Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2376157
Mohammad Shakil Ahmad, Yousef Abud Alanazi, Yousef Alrohaimi, Riyaz Ahamed Shaik, Sami Alrashidi, Yazeed A Al-Ghasham, Yasir S Alkhalifah, Ritu Kumar Ahmad
This study reviews global levels of ochratoxin A (OTA) in infant formula and cereal-based foods, using Monte Carlo simulation to assess risks. The review found 24 studies on global OTA levels in infant food and cereal-based products, using databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase until March 2024. We estimated OTA exposure in infant food based on concentration, intake and body weight. The exposure and hazard quotient margin were calculated using BMDL10 and TDI values. Monte Carlo simulation evaluated human health risks from OTA in infant formula and cereal-based foods. A global study from 14 countries shows varying levels, surpassing EU limits in Tunisia, Ecuador, the USA, and generally in Africa, notably in infant cereals, which had higher levels than formula. Globally, OTA was present in 29.3% of the 3348 samples analyzed, with Lebanon at 95.2% and Brazil at 0%. Analysis indicates only non-carcinogenic risk for infants. While health risks for infants are mostly low, ongoing research and monitoring are vital to minimize OTA exposure in infant food.
这项研究采用蒙特卡洛模拟法评估风险,回顾了全球婴儿配方奶粉和谷物食品中的赭曲霉毒素 A (OTA) 含量。截至 2024 年 3 月,本研究利用 PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science 和 Embase 等数据库,对全球婴儿食品和谷类食品中的 OTA 含量进行了 24 项研究。我们根据浓度、摄入量和体重估算了婴儿食品中的 OTA 暴露量。使用 BMDL10 和 TDI 值计算了暴露量和危害商差。蒙特卡洛模拟评估了婴儿配方奶粉和谷类食品中 OTA 对人体健康造成的风险。一项来自 14 个国家的全球研究显示,这些国家的 OTA 含量各不相同,突尼斯、厄瓜多尔和美国的 OTA 含量超过了欧盟规定的限值,非洲国家的 OTA 含量也普遍超过了欧盟规定的限值,尤其是婴儿谷物食品,其 OTA 含量高于配方奶粉。在全球分析的 3348 个样本中,29.3% 的样本含有 OTA,其中黎巴嫩为 95.2%,巴西为 0%。分析表明,OTA 对婴儿只有非致癌风险。虽然婴儿的健康风险大多较低,但持续的研究和监测对于最大限度地减少婴儿食品中的 OTA 暴露至关重要。
{"title":"Occurrence, evaluation, and human health risk assessment of ochratoxin a in infant formula and cereal-based baby food: a global literature systematic review.","authors":"Mohammad Shakil Ahmad, Yousef Abud Alanazi, Yousef Alrohaimi, Riyaz Ahamed Shaik, Sami Alrashidi, Yazeed A Al-Ghasham, Yasir S Alkhalifah, Ritu Kumar Ahmad","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2376157","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2376157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study reviews global levels of ochratoxin A (OTA) in infant formula and cereal-based foods, using Monte Carlo simulation to assess risks. The review found 24 studies on global OTA levels in infant food and cereal-based products, using databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase until March 2024. We estimated OTA exposure in infant food based on concentration, intake and body weight. The exposure and hazard quotient margin were calculated using BMDL10 and TDI values. Monte Carlo simulation evaluated human health risks from OTA in infant formula and cereal-based foods. A global study from 14 countries shows varying levels, surpassing EU limits in Tunisia, Ecuador, the USA, and generally in Africa, notably in infant cereals, which had higher levels than formula. Globally, OTA was present in 29.3% of the 3348 samples analyzed, with Lebanon at 95.2% and Brazil at 0%. Analysis indicates only non-carcinogenic risk for infants. While health risks for infants are mostly low, ongoing research and monitoring are vital to minimize OTA exposure in infant food.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141619787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2376156
Felipe Stanislau Candido, Andre Victor Sartori, Armi Wanderley da Nobrega
This study aimed to develop and validate a multi-mycotoxin analysis method applied to cashew nuts by employing a miniaturized QuEChERS method followed by determination by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Satisfactory recoveries for the concentrations 1, 10 and 30 ng g-1, ranging from 66% (fumonisin B1) to 110% (ochratoxin A) and relative standard deviations lower than 9% (fumonisin B2) were obtained for the target compounds. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.004 ng g-1 (sterigmatocystin) to 0.59 ng g-1 (alternariol). The applicability of the analytical method was verified by analyzing 30 cashew nut samples from the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, southeastern Brazil. Aflatoxins M1, G2, G1, B2, B1, ochratoxin A and sterigmatocystin were detected, respectively, in 27%, 10%, 17%, 30%, 30%, 30% and 50% of the analyzed samples, at maximum concentrations of 0.56, 0.67, 1.43, 2.02, 4.93, 4.81, and 0.35 ng g-1. The maximum limit established by Brazilian legislation for aflatoxins was not exceeded by any of the analyzed samples.
{"title":"A miniaturized QuEChERS and UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of mycotoxins in cashew nuts.","authors":"Felipe Stanislau Candido, Andre Victor Sartori, Armi Wanderley da Nobrega","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2376156","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2376156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to develop and validate a multi-mycotoxin analysis method applied to cashew nuts by employing a miniaturized QuEChERS method followed by determination by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Satisfactory recoveries for the concentrations 1, 10 and 30 ng g<sup>-1</sup>, ranging from 66% (fumonisin B<sub>1</sub>) to 110% (ochratoxin A) and relative standard deviations lower than 9% (fumonisin B<sub>2</sub>) were obtained for the target compounds. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.004 ng g<sup>-1</sup> (sterigmatocystin) to 0.59 ng g<sup>-1</sup> (alternariol). The applicability of the analytical method was verified by analyzing 30 cashew nut samples from the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, southeastern Brazil. Aflatoxins M1, G2, G1, B2, B1, ochratoxin A and sterigmatocystin were detected, respectively, in 27%, 10%, 17%, 30%, 30%, 30% and 50% of the analyzed samples, at maximum concentrations of 0.56, 0.67, 1.43, 2.02, 4.93, 4.81, and 0.35 ng g<sup>-1</sup>. The maximum limit established by Brazilian legislation for aflatoxins was not exceeded by any of the analyzed samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141619786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2371925
Aleksandra Gorska, Sabine Danthine, Nicolas Jacquet, Giorgia Purcaro
Vegetable fats and oils are prone to contamination by mineral oil hydrocarbons due to the lipophilic and ubiquitous character of the latter. As the aromatic fraction of these hydrocarbons, MOAH, is associated with carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and detrimental effects on foetal development, finding strategies to limit or reduce their contamination is highly relevant. Deodorisation (i.e. a refining step) has shown the ability to remove MOAH < C25 in vegetable fats and oils, but there is little information about the structures removed. Therefore, the present study investigated the impact of deodorisation conditions on the removal of different structures of MOAH in spiked coconut oil. An inscribed central composite design was built with time and temperature as variables (0.5-4h, 150-240 °C), while pressure (3 mbar) and steam flow (1 g water/g oil per hour) were kept constant. The analysis of MOAH in the oil was performed using a fully automated liquid chromatography coupled with two parallel comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography systems with flame ionisation and time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. Response surfaces plotting the MOAH loss according to time and temperature were built for different MOAH fractions. The latter were defined based on the number of aromatic rings (>3 or ≤3) and the number of carbon atoms present (C16-C20, C20-C24, C24-C35, C35-C40). It was found that at 200 °C, compounds < C24, including weakly alkylated triaromatics, could be reduced to below the limit of quantification, while at 230 °C, it was possible to remove >60% of the C24-C35 fraction, including pentaromatics of low alkylation.
由于矿物油碳氢化合物的亲脂性和无处不在的特性,植物油脂很容易受到矿物油碳氢化合物的污染。由于这些碳氢化合物的芳香部分(MOAH)与致癌性、诱变性和对胎儿发育的有害影响有关,因此寻找限制或减少其污染的策略非常重要。脱臭(即精炼步骤)已证明能够去除 MOAH 3 或≤3)和存在的碳原子数(C16-C20、C20-C24、C24-C35、C35-C40)。研究发现,在 200 °C 时,60% 的 C24-C35 部分化合物,包括烷基化程度较低的戊烷。
{"title":"Impact of deodorisation time and temperature on the removal of different MOAH structures: a lab-scale study on spiked coconut oil.","authors":"Aleksandra Gorska, Sabine Danthine, Nicolas Jacquet, Giorgia Purcaro","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2371925","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2371925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vegetable fats and oils are prone to contamination by mineral oil hydrocarbons due to the lipophilic and ubiquitous character of the latter. As the aromatic fraction of these hydrocarbons, MOAH, is associated with carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and detrimental effects on foetal development, finding strategies to limit or reduce their contamination is highly relevant. Deodorisation (i.e. a refining step) has shown the ability to remove MOAH < C25 in vegetable fats and oils, but there is little information about the structures removed. Therefore, the present study investigated the impact of deodorisation conditions on the removal of different structures of MOAH in spiked coconut oil. An inscribed central composite design was built with time and temperature as variables (0.5-4h, 150-240 °C), while pressure (3 mbar) and steam flow (1 g water/g oil per hour) were kept constant. The analysis of MOAH in the oil was performed using a fully automated liquid chromatography coupled with two parallel comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography systems with flame ionisation and time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. Response surfaces plotting the MOAH loss according to time and temperature were built for different MOAH fractions. The latter were defined based on the number of aromatic rings (>3 or ≤3) and the number of carbon atoms present (C16-C20, C20-C24, C24-C35, C35-C40). It was found that at 200 °C, compounds < C24, including weakly alkylated triaromatics, could be reduced to below the limit of quantification, while at 230 °C, it was possible to remove >60% of the C24-C35 fraction, including pentaromatics of low alkylation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141456182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2376159
Megan K Rooney, Timothy J Herrman
This study explores the implementation of the One Sample Strategy (OSS), a co-regulation program aimed at managing mycotoxin risk in Texas maize. Fumonisin-contaminated cereals and oilseeds that contain greater than 5 mg kg-1 of the toxin (B1, B2, and B3) are a risk for equids and rabbits, and levels greater than 60 mg kg-1 are a risk to ruminants. The OSS, previously successful in managing aflatoxin risk in Texas maize, was evaluated for its effectiveness in handling fumonisin risk in maize, specifically as it relates to ruminants. In 2017, 25 analysts across seven firms qualified to participate in the program. To ensure greater accuracy in testing, working control samples were provided to the participating OSS firms with the requirement that their results fall within +/- 20% of the target concentration. Ninety-four percent of the working controls met this specification. The capability to grind maize to the OSS prescribed particle size was met by 100% of participants. To verify testing accuracy, file samples collected from each OSS firm were analysed by UPLC-MS/MS. The 177 fumonisin verification samples analysed by Office of the Texas State Chemist (OTSC) were correlated (r = 0.93) with co-regulation laboratories. Results were plotted in an operating curve to depict type I and type II errors. Error analysis revealed a type I error rate of 13% and type II error rate of 2% for the 5 mg kg-1 guidance level, and 6% and 8%, respectively, for the 60 mg kg-1 guidance level. For 2017, 994 official reports of analysis for fumonisin in whole maize in the Texas High Plains were issued by the seven laboratories that employed 25 OTSC-credentialed analysts. The OSS co-regulation program, supported by a quality systems approach and government regulations, has proven effective in managing fumonisin risk in Texas maize, enhancing both market confidence and livestock safety.
{"title":"Enhancing maize safety: the role of co-regulation as a regulatory strategy to manage fumonisin risk.","authors":"Megan K Rooney, Timothy J Herrman","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2376159","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2376159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the implementation of the One Sample Strategy (OSS), a co-regulation program aimed at managing mycotoxin risk in Texas maize. Fumonisin-contaminated cereals and oilseeds that contain greater than 5 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> of the toxin (B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, and B<sub>3</sub>) are a risk for equids and rabbits, and levels greater than 60 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> are a risk to ruminants. The OSS, previously successful in managing aflatoxin risk in Texas maize, was evaluated for its effectiveness in handling fumonisin risk in maize, specifically as it relates to ruminants. In 2017, 25 analysts across seven firms qualified to participate in the program. To ensure greater accuracy in testing, working control samples were provided to the participating OSS firms with the requirement that their results fall within +/- 20% of the target concentration. Ninety-four percent of the working controls met this specification. The capability to grind maize to the OSS prescribed particle size was met by 100% of participants. To verify testing accuracy, file samples collected from each OSS firm were analysed by UPLC-MS/MS. The 177 fumonisin verification samples analysed by Office of the Texas State Chemist (OTSC) were correlated (<i>r</i> = 0.93) with co-regulation laboratories. Results were plotted in an operating curve to depict type I and type II errors. Error analysis revealed a type I error rate of 13% and type II error rate of 2% for the 5 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> guidance level, and 6% and 8%, respectively, for the 60 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> guidance level. For 2017, 994 official reports of analysis for fumonisin in whole maize in the Texas High Plains were issued by the seven laboratories that employed 25 OTSC-credentialed analysts. The OSS co-regulation program, supported by a quality systems approach and government regulations, has proven effective in managing fumonisin risk in Texas maize, enhancing both market confidence and livestock safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141558494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2371941
Kirsten Knoop, Lisa Monika Klein, Angelika Miriam Knispel, Florian Kaltner, Christoph Gottschalk, Karin Knappstein, Janine Saltzmann, Sven Dänicke
Ragworts like tansy ragwort (J. vulgaris Gaertn., syn. Senecio jacobaea L.) contain hepatotoxic and cancerogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their corresponding pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANO). Due to increasing spread of ragworts (Jacobaea spp.) PA/PANO may pose a health risk to animals and humans consuming contaminated feed and food. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the transfer of individual PA/PANO originating from a well-defined PA/PANO extract into the milk of dairy cows. For this objective, 16 German Holstein cows were assigned to four treatment groups (n = 4) in a 28-day dose-response study. Administration into the reticulorumen was performed daily by gavage after the morning milking. Three groups received different amounts of the J. vulgaris extract resulting in a PA/PANO exposure of 0.47, 0.95, or 1.91 mg PA/PANO/kg body weight/day, respectively. Furthermore, a control group received molasses to account for the sugar content of the used PA/PANO extract. While the composition of the PA/PANO extract was more diverse, the PA/PANO pattern in milk was dominated by the PA in their free base form. It was shown that mainly PA considered stable in the rumen environment were transferred into the milk. The main compounds in milk were jacoline (74.3 ± 2.4% of the PA/PANO sum), jaconine (11.2 ± 1.3%), and jacobine (7.2 ± 0.6%) with concentrations up to 29.7, 4.65 µg/l, or in the highest exposed group, 3.44 µg/l. There was no dose-dependent effect on the total PA/PANO transfer rate into the milk. The average transfer rate was 0.064 ± 0.005% of the administered content.
{"title":"Dose-response study on the transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from a tansy ragwort extract (<i>Jacobaea vulgaris</i> Gaertn.) to bovine milk.","authors":"Kirsten Knoop, Lisa Monika Klein, Angelika Miriam Knispel, Florian Kaltner, Christoph Gottschalk, Karin Knappstein, Janine Saltzmann, Sven Dänicke","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2371941","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2371941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ragworts like tansy ragwort (<i>J. vulgaris</i> Gaertn., syn. <i>Senecio jacobaea</i> L.) contain hepatotoxic and cancerogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their corresponding pyrrolizidine alkaloid <i>N</i>-oxides (PANO). Due to increasing spread of ragworts (<i>Jacobaea</i> spp.) PA/PANO may pose a health risk to animals and humans consuming contaminated feed and food. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the transfer of individual PA/PANO originating from a well-defined PA/PANO extract into the milk of dairy cows. For this objective, 16 German Holstein cows were assigned to four treatment groups (<i>n</i> = 4) in a 28-day dose-response study. Administration into the reticulorumen was performed daily by gavage after the morning milking. Three groups received different amounts of the <i>J. vulgaris</i> extract resulting in a PA/PANO exposure of 0.47, 0.95, or 1.91 mg PA/PANO/kg body weight/day, respectively. Furthermore, a control group received molasses to account for the sugar content of the used PA/PANO extract. While the composition of the PA/PANO extract was more diverse, the PA/PANO pattern in milk was dominated by the PA in their free base form. It was shown that mainly PA considered stable in the rumen environment were transferred into the milk. The main compounds in milk were jacoline (74.3 ± 2.4% of the PA/PANO sum), jaconine (11.2 ± 1.3%), and jacobine (7.2 ± 0.6%) with concentrations up to 29.7, 4.65 µg/l, or in the highest exposed group, 3.44 µg/l. There was no dose-dependent effect on the total PA/PANO transfer rate into the milk. The average transfer rate was 0.064 ± 0.005% of the administered content.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2393789
Judith H Spungen, Miyuki Shimizu, Dwayne Jarman, Sofia M Santillana Farakos
Dietary exposure to a food chemical (e.g. contaminant, nutrient, or other natural constituent) is a function of the concentration of the chemical in foods and the quantity of each food consumed. Exposures to food chemicals can be estimated using intake data from What We Eat in America (WWEIA), the food consumption survey portion of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). To estimate exposures to chemicals in foods consumed by NHANES/WWEIA respondents, the consumption data must be mapped to chemical concentration data on the same or similar foods. However, food chemical data are generally not available on all the foods and food mixtures that are reported in NHANES/WWEIA. To address this, we developed the FDA Food Disaggregation Database (FDA-FDD), a 'recipe' database with estimates of ingredient percentages. FDA-FDD allows mapping to food chemical data based on ingredients in NHANES/WWEIA foods rather than on food mixtures, resulting in more accurate exposure estimates. Using FDA-FDD, FDA mapped over 11,000 NHANES/WWEIA foods to FDA's Total Diet Study (TDS) foods. FDA-FDD is available as part of a publicly available interactive application that also allows access to the TDS mapping.
{"title":"The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Food Disaggregation Database (FDA-FDD): a new tool for U.S. dietary exposure assessment.","authors":"Judith H Spungen, Miyuki Shimizu, Dwayne Jarman, Sofia M Santillana Farakos","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2393789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2393789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary exposure to a food chemical (e.g. contaminant, nutrient, or other natural constituent) is a function of the concentration of the chemical in foods and the quantity of each food consumed. Exposures to food chemicals can be estimated using intake data from What We Eat in America (WWEIA), the food consumption survey portion of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). To estimate exposures to chemicals in foods consumed by NHANES/WWEIA respondents, the consumption data must be mapped to chemical concentration data on the same or similar foods. However, food chemical data are generally not available on all the foods and food mixtures that are reported in NHANES/WWEIA. To address this, we developed the FDA Food Disaggregation Database (FDA-FDD), a 'recipe' database with estimates of ingredient percentages. FDA-FDD allows mapping to food chemical data based on ingredients in NHANES/WWEIA foods rather than on food mixtures, resulting in more accurate exposure estimates. Using FDA-FDD, FDA mapped over 11,000 NHANES/WWEIA foods to FDA's Total Diet Study (TDS) foods. FDA-FDD is available as part of a publicly available interactive application that also allows access to the TDS mapping.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2393334
Lina Trincado, Paula Cortés, Ekaterina Pokrant, María José Navarrete, Lisette Lapierre, Matías Maturana, Andrés Flores, Aldo Maddaleno, Javiera Cornejo
Animal waste is a potential pollution hazard as it can harbour contaminants, such as antimicrobial residues, mycotoxins, and pesticides, becoming a risk to the public, animal, and environmental health. To assess this risk, 15 experimental broiler chickens orally received contaminants to evaluate excretion levels. An analytical method was previously developed to detect 18 substances in poultry droppings using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). Contaminants including tetracycline, 4-epi-tetracycline, oxytetracycline, 4-epi-oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, 4-epi-chlortetracycline, tylosin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, flumequine, florfenicol, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfadiazine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol, were extracted with EDTA-McIlvain and acetonitrile. This method showed a p-value < 0.05, RSD < 25%, and R2 > 0.95 in the calibration curves linearity for all analytes. The limit of quantification, selectivity, decision limit for confirmation, matrix effect, precision, and recovery parameters were validated according to European Union document 2021/808/EC, technical report CEN/TR 16059, SANTE/11813/2017 and according to the Veterinary International Conference on Harmonization: VICH GL2 and GL49. This method confirmed the detection of most analytes 12-36 h post-administration and simultaneously detected and quantified mixed contaminants. Thereby, poultry droppings are a potential matrix for spreading contaminants in animal production before slaughter and their control will minimize environmental impacts and mitigate antimicrobial resistance.
{"title":"Simultaneous analysis of antimicrobial residues and contaminants in poultry droppings by HPLC-MS/MS: a tool for environmental and food safety monitoring.","authors":"Lina Trincado, Paula Cortés, Ekaterina Pokrant, María José Navarrete, Lisette Lapierre, Matías Maturana, Andrés Flores, Aldo Maddaleno, Javiera Cornejo","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2393334","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2393334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal waste is a potential pollution hazard as it can harbour contaminants, such as antimicrobial residues, mycotoxins, and pesticides, becoming a risk to the public, animal, and environmental health. To assess this risk, 15 experimental broiler chickens orally received contaminants to evaluate excretion levels. An analytical method was previously developed to detect 18 substances in poultry droppings using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). Contaminants including tetracycline, 4-epi-tetracycline, oxytetracycline, 4-epi-oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, 4-epi-chlortetracycline, tylosin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, flumequine, florfenicol, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfadiazine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol, were extracted with EDTA-McIlvain and acetonitrile. This method showed a <i>p</i>-value < 0.05, RSD < 25%, and <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> > 0.95 in the calibration curves linearity for all analytes. The limit of quantification, selectivity, decision limit for confirmation, matrix effect, precision, and recovery parameters were validated according to European Union document 2021/808/EC, technical report CEN/TR 16059, SANTE/11813/2017 and according to the Veterinary International Conference on Harmonization: VICH GL2 and GL49. This method confirmed the detection of most analytes 12-36 h post-administration and simultaneously detected and quantified mixed contaminants. Thereby, poultry droppings are a potential matrix for spreading contaminants in animal production before slaughter and their control will minimize environmental impacts and mitigate antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2394170
Xu-Liang Cao, Wen-Hsuan Fu, Svetlana Popovic
As an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS) has been used as an ink developer in thermal paper products including price labels on food packaging which have been suggested as the sources of BPS found at high levels in packaged fish samples. BPS in the printed price labels glued onto the outside of plastic film could migrate indirectly from the printed surface through the paper, adhesive and film into the food. In order to investigate if price labels could also be the sources of BPS detected in the meat samples in our previous studies, meat and other food samples packaged under different conditions were collected, and BPS in these samples together with the price labels on the corresponding packaging were extracted with solvent followed by solid phase extraction and stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS analysis. BPS was detected at very high levels (161.7-222.4 µg/cm2) in all the five sticker type of price labels, indicating BPS being the dominant if not the sole ink developer. BPS was also detected in all the 26 continuous roll type of price labels but at very low levels (0.017-18 ng/cm2), indicating that the dominant ink developer is likely one of the other alternatives, rather than BPS. Despite BPS being detected in all price labels on packaging of fish, meat, and cheese samples, BPS was not detected or detected in only a few fish, meat, and cheese samples at levels considerably lower than the current EU specific migration limit (SML) of 50 ng/g food for BPS authorised under Regulation (EU) 10/2011.
{"title":"Investigation of bisphenol S (BPS) in packaged fish, meat, cheese, and price labels on their corresponding packages.","authors":"Xu-Liang Cao, Wen-Hsuan Fu, Svetlana Popovic","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2394170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2394170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS) has been used as an ink developer in thermal paper products including price labels on food packaging which have been suggested as the sources of BPS found at high levels in packaged fish samples. BPS in the printed price labels glued onto the outside of plastic film could migrate indirectly from the printed surface through the paper, adhesive and film into the food. In order to investigate if price labels could also be the sources of BPS detected in the meat samples in our previous studies, meat and other food samples packaged under different conditions were collected, and BPS in these samples together with the price labels on the corresponding packaging were extracted with solvent followed by solid phase extraction and stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS analysis. BPS was detected at very high levels (161.7-222.4 µg/cm<sup>2</sup>) in all the five sticker type of price labels, indicating BPS being the dominant if not the sole ink developer. BPS was also detected in all the 26 continuous roll type of price labels but at very low levels (0.017-18 ng/cm<sup>2</sup>), indicating that the dominant ink developer is likely one of the other alternatives, rather than BPS. Despite BPS being detected in all price labels on packaging of fish, meat, and cheese samples, BPS was not detected or detected in only a few fish, meat, and cheese samples at levels considerably lower than the current EU specific migration limit (SML) of 50 ng/g food for BPS authorised under Regulation (EU) 10/2011.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2390498
Xin Wang, Ping Wang, Haixia Wang, Gexiang Zhang, Jianyun Sun
In the present study, we analyzed mercury concentrations in 742 samples across five main food categories from 2013 to 2021 using direct mercury analysis (DMA) to understand mercury pollution in major market-sold foods in the Pingliang region of Gansu Province and assess the health risks of mercury dietary exposure in adults. Health risks of adult dietary exposure were assessed through deterministic evaluation. Total mercury content ranged from non-detectable (ND) to 0.13 mg/kg, with a detection rate of 90.70% (673/742), the highest detection rates being in fresh edible mushrooms and nuts. The overall exceedance rate was 0.13% (1/742), with one sample of fresh edible mushrooms exceeding the regulatory limit for total mercury content. Additionally, we incorporated the average mercury content and consumption levels of meat and seafood from regions geographically close to Pingliang, as reported in the Fifth National Total Diet Study, to calculate the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) by a deterministic evaluation. For adult males, the exposure was 0.120 μg/(kg BW), while for adult females, it was 0.141 μg/(kg BW). Both values are significantly lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 4 μg/(kg BW) established by JECFA in 2010, indicating that the total mercury concentration from food intake does not pose a significant health risk to the residents of the Pingliang area. These findings offer valuable scientific data to inform food safety regulations in the region and can serve as a benchmark for future mercury pollution risk assessments in other locations.
{"title":"Health-risk assessment of mercury in main market-sold foods in the Pingliang region of Gansu province, China, from 2013 to 2021.","authors":"Xin Wang, Ping Wang, Haixia Wang, Gexiang Zhang, Jianyun Sun","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2390498","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2390498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present study, we analyzed mercury concentrations in 742 samples across five main food categories from 2013 to 2021 using direct mercury analysis (DMA) to understand mercury pollution in major market-sold foods in the Pingliang region of Gansu Province and assess the health risks of mercury dietary exposure in adults. Health risks of adult dietary exposure were assessed through deterministic evaluation. Total mercury content ranged from non-detectable (ND) to 0.13 mg/kg, with a detection rate of 90.70% (673/742), the highest detection rates being in fresh edible mushrooms and nuts. The overall exceedance rate was 0.13% (1/742), with one sample of fresh edible mushrooms exceeding the regulatory limit for total mercury content. Additionally, we incorporated the average mercury content and consumption levels of meat and seafood from regions geographically close to Pingliang, as reported in the Fifth National Total Diet Study, to calculate the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) by a deterministic evaluation. For adult males, the exposure was 0.120 μg/(kg BW), while for adult females, it was 0.141 μg/(kg BW). Both values are significantly lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 4 μg/(kg BW) established by JECFA in 2010, indicating that the total mercury concentration from food intake does not pose a significant health risk to the residents of the Pingliang area. These findings offer valuable scientific data to inform food safety regulations in the region and can serve as a benchmark for future mercury pollution risk assessments in other locations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141982066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2360153
Mette Erecius Poulsen, Annette Petersen, Pernille Bjørn Petersen, Jens Hinge Andersen, Elena Hakme, Bodil Hamborg Jensen
In order to assess compliance with maximum residue levels in foods and evaluate the exposure of the Danish population to pesticides, a comprehensive monitoring programme was conducted. The work from 2012-2017 involved testing pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables, cereals, animal product and processed commodities. The sampling strategy, mainly based on exposure calculations and previous findings, involved the collection of 13,492 samples primarily from fresh conventional and organic produces on the Danish market. The origin of the samples varied, with 34% being of Danish origin and 67% originating from EU and non-EU countries. The results revealed that residues in conventionally grown produce were detected in 54% of the fruit and vegetable samples, and 30% of the cereal samples. Additionally, residues above the maximum residue limits were found in 1.8% of these samples, most frequently in fruits. As previous years, more residues were found in samples of foreign origin compared to samples of Danish origin. Compared to earlier findings more than 40 pesticides were detected for the first time and including boscalid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, etofenprox, and spinosad, all detected more than 100 times. The data shows that detection of PFAS pesticides has increased dramatically, from 24 in 2006 to 412 in 2022.
{"title":"Results from the Danish monitoring programme on pesticide residues from the period 2012-2017 - frequencies and trends in detected pesticides.","authors":"Mette Erecius Poulsen, Annette Petersen, Pernille Bjørn Petersen, Jens Hinge Andersen, Elena Hakme, Bodil Hamborg Jensen","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2360153","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2360153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to assess compliance with maximum residue levels in foods and evaluate the exposure of the Danish population to pesticides, a comprehensive monitoring programme was conducted. The work from 2012-2017 involved testing pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables, cereals, animal product and processed commodities. The sampling strategy, mainly based on exposure calculations and previous findings, involved the collection of 13,492 samples primarily from fresh conventional and organic produces on the Danish market. The origin of the samples varied, with 34% being of Danish origin and 67% originating from EU and non-EU countries. The results revealed that residues in conventionally grown produce were detected in 54% of the fruit and vegetable samples, and 30% of the cereal samples. Additionally, residues above the maximum residue limits were found in 1.8% of these samples, most frequently in fruits. As previous years, more residues were found in samples of foreign origin compared to samples of Danish origin. Compared to earlier findings more than 40 pesticides were detected for the first time and including boscalid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, etofenprox, and spinosad, all detected more than 100 times. The data shows that detection of PFAS pesticides has increased dramatically, from 24 in 2006 to 412 in 2022.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141261351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}