate in timed insemination was 56.3% when ovulation was synchronized by combining CIDR, PGF2α, and GnRH. In conclusion injection of GnRH on day zero together with treatment with CIDR improved ovulation rate, the number of new corpus luteum, and conception rate. Heifers that ovulated within the first 24h after timed insemination had a higher (P<0.05) conception rate than heifers ovulated after 24h of timed insemination. Cycling heifers at day zero had a greater (P<0.05) conception rate than non-cycling.
{"title":"Estrus characteristics, ovarian response to synchronization hormones, and fertility of crossbred dairy heifers managed under a semi-intensive system","authors":"T. Demissie, T. Yilma, T. Degefa, Adise Ambilo, Tsigereda Tadesse, A. Lema","doi":"10.4314/evj.v25i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v25i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to characterize estrus sign/s which best predict the time of ovulation and determine ovarian responses to different synchronization protocols and conception rates to fixed-time artificial insemination in Boran*Holstein crossbred heifers. In the first part of the study, twenty-seven heifers were observed for estrus signs (from induced and natural) and the relationship of various estrus signs with ovulation time was evaluated by using ultrasonography. In the second part, 91 Boran*Holstein crossbred heifers were randomly grouped into three groups. Group one heifers (n=28) received 100μg gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on day zero (D0), 500μg prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) on day 7 and 100μg of GnRH on day 9. Group 2 heifers (n=32) were treated as group one but additionally received progesterone as controlled internal drug release (CIDR). Group three heifers (n=31) were treated as those in group 2 but without injection with GnRH on day 0. In all the 3 groups’ insemination was made at 19h of the second GnRH. The results showed that irrespective of estrus source type (induced or natural), score for standing to be mounted, mounting other heifers, and non-receptive mount by other heifers showed a strong positive correlation with ovulation time (r=0.67, P<0.05). Standing estrus duration, and time elapsed from standing estrus to ovulation were shorter (P<0.05) in induced estrus. The conception rate was 39.3% in synchronized ovulation in the absence of CIDR. The conception rate in timed insemination was 56.3% when ovulation was synchronized by combining CIDR, PGF2α, and GnRH. In conclusion injection of GnRH on day zero together with treatment with CIDR improved ovulation rate, the number of new corpus luteum, and conception rate. Heifers that ovulated within the first 24h after timed insemination had a higher (P<0.05) conception rate than heifers ovulated after 24h of timed insemination. Cycling heifers at day zero had a greater (P<0.05) conception rate than non-cycling.","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87870845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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