P. Chalova, D. Salaskova, F. Csicsay, J. Galba, A. Kovac, J. Piestansky
Abstract Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a free sulfur-containing β-amino acid widely distributed in many mammalians. Owing to the energizing effects, it is mostly used in soft drinks and supplements for athletes. Regular intake of soft drinks may lead to an overdose of caffeine, taurine, and guarana and loss of bone mass, overweight, hypertension, and in older age, osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is essential to control the maximum amount of taurine consumed by humans in the food and beverages. Here, a fast, simple, accurate, and robust method based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was successfully applied for the determination of taurine in selected soft drinks sold in Slovakia. The method was characterized by coefficient of determination higher than 0.99, and the predicted value of the limit of detection was 4.29 μmol/L. The analyzed levels of taurine in selected commercial drinks ranged from 2.8 to 3.78 mg/mL. The concentration in one brand of the investigated drinks was found to be extremely low (about 70%) compared to the declared content by the manufacturer.
{"title":"Determination of taurine in soft drinks by an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method","authors":"P. Chalova, D. Salaskova, F. Csicsay, J. Galba, A. Kovac, J. Piestansky","doi":"10.2478/afpuc-2023-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2023-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a free sulfur-containing β-amino acid widely distributed in many mammalians. Owing to the energizing effects, it is mostly used in soft drinks and supplements for athletes. Regular intake of soft drinks may lead to an overdose of caffeine, taurine, and guarana and loss of bone mass, overweight, hypertension, and in older age, osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is essential to control the maximum amount of taurine consumed by humans in the food and beverages. Here, a fast, simple, accurate, and robust method based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was successfully applied for the determination of taurine in selected soft drinks sold in Slovakia. The method was characterized by coefficient of determination higher than 0.99, and the predicted value of the limit of detection was 4.29 μmol/L. The analyzed levels of taurine in selected commercial drinks ranged from 2.8 to 3.78 mg/mL. The concentration in one brand of the investigated drinks was found to be extremely low (about 70%) compared to the declared content by the manufacturer.","PeriodicalId":12070,"journal":{"name":"European Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136037268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The subject of the research was the oleogel structure of the OraMAF oral suspension, containing a mixture of active substances in which the oleogel environment is formed by purified olive oil in combination with soy lecithin (SL) and sorbitan tristearate (STS). The objective of the research was the development of an optimal methodology for the work process, enabling microscopic observation of the structure of the oleogel suspension. Purified olive oil structured with a combination of gelators SL and STS with the addition of a solid phase of fucoidan (F) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) powders was used for the study as an alternative to OraMAF suspension. The sedimentation method of separation of the medium and staining of solid phases of the suspension brought the expected results, allowing the observation of the network structure of the gel, which consisted of interlaced gelator fibers assembling into star formations. The most interesting structures were clearly the star-like structures created from the star-shaped microtubules trapping the CS and F solid particles, colored blue.
{"title":"Optimization of the Microscopic Method of Observing of the Oleogel Structure","authors":"J. Zima, E. Nováková, V. Mikušová, M. Šupolíková","doi":"10.2478/afpuc-2023-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2023-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The subject of the research was the oleogel structure of the OraMAF oral suspension, containing a mixture of active substances in which the oleogel environment is formed by purified olive oil in combination with soy lecithin (SL) and sorbitan tristearate (STS). The objective of the research was the development of an optimal methodology for the work process, enabling microscopic observation of the structure of the oleogel suspension. Purified olive oil structured with a combination of gelators SL and STS with the addition of a solid phase of fucoidan (F) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) powders was used for the study as an alternative to OraMAF suspension. The sedimentation method of separation of the medium and staining of solid phases of the suspension brought the expected results, allowing the observation of the network structure of the gel, which consisted of interlaced gelator fibers assembling into star formations. The most interesting structures were clearly the star-like structures created from the star-shaped microtubules trapping the CS and F solid particles, colored blue.","PeriodicalId":12070,"journal":{"name":"European Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46319884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An important area of interest in pharmaceutical technology is the issue of poorly soluble drugs and their formulation into drug dosage forms that ensure optimal bioavailability. One of the options to solve solubility is the development of nanodispersion systems. This work is focused on the preparation of microemulsion systems suitable for poorly soluble drugs, for example, nimodipine. The composition and structure of microemulsion enable solubilization of different drugs and make it a universal drug carrier. Microemulsions increased the solubility of the model drug 20-fold compared to solubility in water. The use of mucoadhesive polymers – hydroxyethyl cellulose and xanthan gum – improved the in vitro release significantly. The highest amount of nimodipine was released from the microemulsion gel system with hydroxyethyl cellulose (1% w/w) and this depended on the diffusion of dissolved molecules.
{"title":"Microemulsions as the Potential Delivery System for Nimodipine","authors":"M. Čuchorová, M. Špaglová, M. Martina Papadakos","doi":"10.2478/afpuc-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An important area of interest in pharmaceutical technology is the issue of poorly soluble drugs and their formulation into drug dosage forms that ensure optimal bioavailability. One of the options to solve solubility is the development of nanodispersion systems. This work is focused on the preparation of microemulsion systems suitable for poorly soluble drugs, for example, nimodipine. The composition and structure of microemulsion enable solubilization of different drugs and make it a universal drug carrier. Microemulsions increased the solubility of the model drug 20-fold compared to solubility in water. The use of mucoadhesive polymers – hydroxyethyl cellulose and xanthan gum – improved the in vitro release significantly. The highest amount of nimodipine was released from the microemulsion gel system with hydroxyethyl cellulose (1% w/w) and this depended on the diffusion of dissolved molecules.","PeriodicalId":12070,"journal":{"name":"European Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42055068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Špaglová, M. Papadakos, M. Čuchorová, D. Krchňák, V. Šimunková, D. Matúšová
Abstract Glyceryl laurate (GL) is a natural or synthetic surfactant with antiviral and antimicrobial activity and is not only effective in common colds or flu, but also against swine flu, herpes simplex, shingles, or chronic fatigue. The study aimed to formulate the GL granules as a semi-product for the compression of tablets and evaluate the influence of the substitution of sucrose laurate (Ryoto®) with sucrose ester (Sisterna®) in the composition of the granules and the effect of granule size on the quality of the compressed tablets. Four types of granules, varying in grain size and the type of additional surfactant, were prepared by melt granulation. The traditional pharmacopoeia tests were used to assess tablets’ quality. The granule size significantly affected all evaluated parameters: hardness, uniformity of mass, friability, and disintegration. The replacement of sucrose laurate with sucrose ester caused a slight decrease in tablet strength and a shortening of disintegration. However, it did not significantly impact friability and uniformity of mass. For this reason, the excipient, sucrose ester, can be evaluated as an adequate replacement in the composition of GL tablets.
{"title":"Glyceryl Laurate Tablets: Effect of the Excipients and Granule Size on the Tablet Quality","authors":"M. Špaglová, M. Papadakos, M. Čuchorová, D. Krchňák, V. Šimunková, D. Matúšová","doi":"10.2478/afpuc-2023-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2023-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Glyceryl laurate (GL) is a natural or synthetic surfactant with antiviral and antimicrobial activity and is not only effective in common colds or flu, but also against swine flu, herpes simplex, shingles, or chronic fatigue. The study aimed to formulate the GL granules as a semi-product for the compression of tablets and evaluate the influence of the substitution of sucrose laurate (Ryoto®) with sucrose ester (Sisterna®) in the composition of the granules and the effect of granule size on the quality of the compressed tablets. Four types of granules, varying in grain size and the type of additional surfactant, were prepared by melt granulation. The traditional pharmacopoeia tests were used to assess tablets’ quality. The granule size significantly affected all evaluated parameters: hardness, uniformity of mass, friability, and disintegration. The replacement of sucrose laurate with sucrose ester caused a slight decrease in tablet strength and a shortening of disintegration. However, it did not significantly impact friability and uniformity of mass. For this reason, the excipient, sucrose ester, can be evaluated as an adequate replacement in the composition of GL tablets.","PeriodicalId":12070,"journal":{"name":"European Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44319378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Matúšová, P. Gluštíková, M. Špaglová, D. Krchňák
Abstract During the development of medicinal forms (eye drops), it is necessary to consider several parameters, so that the medicine is nonirritating to the eye and, at the same time, has the desired effect. We prepared eye drops containing dexamethasone or its water-soluble salt in a 0.1% concentration. We compared suspension eye drops (with dexamethasone) and solution eye drops (with dexamethasone sodium phosphate) without viscosity adjustment as well as with viscosity adjustment by adding chitosan low molecular weight (LMW) with the mass-produced product Unidexa 1%. Acidity (pH), surface tension, density, viscosity, and irritability were evaluated. An in vitro or ex vivo test on human erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]) was used to test irritability. Hemolysis of RBC was monitored by determining hemoglobin spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 550 nm. The addition of chitosan 0.1% as a viscosity-increasing agent reduced the irritation potential of the experimental eye drops.
{"title":"Evaluation of Properties of Dexamethasone Eye Drops","authors":"D. Matúšová, P. Gluštíková, M. Špaglová, D. Krchňák","doi":"10.2478/afpuc-2023-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2023-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the development of medicinal forms (eye drops), it is necessary to consider several parameters, so that the medicine is nonirritating to the eye and, at the same time, has the desired effect. We prepared eye drops containing dexamethasone or its water-soluble salt in a 0.1% concentration. We compared suspension eye drops (with dexamethasone) and solution eye drops (with dexamethasone sodium phosphate) without viscosity adjustment as well as with viscosity adjustment by adding chitosan low molecular weight (LMW) with the mass-produced product Unidexa 1%. Acidity (pH), surface tension, density, viscosity, and irritability were evaluated. An in vitro or ex vivo test on human erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]) was used to test irritability. Hemolysis of RBC was monitored by determining hemoglobin spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 550 nm. The addition of chitosan 0.1% as a viscosity-increasing agent reduced the irritation potential of the experimental eye drops.","PeriodicalId":12070,"journal":{"name":"European Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42104831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Cell lines are an important tool for scientific research and clinical and pharmaceutical applications. Cells are isolated from animal tissues and can be expanded in culture to study cell biology and disease. The isolated cells can be used to produce antibodies, proteins, and vaccines. Immortalized cell lines can grow in vitro and are commonly used as models for complex biology. The most frequently used type of cell culture for scientific research and clinical and pharmaceutical applications is the two-dimensional (2D) model, but recently, the popularity of the three-dimensional (3D) cultivation method is growing.
{"title":"Spheroids as 3D Cell Models for Testing of Drugs","authors":"E. Nováková, V. Mikušová, M. Šupolíková","doi":"10.2478/afpuc-2023-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2023-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cell lines are an important tool for scientific research and clinical and pharmaceutical applications. Cells are isolated from animal tissues and can be expanded in culture to study cell biology and disease. The isolated cells can be used to produce antibodies, proteins, and vaccines. Immortalized cell lines can grow in vitro and are commonly used as models for complex biology. The most frequently used type of cell culture for scientific research and clinical and pharmaceutical applications is the two-dimensional (2D) model, but recently, the popularity of the three-dimensional (3D) cultivation method is growing.","PeriodicalId":12070,"journal":{"name":"European Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41320238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Wolaschka, S. Rohaľová, I. Zelinska, Ľ. Balážová, M. Bačkorová, S. Kurhajec
Abstract Drugs remain for a short time on mucus membranes, such as oral, ocular, or nasal mucus, which are washed with physiological fluids. One of the possibilities to overcome this obstacle is the application of solutions that, due to the physiological environment or stimulus, turn into more viscous gels. These gels often also have mucoadhesive properties and the drug is released from them for a longer period. Carbomer 940 (C940), polycarbophil (PCP), and chitosan (CH) are gel-forming excipients, and the consistency of their solutions changes due to the concentration of protons (pH); therefore, they are referred to as pH-sensitive gelling agents. The aim of this study was to prepare pH-sensitive solutions that form gels in the pH of the oral cavity. We prepared water solutions with various concentrations of gel-forming excipients and evaluated the appearance, pH of the solution, injectability of the solution, and pH of gelation. By determining the pH of gelation, suitable concentrations (w/w) of the used polymers were found, namely, 0.1% C940, 0.225% PCP, and 2.5% CH with medium molecular weight (CHM). The 0.1% C940 and 0.225% PCP solutions were injectable through the syringe with the smallest 0.5 mm needle diameter. The 2.5% CHM solution was not injectable even through the syringe with the largest 0.8 mm needle diameter. Solgels prepared at the determined concentrations were evaluated by a dissolution test in a pH 6.8 phosphate buffer using methylene blue (MB) as a model substance. After 60 min of dissolution, 77.04% ± 5.94%, 48.85% ± 5.74%, and 77.35% ± 4.98% of MB were released from samples with C940, PCP, and CHM, respectively. The dissolution of the C940 and CHM samples took place according to the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model (R2 0.999 ± 0.001, 0.978 ± 0.003) and of the PCP samples took place according to the first-order model (R2 0.994 ± 0.001). The 0.225% PCP pH-sensitive gel showed the most advantageous properties in terms of injectability, pH gelation, and prolonged release of MB.
{"title":"Pilot Formulation Study of Ph-sensitive Gels","authors":"T. Wolaschka, S. Rohaľová, I. Zelinska, Ľ. Balážová, M. Bačkorová, S. Kurhajec","doi":"10.2478/afpuc-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Drugs remain for a short time on mucus membranes, such as oral, ocular, or nasal mucus, which are washed with physiological fluids. One of the possibilities to overcome this obstacle is the application of solutions that, due to the physiological environment or stimulus, turn into more viscous gels. These gels often also have mucoadhesive properties and the drug is released from them for a longer period. Carbomer 940 (C940), polycarbophil (PCP), and chitosan (CH) are gel-forming excipients, and the consistency of their solutions changes due to the concentration of protons (pH); therefore, they are referred to as pH-sensitive gelling agents. The aim of this study was to prepare pH-sensitive solutions that form gels in the pH of the oral cavity. We prepared water solutions with various concentrations of gel-forming excipients and evaluated the appearance, pH of the solution, injectability of the solution, and pH of gelation. By determining the pH of gelation, suitable concentrations (w/w) of the used polymers were found, namely, 0.1% C940, 0.225% PCP, and 2.5% CH with medium molecular weight (CHM). The 0.1% C940 and 0.225% PCP solutions were injectable through the syringe with the smallest 0.5 mm needle diameter. The 2.5% CHM solution was not injectable even through the syringe with the largest 0.8 mm needle diameter. Solgels prepared at the determined concentrations were evaluated by a dissolution test in a pH 6.8 phosphate buffer using methylene blue (MB) as a model substance. After 60 min of dissolution, 77.04% ± 5.94%, 48.85% ± 5.74%, and 77.35% ± 4.98% of MB were released from samples with C940, PCP, and CHM, respectively. The dissolution of the C940 and CHM samples took place according to the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model (R2 0.999 ± 0.001, 0.978 ± 0.003) and of the PCP samples took place according to the first-order model (R2 0.994 ± 0.001). The 0.225% PCP pH-sensitive gel showed the most advantageous properties in terms of injectability, pH gelation, and prolonged release of MB.","PeriodicalId":12070,"journal":{"name":"European Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49211829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Chrastina, S. Poništ, F. Dráfi, K. Švík, S. Khademnematolahi, K. Pružinská, A. Tchorbanov, K. Bauerová
Abstract AIM The aim of this study was to explore the potential effect of natural compounds and their combination with methotrexate (M) on levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as a key biochemical parameter in rat adjuvant arthritis. Further change of body weight was selected as one of clinical parameters monitored in this animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adjuvant arthritis (AA) was induced in Lewis rats. Methotrexate (M) was administrated twice a week in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg b.w. The saffron extract was administrated daily in two doses: 25 mg/kg b.w. (SF1) and 50 mg/kg b.w. (SF2). Both doses were administrated alone and in combination with M. Astaxanthin was administrated also daily in two doses: 1 mg/kg b.w. (AS1) and 5 mg/kg b.w. (AS2) only as monotherapy. Carnosic acid was administrated daily in one dose: 100 mg/kg (C) in monotherapy and in combination with M. All compounds and M were administrated orally. Plasma samples were collected on the 21st experimental day and used for ELISA determination. The 21st experimental day was used also for the analysis of body weight changes. RESULTS We observed a significant decrease of MMP-9 plasmatic levels in SF1 and SF2 monotherapy in AA animal groups. The decrease in levels of MMP-9 in combined therapy of SF1 and M had higher significance than the effect of M only in AA. The same decreasing effect on the levels of MMP-9 was observed in the combined therapy of C and M. Astaxanthin and saffron extract had a very similar effect on clinical parameters and the change in body weight: both have significantly increased body weight in monotherapy in both doses used. The combined therapy of M and saffron extract doses showed no significant difference from M itself. Carnosic acid did not affect the change of body weight, and the combination of C with M reached the same level as M alone. CONCLUSION Astaxanthin in monotherapy and saffron extract in monotherapy and in combined therapy with M have significantly decreased plasmatic levels of MMP-9 and increased body weight in animals suffering from AA. Lower doses were more efficient for both experiments: astaxanthin and saffron extract. Carnosic acid has no effect in monotherapy in both parameters, but a combination with M has a significant effect with respect to the improvement of cachexia as well as the inhibition of inflammation.
{"title":"Effect of Saffron Extract, Astaxanthin, and Carnosic Acid on the Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and on Body Weight Changes in Arthritis Experiments","authors":"M. Chrastina, S. Poništ, F. Dráfi, K. Švík, S. Khademnematolahi, K. Pružinská, A. Tchorbanov, K. Bauerová","doi":"10.2478/afpuc-2022-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2022-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract AIM The aim of this study was to explore the potential effect of natural compounds and their combination with methotrexate (M) on levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as a key biochemical parameter in rat adjuvant arthritis. Further change of body weight was selected as one of clinical parameters monitored in this animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adjuvant arthritis (AA) was induced in Lewis rats. Methotrexate (M) was administrated twice a week in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg b.w. The saffron extract was administrated daily in two doses: 25 mg/kg b.w. (SF1) and 50 mg/kg b.w. (SF2). Both doses were administrated alone and in combination with M. Astaxanthin was administrated also daily in two doses: 1 mg/kg b.w. (AS1) and 5 mg/kg b.w. (AS2) only as monotherapy. Carnosic acid was administrated daily in one dose: 100 mg/kg (C) in monotherapy and in combination with M. All compounds and M were administrated orally. Plasma samples were collected on the 21st experimental day and used for ELISA determination. The 21st experimental day was used also for the analysis of body weight changes. RESULTS We observed a significant decrease of MMP-9 plasmatic levels in SF1 and SF2 monotherapy in AA animal groups. The decrease in levels of MMP-9 in combined therapy of SF1 and M had higher significance than the effect of M only in AA. The same decreasing effect on the levels of MMP-9 was observed in the combined therapy of C and M. Astaxanthin and saffron extract had a very similar effect on clinical parameters and the change in body weight: both have significantly increased body weight in monotherapy in both doses used. The combined therapy of M and saffron extract doses showed no significant difference from M itself. Carnosic acid did not affect the change of body weight, and the combination of C with M reached the same level as M alone. CONCLUSION Astaxanthin in monotherapy and saffron extract in monotherapy and in combined therapy with M have significantly decreased plasmatic levels of MMP-9 and increased body weight in animals suffering from AA. Lower doses were more efficient for both experiments: astaxanthin and saffron extract. Carnosic acid has no effect in monotherapy in both parameters, but a combination with M has a significant effect with respect to the improvement of cachexia as well as the inhibition of inflammation.","PeriodicalId":12070,"journal":{"name":"European Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44240455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kapoor, M. Nemčovič, J. Folbergrová, D. Kala, J. Svoboda, J. Otáhal, Z. Brnoliaková
Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) is a common neurological emergency in children and a well-known epileptogenic insult. Neonates are extremely susceptible to seizures in the neonatal period due to the higher vulnerability. Neonatal SE is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. There is an evident need for attention on neonatal SE in research due to the incredibly limited diagnostic and treatment options in current neonatology, and its serious long-term consequences. The aim of the present study was to characterize the glycoprofiles in the pilocarpine-induced SE model in immature rats to assess the overall N-glycans composition. To induce lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pilo) SE male Wistar rat pups were pretreated with lithium chloride (127 mg/kg, n=11) on the 11th postnatal day. After 24 hours, the lithium pre-treated pups were administered either with pilocarpine intraperitoneally (i.p.) (35 kg/g, n=6) or saline (n=5) in the control group (Control). On the 19th postnatal day, serum was collected and the analytical procedures were done by mass spectrometry (MS) analytics on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in combination with a time-of-flight detector (MALDI-TOF/MS). Analyzed data were processed by FlexAnalysis (Bruker Daltonics) and GlycoWorkbench software. There were 21 N-glycans that were identified, appointed, and sorted with special emphasis on their structure. We have demonstrated the significant changes in terms of N-glycans sialylation in Li-Pilo compared to the Control. We also observed some other remodelation trends in different portions of relative intenstities of N-glycan clusters according to their glycan type. Our preliminary findings have laid the foundation for additional investigation into glycosylation alterations in the SE in immature rats.
{"title":"N-glycans Profiling in Pilocarpine Induced Status Epilepticus in Immature Rats","authors":"S. Kapoor, M. Nemčovič, J. Folbergrová, D. Kala, J. Svoboda, J. Otáhal, Z. Brnoliaková","doi":"10.2478/afpuc-2022-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2022-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) is a common neurological emergency in children and a well-known epileptogenic insult. Neonates are extremely susceptible to seizures in the neonatal period due to the higher vulnerability. Neonatal SE is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. There is an evident need for attention on neonatal SE in research due to the incredibly limited diagnostic and treatment options in current neonatology, and its serious long-term consequences. The aim of the present study was to characterize the glycoprofiles in the pilocarpine-induced SE model in immature rats to assess the overall N-glycans composition. To induce lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pilo) SE male Wistar rat pups were pretreated with lithium chloride (127 mg/kg, n=11) on the 11th postnatal day. After 24 hours, the lithium pre-treated pups were administered either with pilocarpine intraperitoneally (i.p.) (35 kg/g, n=6) or saline (n=5) in the control group (Control). On the 19th postnatal day, serum was collected and the analytical procedures were done by mass spectrometry (MS) analytics on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in combination with a time-of-flight detector (MALDI-TOF/MS). Analyzed data were processed by FlexAnalysis (Bruker Daltonics) and GlycoWorkbench software. There were 21 N-glycans that were identified, appointed, and sorted with special emphasis on their structure. We have demonstrated the significant changes in terms of N-glycans sialylation in Li-Pilo compared to the Control. We also observed some other remodelation trends in different portions of relative intenstities of N-glycan clusters according to their glycan type. Our preliminary findings have laid the foundation for additional investigation into glycosylation alterations in the SE in immature rats.","PeriodicalId":12070,"journal":{"name":"European Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46043688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study focuses on the role of a clinical pharmacist in the optimisation of pharmacotherapy in the case of patients during pregnancy and its importance within the hospital sector in Slovakia. Retrospective evaluation of pharmacotherapy in pregnant patients with a focus on teratogenicity and appropriate drug selection was used. The hospital data were collected during 24 months from 22 female patients. The main observed outcome was health condition of the newborn, and it was expressed as healthy newborn, illness of the newborn, any congenital defect or malformation, spontaneous abortion, or unspecified information about the newborn. Based on a foetal risk assessment of used therapeutic agents from the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC), basal foetal and neonatal risk assessment (Briggs et al., 2017), and recommendations and related human past reports and supporting evidence studies, drugs were divided into two groups: confirmed foetal risk drugs and negative (nonconfirmed) foetal risk drugs. A total of 36.3% of the patients used two drugs. Patients most frequently used drugs during the first trimester (81.8%). During pregnancy, the most used drugs were for the nervous system (25.5%), anti-infective agents (23.6%), and respiratory therapeutic agents (14.5%). Of the 22 patients, 16 (73%) had healthy newborns, despite the use of therapeutic agents with different foetal-risk variations. In the group of therapeutic agents with confirmed risk, in some, negative effect on the newborn's health was clinically manifested. Spontaneous abortion was present after using norethisterone acetate and valproic acid; birth defect (unspecified) was present after usage of interferon β-1a and methylprednisolone sodium succinate. An illness (heart murmur) was present after the use of monohydrate sodium salt of metamizole. Another illness (Wilm's tumour) was present after the use of budesonide. Unspecified information about the newborn was observed in four cases after the use of prednisone, allopurinol, nadroparin, and fluvastatin.
{"title":"Retrospective Assessment of the Use of Pharmacotherapeutic Agents in Pregnancy with Potential Impact on Neonatal Health","authors":"K. Podolská, D. Mazánková, M. Göböová","doi":"10.2478/afpuc-2022-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2022-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study focuses on the role of a clinical pharmacist in the optimisation of pharmacotherapy in the case of patients during pregnancy and its importance within the hospital sector in Slovakia. Retrospective evaluation of pharmacotherapy in pregnant patients with a focus on teratogenicity and appropriate drug selection was used. The hospital data were collected during 24 months from 22 female patients. The main observed outcome was health condition of the newborn, and it was expressed as healthy newborn, illness of the newborn, any congenital defect or malformation, spontaneous abortion, or unspecified information about the newborn. Based on a foetal risk assessment of used therapeutic agents from the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC), basal foetal and neonatal risk assessment (Briggs et al., 2017), and recommendations and related human past reports and supporting evidence studies, drugs were divided into two groups: confirmed foetal risk drugs and negative (nonconfirmed) foetal risk drugs. A total of 36.3% of the patients used two drugs. Patients most frequently used drugs during the first trimester (81.8%). During pregnancy, the most used drugs were for the nervous system (25.5%), anti-infective agents (23.6%), and respiratory therapeutic agents (14.5%). Of the 22 patients, 16 (73%) had healthy newborns, despite the use of therapeutic agents with different foetal-risk variations. In the group of therapeutic agents with confirmed risk, in some, negative effect on the newborn's health was clinically manifested. Spontaneous abortion was present after using norethisterone acetate and valproic acid; birth defect (unspecified) was present after usage of interferon β-1a and methylprednisolone sodium succinate. An illness (heart murmur) was present after the use of monohydrate sodium salt of metamizole. Another illness (Wilm's tumour) was present after the use of budesonide. Unspecified information about the newborn was observed in four cases after the use of prednisone, allopurinol, nadroparin, and fluvastatin.","PeriodicalId":12070,"journal":{"name":"European Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43338176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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