Experimental Neurobiology最新文献

This paper introduces the current status of Seoul National University Hospital Dementia Brain Bank (SNUH-DBB), focusing on the concordance rate between clinical diagnoses and postmortem neuropathological diagnoses. We detail SNUH-DBB operations, including protocols for specimen handling, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and cerebral organoids establishment from postmortem dural fibroblasts, and adult neural progenitor cell cultures. We assessed clinical-neuropathological diagnostic concordance rate. Between 2015 and September 2024, 162 brain specimens were collected via brain donation and autopsy. The median donor age was 73 years (1-94) with a male-to -female ratio of 2:1. The median postmortem interval was 9.5 hours (range: 2.5-65). Common neuropathological diagnoses included pure Lewy body disease (10.6%), Lewy body disease (LBD) with other brain diseases (10.6%), pure Alzheimer's disease-neuropathological change (ADNC) (6.0%), ADNC with other brain diseases (10.7%), vascular brain injury (15.2%), and primary age-related tauopathy (7.3%). APOE genotype distribution was following: ε3/ε3: 62.3%, ε2/ε3: 9.6%, ε2/ε4: 3.4%, ε3/ε4: 24.0%, and ε4/ε4: 0.7%. Concordance rates between pathological and clinical diagnoses were: ADNC/AD at 42.4%; LBD at 59.0%; PSP at 100%; ALS at 85.7%; Huntington's disease 100%. The varying concordance rates across different diseases emphasize the need for improved diagnostic criteria and biomarkers, particularly for AD and LBD. Tissues have been distributed to over 40 national studies. SNUH-DBB provides high-quality brain tissues and cell models for neuroscience research, operating under standardized procedures and international guidelines. It supports translational research in dementia and neurodegenerative diseases, potentially advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Astrocytes have been known to support neuronal function, but until now, memory storage and recall has thought to be largely controlled by neurons. In this article, we shed light on recent research published by Williamson et al. that, for the first time, shows astrocytes to participate in memory formation and recall.

Peripheral neurodegenerative diseases induced by irreversible peripheral nerve degeneration (PND), such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy, have a high prevalence worldwide and reduce the quality of life. However, there is no agent effective against the irreversible PND. After peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells play an important role in regulating PND. However, because PND involves multiple biochemical events in Schwann cells, a one-drug-single-target therapeutic strategy is not feasible for PND. Here, we suggested that fascaplysin (Fas), a compound with multiple targets (CDK4/6), could overcome these problems. Fas exerted a significant inhibitory effect on axonal degradation, demyelination, and Schwann cell proliferation and dedifferentiation during in vitro and ex vivo PND. To discover the most likely novel target for PND, a chemo-bioinformatics analysis predicted the other on-targets of Fas and identified androgen receptor (AR) which were involved in Schwann cell differentiation and proliferation. AR interacted with Fas, and nuclear import of the AR/Fas complex was inhibited in Schwann cells, altering the expression patterns of transcription factors during PND. Therefore, Fas may have therapeutic potential for irreversible peripheral neurodegenerative diseases.

Research on brain aging using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has typically focused on comparing "older" adults to younger adults. Importantly, these studies have often neglected the middle age group, which is also significantly impacted by brain aging, including by early changes in motor, memory, and cognitive functions. This study aims to address this limitation by examining the resting state networks in middle-aged adults via an exploratory whole-brain ROI-to-ROI analysis. Using rs-fMRI, we compared middle-aged adults (n=30) with younger adults (n=70) via an ROI-to-ROI correlation analysis, showing lower connectivity between the cerebellar (posterior) network and the salience network (left rostral prefrontal cortex), as well as between the salience network and the visual network (occipital regions) in the middle-aged group. This reduced connectivity suggests that aging affects how these brain regions synchronize and process information, potentially impairing the integration of cognitive, sensory, and emotional inputs. Additional within-group analyses showed that middle-aged adults exhibited weakened connections between networks but increased connections within the dorsal attention, fronto-parietal, visual, and default mode networks. In contrast, younger adults demonstrated enhanced connections between networks. These results underscore the role of the cerebellar, salience, and visual networks in brain aging and reveal distinct connectivity patterns associated with signs of early aging.

β-PIX, a Rac1/Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, is known to regulate actin cytoskeleton remodeling during cell migration. In this study, we investigated the effects of β-PIX-d, an isoform of β-PIX, on neocortical development and neuritogenesis. Overexpression of β-PIX-d in the embryonic neocortex induced increased cell clusters and enhanced neurite outgrowth in cortical neurons. Following in utero electroporation of β-PIX-d expression vectors into neuronal progenitor cells at embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5), histological analysis at postnatal day 0 (P0) revealed the presence of clustered neurons and neurites outside of the marginal zone (MZ). Immunofluorescence staining with the neuronal marker TuJ1 confirmed that the clustered structures were predominantly composed of neurons. Layer-specific marker analysis further demonstrated the misplacement of layer V-VI neurons into layer I and the subarachnoid space. In primary neocortical cultures, β-PIX-d overexpression promoted neuritogenesis and increased Rac1 activity, as detected by pull-down assays. These findings suggest that β-PIX-d and Rac1 interactions play a critical role in the formation of neocortical clustering and the regulation of neuritogenesis.

Although we have multiple senses, multimedia mainly targets vision and olfaction. To expand the senses impacted by multimedia, olfactory stimulation has been used to enhance the sense of reality. Odors are primarily matched with objects in scenes. However, it is impractical to select all odors that match all objects in a scene and offer them to viewers. As an alternative, offering a single odor in a category as representative of other odors belonging to that category has been suggested. However, it is unclear whether viewers' responses to videos with multiple odors (e.g., rose, lavender, and lily) from a category (e.g., flowers) are comparable. Therefore, we studied whether odors belonging to a given category could be similar in behavioral congruency and in the five frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) of electroencephalogram (EEG) data collected while viewers watched videos. We conducted questionnaires and EEG experiments to understand the effects of similar odors belonging to categories. Our results showed that similar odors in a specific odor category were more congruent with videos than those in different odor categories. In our EEG data, the delta and theta bands were mainly clustered when odors were offered to viewers in similar categories. The theta band is known to be primarily related to the neural signals of odor information. Our studies showed that choosing odors based on odor categories in multimedia can be feasible.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) plays a crucial role in mood disorders; however, its specific role in the emotional behaviors of mice remains unclear. This study investigates the bidirectional control of emotional behaviors using population calcium dynamics and optogenetic manipulation of OFC neurons. Fiber photometry of OFC neurons revealed that OFC excitatory neurons consistently responded to the onset and offset of aversive conditions, showing decreased activation in response to anxiogenic and stressful stimuli, including tail suspension, restraint stress, and exposure to the center of the open field. The selective activation of excitatory neurons in the OFC reduced the time spent in the center of the open field, whereas optogenetic activation of inhibitory neurons in the OFC induced the opposite behavioral changes. We also provided a brain-wide activation map for OFC excitatory and inhibitory neuron activation. Our findings demonstrate that excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the OFC play opposing roles in the regulation of emotional behaviors. These results provide new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying emotional control and suggest that targeting these specific neuronal populations may offer novel therapeutic strategies for emotional disorders.

In this study, we explored the impact of systemic inflammation on initial brain injury and repair processes, including neurite extension and synapse formation. For this purpose, we established a brain injury model by administering adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a component of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), through stereotaxic injection into the striatum of mice. Systemic inflammation was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS-ip). Bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses and immunostaining for microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) showed that LPS-ip led to a reduction in initial brain injury, but inhibited neurite extension into the damaged brain. LPS-ip upregulated expression of defense response genes and anti-apoptotic genes, but decreased expression of genes associated with repair and regeneration. In addition, LPS-ip reduced levels of vGlut1 and PSD95 (markers for excitatory pre and post synapses, respectively), but had little effect on vGAT and gephyrin (markers for inhibitory pre and post synapses, respectively). Taken together, these findings suggest that systemic inflammation reduce initial damage but impede subsequent repair process.