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Purification and characterization of a thermophilic NAD+-dependent lactate dehydrogenase from Moorella thermoacetica. 热醋酸摩尔氏菌嗜热NAD+乳酸脱氢酶的纯化及特性研究。
IF 2.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13964
Florian P Rosenbaum, Volker Müller

Oxidation of lactate under anaerobic dark fermentative conditions poses an energetic problem. The redox potential of the lactate/pyruvate couple is too electropositive to reduce the physiological electron carriers NAD(P)+ or ferredoxin. However, the thermophilic, anaerobic, and acetogenic model organism Moorella thermoacetica can grow on lactate but was suggested to have a NAD+-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), based on enzyme assays in cell-free extract. LDHs of thermophilic and anaerobic bacteria are barely characterized but have a huge biotechnological potential. Here, we have purified the LDH from M. thermoacetica by classical chromatography. Lactate-dependent NAD+ reduction was observed with high rates. Electron bifurcation was not observed. At pH 8 and 65 °C, the LDH had a specific activity of 60 U·mg-1 for lactate oxidation, but NADH-driven pyruvate reduction was around four times faster with an activity of 237 U·mg-1. Since lactate formation is preferred by the enzyme, further modifications of the LDH can be suggested to improve the kinetics of this enzyme making it a promising candidate for biotechnological applications.

乳酸在厌氧暗发酵条件下的氧化是一个能量问题。乳酸/丙酮酸对的氧化还原电位过于正电,不能减少生理电子载体NAD(P)+或铁氧还蛋白。然而,嗜热、厌氧和产醋酸的模式生物热醋酸摩尔菌可以在乳酸上生长,但根据对无细胞提取物的酶测定,被认为具有依赖NAD+的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)。嗜热细菌和厌氧细菌的LDHs几乎没有特征,但具有巨大的生物技术潜力。本文采用经典色谱法纯化了热乙酸M.的LDH。乳酸依赖的NAD+减少率很高。未观察到电子分岔。在pH 8和65℃条件下,LDH对乳酸的氧化比活性为60 U·mg-1,而nadh对丙酮酸的还原比活性为237 U·mg-1,快4倍左右。由于乳酸形成是酶的首选,因此可以建议进一步修饰LDH以改善该酶的动力学,使其成为生物技术应用的有希望的候选者。
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引用次数: 0
Meeting Abstract 焦点:教育。
IF 2.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13954
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引用次数: 0
Strengthening the bond with the scientific community: FEBS Open Bio in 2025
IF 2.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13956
Sara Fuentes, Miguel A. De la Rosa

FEBS Open Bio remains dedicated to serving the scientific community by ensuring rapid publication of rigorous science and pioneering initiatives to support researchers. In this editorial, we reflect on a year of achievements, and look forward to the new developments planned for 2025.

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引用次数: 0
CD44v, S1PR1, HER3, MET and cancer-associated amino acid transporters are promising targets for the pancreatic cancers characterized using mAb. CD44v, S1PR1, HER3, MET和癌症相关的氨基酸转运蛋白是用单抗表征胰腺癌的有希望的靶点。
IF 2.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13963
Takashi Nakano, Kouki Okita, Shogo Okazaki, Soshi Yoshimoto, Sachiko Masuko, Hideki Yagi, Kazunori Kato, Yoshihisa Tomioka, Kenichi Imai, Yoichi Hamada, Kazue Masuko, Kayoko Shimada-Takaura, Noriaki Nagai, Hideyuki Saya, Tomio Arai, Toshiyuki Ishiwata, Takashi Masuko

Effective therapies have yet to be established for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) even though it is the most aggressive cancer. In the present study, PDAC was analyzed using novel rat mAbs against membrane proteins in conjunction with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Human epidermal growth receptor (HER)1-4, mesenchymal to epithelial transition factor (MET), sphingosine-1-phospahate receptor 1 (S1PR1), l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), system x- c transporter (xCT), alanine-serine-cysteine transporter (ASCT2), cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1) and variant CD44 (CD44v) were expressed at high frequencies in both in vitro and in vivo PDAC. Internalization of membrane proteins by mAbs and growth inhibition by toxin-linked mAbs were demonstrated in many PDAC cell lines, and mAbs against S1PR1, ASCT2, HER3 and CD44v inhibited the growth of xenografted MIA PaCa-2 PDAC cells. Furthermore, CD44v-high PDAC showed high mRNA expression of HER1-3, MET and CD44v, and was correlated with poor prognosis. Taken together, our results suggest that CD44v, S1PR1, HER3, MET and the above-mentioned cancer-associated amino acid transporters might be promising targets for the diagnosis and treatment of PDAC.

胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)是最具侵袭性的癌症,但有效的治疗方法尚未建立。在本研究中,结合流式细胞术和免疫组织化学,使用新型大鼠抗膜蛋白单抗分析PDAC。人表皮生长受体(HER)1-4、间充质上皮转化因子(MET)、鞘氨醇-1-磷酸受体1 (S1PR1)、l型氨基酸转运蛋白1 (LAT1)、系统x- c转运蛋白(xCT)、丙氨酸-丝氨酸-半胱氨酸转运蛋白(ASCT2)、阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白1 (CAT1)和变体CD44 (CD44v)在体内和体外PDAC中均有高频率表达。在许多PDAC细胞系中证实了单克隆抗体对膜蛋白的内化和毒素连接单克隆抗体的生长抑制作用,针对S1PR1、ASCT2、HER3和CD44v的单克隆抗体抑制了异种移植MIA PaCa-2 PDAC细胞的生长。此外,CD44v-高的PDAC患者HER1-3、MET和CD44v mRNA的高表达与预后不良相关。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,CD44v、S1PR1、HER3、MET和上述癌症相关氨基酸转运蛋白可能是诊断和治疗PDAC的有希望的靶点。
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引用次数: 0
CDK5 interacts with MST2 and modulates the Hippo signalling pathway. CDK5与MST2相互作用并调节Hippo信号通路。
IF 2.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13962
Mehak Passi, Jan B Stöckl, Thomas Fröhlich, Simone Moser, Angelika M Vollmar, Stefan Zahler

MST2 (STK3) is a major upstream kinase in the Hippo signalling pathway, an evolutionary conserved pathway in regulation of organ size, self-renewal and tissue homeostasis. Its downstream effectors are the transcriptional regulators YAP and TAZ. This pathway is regulated by a variety of factors, such as substrate stiffness or cell-cell contacts. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we detected a novel interaction between the kinases MST2 and CDK5, which we further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is an unusual member of the family of cyclin-dependent kinases, involved in tumour growth and angiogenesis. Although a link between CDK5 and Hippo has been previously postulated, the mode of action is still elusive. Here, we show that knockdown of CDK5 causes reduced transcriptional activity of YAP and that CDK5 influences the phosphorylation levels of the Hippo upstream kinase LATS1. Moreover, a phosphoproteomics approach revealed that CDK5 interferes with the phosphorylation of DLG5, another upstream kinase, which regulates the Hippo pathway. Hence, CDK5 seems to act as a signalling hub for integrating the Hippo pathway and other signalling cascades. These interactions might have important implications for the use of CDK5 inhibitors, which are already in clinical use for tumour diseases.

MST2 (STK3)是Hippo信号通路的一个主要上游激酶,Hippo信号通路是一个进化保守的调节器官大小、自我更新和组织稳态的途径。其下游效应因子是转录调控因子YAP和TAZ。这一途径受到多种因素的调控,如基质刚度或细胞-细胞接触。利用酵母双杂交筛选,我们发现了MST2和CDK5激酶之间的一种新的相互作用,我们通过共免疫沉淀实验进一步证实了这一点。周期蛋白依赖性激酶5 (CDK5)是周期蛋白依赖性激酶家族中不寻常的成员,参与肿瘤生长和血管生成。尽管CDK5和Hippo之间的联系先前已经被假设,但其作用方式仍然难以捉摸。在这里,我们发现敲低CDK5导致YAP转录活性降低,并且CDK5影响Hippo上游激酶LATS1的磷酸化水平。此外,磷酸化蛋白质组学方法显示,CDK5干扰另一个上游激酶DLG5的磷酸化,DLG5调节Hippo通路。因此,CDK5似乎作为整合Hippo通路和其他信号级联的信号中枢。这些相互作用可能对CDK5抑制剂的使用具有重要意义,CDK5抑制剂已经在临床用于肿瘤疾病。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing human ACE2 expression in mouse models to improve COVID-19 research 增强人ACE2在小鼠模型中的表达以改善COVID-19研究。
IF 2.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-29 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13934
Sun Jiaoyang, Cheng Shaofei, Hong Guangliang, Quan Xiongzhi, Lin Haofeng, Mao Rui, Johannes Grillari, Shi Zheng-Li, Chen Jiekai, Liu Meiqin, Wu Haoyu, Wu Guangming

Mice are one of the most common biological models for laboratory use. However, wild-type mice are not susceptible to COVID-19 infection due to the low affinity of mouse ACE2, the entry protein for SARS-CoV-2. Although mice with human ACE2 (hACE2) driven by Ace2 promoter reflect its tissue specificity, these animals exhibit low ACE2 expression, potentially limiting their fidelity in mimicking COVID-19 manifestations and their utility in viral studies. Here, we created and compared hACE2 mouse models generated with different strategies. Our findings show that distinct β-globin insertion within hACE2 cassette significantly influences its expression, with downstream placement enhancing transcription. Moreover, optimizing hACE2 codons (opt-hACE2) improves translation efficiency in multiple tissues. Notably, opt-hACE2 mice displayed more active immune responses and severe COVID-19 phenotypes following SARS-CoV-2 challenge compared to other models. Our study demonstrates the dual regulatory role of β-globin element in transgene transcription and suggests that opt-hACE2 mice might serve as valuable tools for SARS-CoV-2 research.

小鼠是实验室最常用的生物模型之一。然而,由于小鼠ACE2 (SARS-CoV-2的进入蛋白)的亲和力较低,野生型小鼠对COVID-19感染不敏感。虽然由ACE2启动子驱动的人类ACE2 (hACE2)小鼠反映了其组织特异性,但这些动物表现出较低的ACE2表达,可能限制了它们模拟COVID-19表现的保真度及其在病毒研究中的应用。在这里,我们创建并比较了不同策略生成的hACE2小鼠模型。我们的研究结果表明,在hACE2盒内不同的β-珠蛋白插入显著影响其表达,下游放置增强转录。此外,优化hACE2密码子(opt-hACE2)可以提高多种组织的翻译效率。值得注意的是,与其他模型相比,opt-hACE2小鼠在SARS-CoV-2攻击后表现出更活跃的免疫反应和更严重的COVID-19表型。我们的研究证明了β-珠蛋白元件在转基因转录中的双重调控作用,并提示opt-hACE2小鼠可能作为SARS-CoV-2研究的有价值的工具。
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引用次数: 0
RETRACTION: Effect of a Neural Relay on Liver Regeneration in Mice: Activation of Serotonin Release from the Gastrointestinal Tract. 神经接力对小鼠肝脏再生的影响:胃肠道血清素释放的激活。
IF 2.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-25 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13961

Retraction: R. Inoue, K. Kamimura, T. Nagoya, N. Sakai, T. Yokoo, R. Goto, K. Ogawa, Y. Shinagawa-Kobayashi, Y. Watanabe-Mori, A. Sakamaki, S. Abe, H. Kamimura, N. Miyamura, H. Nishina, and S. Terai, "Effect of a Neural Relay on Liver Regeneration in Mice: Activation of Serotonin Release from the Gastrointestinal Tract," FEBS Open Bio 8, no. 3 (2018): 449-460, https://doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.12382. The above article, published online on 16 January 2018, in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/),has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, Miguel A. De la Rosa; FEBS Press; and John Wiley and Sons Ltd. The journal received a report from a third party which indicated that the Day 2 and Day 4 panels in Figure 3A had been duplicated and rotated. Additional investigation by the journal discovered multiple inappropriate image duplications and overlaps in Figure 6A. The authors responded to an inquiry by the journal, confirmed that images had been duplicated in both figures, and provided what was labelled as the correct data. Following receipt of the authors' explanation and new data, the journal requested an investigation by the authors' institution. The institutional investigation reported that there was insufficient evidence of intentional image manipulation and concluded that the image duplications were due to errors in image preparation by the authors. However, given the extent of the identified issues, the editors have lost confidence in the data presented and consider the conclusions of this manuscript substantially compromised. As a result, the Editor-in-Chief, FEBS Press, and John Wiley and Sons Ltd. have determined that a retraction is necessary. The authors disagree with the retraction.

撤回:R. Inoue, K. Kamimura, T. Nagoya, N. Sakai, T. Yokoo, R. Goto, K. Ogawa, Y. Shinagawa-Kobayashi, Y. Watanabe-Mori, a . Sakamaki, S. Abe, H. Kamimura, N. Miyamura, H. Nishina, S. Terai,“神经传递对小鼠肝脏再生的影响:胃肠道血清素释放的激活”,《中华医学杂志》第8期,no。3 (2018): 449-460, https://doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.12382。上述文章于2018年1月16日在线发表在Wiley在线图书馆(http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/),has),经期刊主编Miguel A. De la Rosa;2月出版社;该杂志收到了来自第三方的报告,报告指出图3A中的第2天和第4天的面板被复制和旋转了。该杂志的进一步调查发现了图6A中多个不适当的图像重复和重叠。作者回应了该杂志的询问,证实了两张图中的图像是重复的,并提供了被标记为正确的数据。在收到作者的解释和新数据后,期刊要求作者所在机构进行调查。机构调查报告称,没有足够的证据表明故意图像操纵,并得出结论,图像重复是由于作者在图像准备方面的错误。然而,鉴于已确定问题的程度,编辑对所提供的数据失去了信心,并认为这篇手稿的结论基本上受到了损害。因此,主编,FEBS出版社和约翰威利父子有限公司决定撤回这篇文章。作者不同意撤稿。
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引用次数: 0
Cost-effective and simple flow cytometry quantification of receptor-mediated autophagy using fluorescent tagging. 成本效益和简单的流式细胞术定量受体介导的自噬使用荧光标记。
IF 2.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13958
Mija Marinković, Ana Rožić, Denis Polančec, Ivana Novak

Mitophagy, a selective clearance of damaged or superfluous mitochondria via autophagy machinery and lysosomal degradation, is an evolutionarily conserved process essential for various physiological functions, including cellular differentiation and immune responses. Defects in mitophagy are implicated in numerous human diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and metabolic conditions. Despite significant advancements in mitophagy research over recent decades, novel and robust methodologies are necessary to elucidate its molecular mechanisms comprehensively. In this study, we present a detailed protocol for quantitatively assessing mitophagy through flow cytometry using a mitochondria-targeted fluorescent mitophagy receptor, GFP-BNIP3L/NIX. This method offers a rapid alternative to conventional microscopy or immunoblotting techniques for analyzing mitophagy activity. Additionally, this approach can theoretically be adapted to utilize any fluorescent-tagged selective autophagy receptor, enabling the direct and rapid analysis of various types of receptor-mediated selective autophagy.

线粒体自噬是一种通过自噬机制和溶酶体降解选择性清除受损或多余线粒体的过程,是一种进化保守的过程,对多种生理功能至关重要,包括细胞分化和免疫反应。线粒体自噬缺陷与许多人类疾病有关,如神经退行性疾病、癌症和代谢疾病。尽管近几十年来线粒体自噬研究取得了重大进展,但需要新颖而有力的方法来全面阐明其分子机制。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种详细的方案,通过流式细胞术使用线粒体靶向的荧光线粒体自噬受体GFP-BNIP3L/NIX来定量评估线粒体自噬。该方法为分析有丝分裂活性提供了一种快速替代传统显微镜或免疫印迹技术的方法。此外,该方法理论上可以适用于利用任何荧光标记的选择性自噬受体,从而可以直接和快速地分析各种类型的受体介导的选择性自噬。
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引用次数: 0
NPC1 promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by mediating the accumulation of neutrophils into the tumor microenvironment. NPC1通过介导中性粒细胞在肿瘤微环境中的积累促进肝细胞癌的进展。
IF 2.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13951
Songhai Yang, Jiangming Chen, Kun Xie, Fubao Liu

Hepatocellular carcinoma remains a significant threat to human health. Recent studies have found that the intake of cellular cholesterol contributes to the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Our analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic databases has identified increased mRNA and protein expression levels of NPC1, a cholesterol intracellular transporter protein, in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. This increase is significantly associated with a worse prognosis for patients. To corroborate these findings, we performed immunohistochemical staining of NPC1 on liver tissue samples from patients, revealing significantly higher expression levels of NPC1 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues compared to normal tissues. Subsequent investigations have revealed that NPC1 expression does not significantly influence the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. However, it has a substantial inhibitory effect on the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma tumors when observed in vivo. Utilizing flow cytometry to monitor cellular changes within the tumor microenvironment has led us to discover that NPC1 plays a crucial role in the regulation of neutrophil recruitment within the tumor. Using further neutrophil depletion experiments, we determined that the role of NPC1 in advancing hepatocellular carcinoma progression truly relies on neutrophils. These observations are further reinforced by a comprehensive analysis of clinical databases alongside immunohistochemistry findings. In conclusion, our research suggests that NPC1's overexpression could contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma progression by promoting neutrophil recruitment, positioning NPC1 as a promising new biomarker and therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma.

肝细胞癌仍然是对人类健康的重大威胁。最近的研究发现,细胞胆固醇的摄入有助于肝细胞癌的发生和发展,尽管确切的机制尚不清楚。我们对转录组学和蛋白质组学数据库的分析发现,在肝细胞癌组织中,胆固醇细胞内转运蛋白NPC1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平升高。这种增加与患者预后不良显著相关。为了证实这些发现,我们对患者的肝组织样本进行了NPC1的免疫组织化学染色,发现与正常组织相比,NPC1在肝细胞癌组织中的表达水平明显更高。随后的研究表明,NPC1的表达对肝癌细胞的体外增殖没有显著影响。然而,在体内观察,它对肝细胞癌肿瘤的进展有实质性的抑制作用。利用流式细胞术监测肿瘤微环境中的细胞变化,我们发现NPC1在调节肿瘤内中性粒细胞募集中起着至关重要的作用。通过进一步的中性粒细胞耗竭实验,我们确定NPC1在促进肝细胞癌进展中的作用确实依赖于中性粒细胞。通过对临床数据库和免疫组织化学结果的综合分析,进一步加强了这些观察结果。总之,我们的研究表明,NPC1的过表达可能通过促进中性粒细胞募集来促进肝细胞癌的进展,将NPC1定位为肝细胞癌的一个有前景的新生物标志物和治疗靶点。
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引用次数: 0
Dexmedetomidine suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. 右美托咪定抑制胰β细胞中葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌。
IF 2.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13960
Munenori Kusunoki, Kiichi Hirota, Tomohiro Shoji, Takeo Uba, Yoshiyuki Matsuo, Mikio Hayashi

Proper glycemic control is crucial for patient management in critical care, including perioperative care, and can influence patient prognosis. Blood glucose concentration determines insulin secretion and sensitivity and affects the intricate balance between the glucose metabolism. Human and other animal studies have demonstrated that perioperative drugs, including volatile anesthetics and intravenous anesthetics, affect glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Dexmedetomidine (DEX) decreases insulin release and affects glucose metabolism; however, the specific mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains largely unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect and mechanism of DEX on insulin secretion using mouse and rat pancreatic β-cell-derived MIN6 and INS-1 cell lines and primary pancreatic β-cells/islets extracted from mice. The amount of insulin secreted into the culture medium was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and electrophysiological effects were investigated. Clinically relevant doses of DEX suppressed GSIS in MIN6 cells, INS-1 cells, and pancreatic β-cells/islets. Furthermore, DEX suppressed insulin secretion facilitated by insulinotropic factors. There was no significant difference in oxygen consumption rate, intracellular ATP levels, or caspase-3/7 activity. Electrophysiological evaluation using the patch-clamp method showed that DEX did not affect ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, voltage-dependent potassium channels, or voltage-gated calcium channels. We demonstrated that clinically relevant doses of DEX significantly suppressed GSIS. These findings suggest that DEX inhibits a signaling pathway via α2-adrenoceptor or insulin vesicle exocytosis, resulting in GSIS suppression. Our results support the hypothesis that DEX suppresses insulin secretion and reveal some underlying mechanisms.

适当的血糖控制对重症监护患者管理至关重要,包括围手术期护理,并能影响患者预后。血糖浓度决定胰岛素的分泌和敏感性,并影响葡萄糖代谢之间复杂的平衡。人体和其他动物研究表明,围手术期药物,包括挥发性麻醉剂和静脉麻醉剂,会影响葡萄糖刺激胰岛素分泌(GSIS)。右美托咪定(DEX)降低胰岛素释放,影响葡萄糖代谢;然而,这种现象背后的具体机制在很大程度上仍然未知。因此,我们利用小鼠和大鼠胰腺β细胞来源的MIN6和INS-1细胞系以及小鼠胰腺β细胞/胰岛来研究DEX对胰岛素分泌的影响及其机制。用酶联免疫吸附法测定分泌到培养基中的胰岛素量。研究了细胞活力、细胞毒性和电生理效应。临床相关剂量的DEX可抑制MIN6细胞、INS-1细胞和胰腺β细胞/胰岛的GSIS。此外,DEX抑制促胰岛素因子促进的胰岛素分泌。两组在耗氧率、细胞内ATP水平或caspase-3/7活性方面无显著差异。膜片钳法电生理评价显示,DEX不影响atp敏感钾(KATP)通道、电压依赖性钾通道或电压门控钙通道。我们证明了临床相关剂量的DEX显著抑制GSIS。这些结果表明,DEX通过α2-肾上腺素能受体或胰岛素囊泡胞吐抑制信号通路,从而抑制GSIS。我们的研究结果支持了DEX抑制胰岛素分泌的假设,并揭示了一些潜在的机制。
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引用次数: 0
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