Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967189
Bengie L. Ortiz, Evan Miller, T. Dallas, J. Chong
Biometric Authentication (BA) is a process where behavioral and physiological inputs are used to determine the identity of individuals. Photoplethysmogram (PPG) is commonly used to provide physiological information of patients, such as heart rate and breathing rate. With technological advances, smartphones can provide PPG information without any external hardware. In this paper, we propose a BA system based on PPG readings. Features were selected by considering possible unique physiological factors during the period when PPG signals are acquired. We adopted the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm as a classification model. As performance metrics, we considered accuracy, specificity, and equal error rate (EER). Experimental results show that the average training accuracy, specificity, and EER values are 97.36%, 99.94%, and 0.06%, respectively, while the average testing accuracy, specificity, and EER values are 96.38%, 99.57%, and 0.43%, respectively.
{"title":"Time-Series Forecasting: Extreme Gradient Boosting Implementation in Smartphone Photoplethysmography Signals for Biometric Authentication Processes","authors":"Bengie L. Ortiz, Evan Miller, T. Dallas, J. Chong","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967189","url":null,"abstract":"Biometric Authentication (BA) is a process where behavioral and physiological inputs are used to determine the identity of individuals. Photoplethysmogram (PPG) is commonly used to provide physiological information of patients, such as heart rate and breathing rate. With technological advances, smartphones can provide PPG information without any external hardware. In this paper, we propose a BA system based on PPG readings. Features were selected by considering possible unique physiological factors during the period when PPG signals are acquired. We adopted the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm as a classification model. As performance metrics, we considered accuracy, specificity, and equal error rate (EER). Experimental results show that the average training accuracy, specificity, and EER values are 97.36%, 99.94%, and 0.06%, respectively, while the average testing accuracy, specificity, and EER values are 96.38%, 99.57%, and 0.43%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129400523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967310
S. Panda, B. Choubey
This paper presents a compact pixel for single photon imaging applications, comprising of an actively quenched and recharged p+/n-well single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with $10 mu mathrm{m}$ active area diameter and a novel 8-bit analogue counter. Additionally, the pixel includes a current starved inverter to regulate the hold-off time. Fabricated in $0.18 mu mathrm{m}$ complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the pixel occupies an overall area of $21 mu mathrm{m}times 21 mu mathrm{m}$ which is considerably smaller. Early analytical results demonstrate a fast quenching and recharge time of 120 ps and 4.38 ns respectively. Furthermore, a programmable dead time varying between 4.5 ns to 81 ns can be achieved, hence, leading to a reduction in afterpulsing probability.
本文提出了一种用于单光子成像应用的紧凑像素，包括一个主动淬灭和充电的p+/n阱单光子雪崩二极管(SPAD)，其有源面积直径为$10 mu mathm {m}$和一个新颖的8位模拟计数器。此外，像素包括一个电流饥渴的逆变器来调节保持时间。该像素采用$0.18 mu mathm {m}$互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)技术制造，整体面积为$21 mu mathm {m}$乘以21 mu mathm {m}$，大大缩小。早期分析结果表明，快速淬火和充电时间分别为120 ps和4.38 ns。此外，可编程死区时间在4.5 ns到81 ns之间变化，因此，导致后脉冲概率的降低。
{"title":"A Compact Active Quenching and Recharge Pixel Circuit for Single Photon Imaging Sensors","authors":"S. Panda, B. Choubey","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967310","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a compact pixel for single photon imaging applications, comprising of an actively quenched and recharged p+/n-well single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with $10 mu mathrm{m}$ active area diameter and a novel 8-bit analogue counter. Additionally, the pixel includes a current starved inverter to regulate the hold-off time. Fabricated in $0.18 mu mathrm{m}$ complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the pixel occupies an overall area of $21 mu mathrm{m}times 21 mu mathrm{m}$ which is considerably smaller. Early analytical results demonstrate a fast quenching and recharge time of 120 ps and 4.38 ns respectively. Furthermore, a programmable dead time varying between 4.5 ns to 81 ns can be achieved, hence, leading to a reduction in afterpulsing probability.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129850825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967133
Ozdemir Can Kara, N. Ikoma, F. Alambeigi
In this paper, to address the sensitivity and dura-bility trade-off of Vision based Tactile Sensor (VTSs), we in-troduce a hyper-sensitive and high-fidelity VTS called HySenSe. We demonstrate that by solely changing one step during the fabrication of the gel layer of the GelSight sensor (as the most well-known VTS), we can substantially improve its sensitivity and durability. Our experimental results clearly demonstrate the outperformance of the HySenSe compared with a similar GelSight sensor in detecting textural details of various objects under identical experimental conditions and low interaction forces $(< 1.5mathbf{N})$.
{"title":"HySenSe: A Hyper-Sensitive and High-Fidelity Vision-Based Tactile Sensor","authors":"Ozdemir Can Kara, N. Ikoma, F. Alambeigi","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967133","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, to address the sensitivity and dura-bility trade-off of Vision based Tactile Sensor (VTSs), we in-troduce a hyper-sensitive and high-fidelity VTS called HySenSe. We demonstrate that by solely changing one step during the fabrication of the gel layer of the GelSight sensor (as the most well-known VTS), we can substantially improve its sensitivity and durability. Our experimental results clearly demonstrate the outperformance of the HySenSe compared with a similar GelSight sensor in detecting textural details of various objects under identical experimental conditions and low interaction forces $(< 1.5mathbf{N})$.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"242 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128663297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967275
W. Wilson, Katelyn R. Brinker
NASA is exploring the use of microwave spoof plasmon polaritons to detect defects in metallic structures. This work investigates the detection of simulated defects in the form of aluminum wires as small as 1.6 mm diameter and 2 mm long that are placed in a grooved aluminum test article. The inclusions simulate manufacturing defects, and the sum of the delta impedance is shown to increase with increasing volume of added metal. Based on the results, a threshold value of $50Omega$ has been proposed for defect detection. In addition to detecting defects, the technique also estimates the volume of the defect.
{"title":"Spoof Plasmon Sensing for NDE Applications","authors":"W. Wilson, Katelyn R. Brinker","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967275","url":null,"abstract":"NASA is exploring the use of microwave spoof plasmon polaritons to detect defects in metallic structures. This work investigates the detection of simulated defects in the form of aluminum wires as small as 1.6 mm diameter and 2 mm long that are placed in a grooved aluminum test article. The inclusions simulate manufacturing defects, and the sum of the delta impedance is shown to increase with increasing volume of added metal. Based on the results, a threshold value of $50Omega$ has been proposed for defect detection. In addition to detecting defects, the technique also estimates the volume of the defect.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130015888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efficient and accurate detection of subtle motion generated from small objects in noisy environments, as needed for vital sign monitoring, is challenging, but can be substantially improved with magnification. We developed a complex Gabor filter-based decomposition method to amplify phases at different spatial wavelength levels to magnify motion and extract 1D motion signals for fundamental frequency estimation. The phase-based complex Gabor filter outputs are processed and then used to train machine learning models that predict respiration and heart rate with greater accuracy. We show that our proposed technique performs better than the conventional temporal FFT-based method in clinical settings, such as sleep laboratories and emergency departments, as well for a variety of human postures.
{"title":"Eulerian Phase-based Motion Magnification for High-Fidelity Vital Sign Estimation with Radar in Clinical Settings","authors":"Md. Farhan Tasnim Oshim, Toral Surti, C. Goldfine, Stephanie Carreiro, Deepak Ganesan, Suren Jayasuriya, Tauhidur Rahman","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967051","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient and accurate detection of subtle motion generated from small objects in noisy environments, as needed for vital sign monitoring, is challenging, but can be substantially improved with magnification. We developed a complex Gabor filter-based decomposition method to amplify phases at different spatial wavelength levels to magnify motion and extract 1D motion signals for fundamental frequency estimation. The phase-based complex Gabor filter outputs are processed and then used to train machine learning models that predict respiration and heart rate with greater accuracy. We show that our proposed technique performs better than the conventional temporal FFT-based method in clinical settings, such as sleep laboratories and emergency departments, as well for a variety of human postures.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130737594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967250
Daniela De Luca, S. Moccia, L. Lupori, Raffaele Mazziotti, T. Pizzorusso, S. Micera
Optic nerve stimulation holds great potential for visual prostheses. Its effectiveness depends on the stimulation protocol, which can be optimized to achieve cortical activation similar to that evoked in response to visual stimuli. To identify a target cortical activation, it is necessary to characterize the cortical response. We here propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) to do it exploiting widefield calcium brain images, which allow large-scale visualization of cortical activity with high signal-to-noise ratio. A mouse was presented with 10 different visual stimuli, and the activity from its primary visual cortex (V1) was recorded. The CNN was trained to predict the visual stimulus, with an accuracy of 78.46%±3.31% on the test set, showing it is possible to automatically detect what is present in the visual field of the animal.
{"title":"Predicting visual stimuli from cortical response recorded with widefield imaging in a mouse","authors":"Daniela De Luca, S. Moccia, L. Lupori, Raffaele Mazziotti, T. Pizzorusso, S. Micera","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967250","url":null,"abstract":"Optic nerve stimulation holds great potential for visual prostheses. Its effectiveness depends on the stimulation protocol, which can be optimized to achieve cortical activation similar to that evoked in response to visual stimuli. To identify a target cortical activation, it is necessary to characterize the cortical response. We here propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) to do it exploiting widefield calcium brain images, which allow large-scale visualization of cortical activity with high signal-to-noise ratio. A mouse was presented with 10 different visual stimuli, and the activity from its primary visual cortex (V1) was recorded. The CNN was trained to predict the visual stimulus, with an accuracy of 78.46%±3.31% on the test set, showing it is possible to automatically detect what is present in the visual field of the animal.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126414070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967107
Julian Bartholomäus, M. Barschke, Philipp Werner, E. Stoll
TUBIN is a microsatellite mission tasked with the detection of high-temperature events from low-Earth orbit. Launched in June 2021, it employs a sensor suite consisting of two microbolometer focal plane arrays sensitive in the thermal infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as a complementary camera sensitive in the visible range. Thermal anomalies are detected within readings of the infrared sensors and their localization is assisted by the visible camera. The microbolometer sensors were calibrated on-ground. However, to account for limitations within the ground calibration setup and sensor degradation and alterations within its nominal lifetime, the sensor response shall be validated in orbit. In absence of a radiometric calibration source aboard the satellite, uniform and well-documented radiometric sources were evaluated for in-orbit calibration. Advantages and disadvantages of different sites are discussed in this paper and the agreement between ground and in-orbit calibration results are outlined.
{"title":"Vicarious Calibration of the TUBIN Infrared Sensor Suite","authors":"Julian Bartholomäus, M. Barschke, Philipp Werner, E. Stoll","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967107","url":null,"abstract":"TUBIN is a microsatellite mission tasked with the detection of high-temperature events from low-Earth orbit. Launched in June 2021, it employs a sensor suite consisting of two microbolometer focal plane arrays sensitive in the thermal infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as a complementary camera sensitive in the visible range. Thermal anomalies are detected within readings of the infrared sensors and their localization is assisted by the visible camera. The microbolometer sensors were calibrated on-ground. However, to account for limitations within the ground calibration setup and sensor degradation and alterations within its nominal lifetime, the sensor response shall be validated in orbit. In absence of a radiometric calibration source aboard the satellite, uniform and well-documented radiometric sources were evaluated for in-orbit calibration. Advantages and disadvantages of different sites are discussed in this paper and the agreement between ground and in-orbit calibration results are outlined.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126564614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967093
Dorijan Špikić, Matija Svraka, D. Vasić
High frequency electromagnetic induction (HFEMI) soil sensors, operating in the frequency range up to 30 MHz, were previously proposed to increase the sensitivity to soil electrical conductivity and to make the sensitivity to soil dielectric permittivity significant. In this paper, we propose a compact HFEMI sensor consisting of shielded, mutually perpendicular PCB coils. We evaluate the sensor sensitivity to conductivity and discuss effects of dielectric permittivity and liftoff. The results agree well with the finite element analysis.
{"title":"Contactless Sensing of Soil Electrical Conductivity Using High Frequency Electromagnetic Induction","authors":"Dorijan Špikić, Matija Svraka, D. Vasić","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967093","url":null,"abstract":"High frequency electromagnetic induction (HFEMI) soil sensors, operating in the frequency range up to 30 MHz, were previously proposed to increase the sensitivity to soil electrical conductivity and to make the sensitivity to soil dielectric permittivity significant. In this paper, we propose a compact HFEMI sensor consisting of shielded, mutually perpendicular PCB coils. We evaluate the sensor sensitivity to conductivity and discuss effects of dielectric permittivity and liftoff. The results agree well with the finite element analysis.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126923024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967114
M. Tabib-Azar
Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy defects (NV-) in diamond offer a unique spin 1 system with weak temperature dependent emission spectra. The circular polarization of phonons of the surface acoustic waves (SAW) on lithium niobate (LiNbO3) have been shown to magnetize nickel. The main objective of this work is to develop feedback mechanisms to couple SAW and the spin transitions in the NV-ground state to realize a stable oscillator for clocks, magnetometers, electrometers, and Qubits. Using diamond with NV- centers deposited on a 433.6225 MHz SAW filter, we show that NV- states affect the SAW propagation properties and SAW affects the NV- spin states.
{"title":"SAW Coupled Diamond NV− Spin Oscillators and Quantum Sensors","authors":"M. Tabib-Azar","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967114","url":null,"abstract":"Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy defects (NV-) in diamond offer a unique spin 1 system with weak temperature dependent emission spectra. The circular polarization of phonons of the surface acoustic waves (SAW) on lithium niobate (LiNbO3) have been shown to magnetize nickel. The main objective of this work is to develop feedback mechanisms to couple SAW and the spin transitions in the NV-ground state to realize a stable oscillator for clocks, magnetometers, electrometers, and Qubits. Using diamond with NV- centers deposited on a 433.6225 MHz SAW filter, we show that NV- states affect the SAW propagation properties and SAW affects the NV- spin states.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116077752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967033
Maryam Eshaghi, R. Rashidzadeh
Due to the fast development of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless network and high-speed data communications, a vast number of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors have been deployed most of them battery powered. Utilizing wireless energy harvesting techniques to power up IoT sensors eliminates the constraints of batteries and their limited lifetime as an energy source. A multi-beam array antenna has the potential to focus the radiation to the desired location and provide an adequate amount of energy to turn on a low-power IoT sensor. In this paper, a new 4 X 4 Butler matrix beamforming network is designed on FR-4 material which is connected to a 2x4 microstrip array patch antenna at a 5.8 GHz frequency. Each output of the Butler Matrix can provide power to two antenna elements simultaneously. The array antenna and Bulter Matrix network are designed and simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics tools. The simulation results indicate that the Butler matrix equally divides the voltage of -6 dB to all output ports when the input ports are excited. The array antenna represents the maximum effective radiated power of - 11dB at 5.8 GHz. The maximum antenna gain is 28 dBi with a radiation efficiency of 86 %.
{"title":"A 5.8 GHz Array Antenna Based on 4x4 Butler Matrix for Beamforming in 5G Network","authors":"Maryam Eshaghi, R. Rashidzadeh","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967033","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the fast development of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless network and high-speed data communications, a vast number of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors have been deployed most of them battery powered. Utilizing wireless energy harvesting techniques to power up IoT sensors eliminates the constraints of batteries and their limited lifetime as an energy source. A multi-beam array antenna has the potential to focus the radiation to the desired location and provide an adequate amount of energy to turn on a low-power IoT sensor. In this paper, a new 4 X 4 Butler matrix beamforming network is designed on FR-4 material which is connected to a 2x4 microstrip array patch antenna at a 5.8 GHz frequency. Each output of the Butler Matrix can provide power to two antenna elements simultaneously. The array antenna and Bulter Matrix network are designed and simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics tools. The simulation results indicate that the Butler matrix equally divides the voltage of -6 dB to all output ports when the input ports are excited. The array antenna represents the maximum effective radiated power of - 11dB at 5.8 GHz. The maximum antenna gain is 28 dBi with a radiation efficiency of 86 %.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115305675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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