Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment最新文献

Costa Rica is a coffee producer and consumer country, but this product is prone to ochratoxin contamination; therefore, this study aims evaluates the human health risk associated with ochratoxin exposure among coffee consumers in the Costa Rica. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic compound classified as a Group 2B carcinogen, produced by the fungi Aspergillus section Circumdati, Aspergillus section Nigri and Penicillium spp.  The presence of OTA and ochratoxin B (OTB) in Costa Rican coffee products (n = 175) was determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. OTA was detected in 58.2% of the green coffee beans (1.01 ± 0.85 ng g ^-1), in 36.8% of the pure roasted coffee (2.59 ± 4.41 ng g ^-1), in 23.1% of the sugar-added roasted coffee (1.59 ± 0.33 ng g^-1) and 75% of the instant coffee samples (0.69 ± 0.58 ng g^-1). The contamination with OTB was 45.5% (1.28 ± 0.83 ng g ^-1), 31.6% (1.60 ± 2.04 ng g ^-1), 30.8% (1.42 ± 0.86 ng g ^-1), and 41.7% (2.64 ± 2.07 ng g ^-1), respectively. The dietary exposure to OTA of the Costa Rican population was assessed by a probabilistic approach. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) of OTA from coffee was: 0.184 (90% IC: 0.179-0.189) ng kg^-1 bw day^-1 for the total population (0.189 [90% IC: 0.184-0.194] ng kg^-1 bw day^-1 for males and 0.181 [90% IC: 0.176-0.186] ng kg^-1 bw day^-1 for females).  The EDIs were lower than the tolerable human intake benchmarks for OTA set by international food safety authorities (even though more than 80% of OTA is extracted during coffee preparation). The results evidence a low risk (related to ochratoxin) for coffee consumers in Costa Rica.

Plastic pollution is one of the most acute environmental problems in the world, so active packaging materials made from biodegradable natural polymers have received widespread attention in recent years. In this paper, forsythia flower extract, serving as an active ingredient, was integrated into the starch-sodium alginate-montmorillonite composite film. The physicochemical properties and functional packaging applications of the composite films were investigated. The results demonstrate the formation of a tightly-knit network structure through molecular interactions among forsythia flowers, starch, sodium alginate, and montmorillonite. Notably, the addition of forsythia flower extracts conferred better UV resistance (from 200 nm to 400 nm) and outstanding antioxidant properties to the composite films. After 18 days of storage, in comparison with the control group, the decay rate of fresh cherry tomatoes packaged with the composite film containing forsythia flower extract showed a significant reduction of 40%, the hardness increased by 25%, and the content of vitamin C was enhanced by 33%. Hence, the forsythia flower extract composite film offers a novel perspective for the design and development of bio-based packaging films for preserving fresh fruits. The results serve as a foundation for the subsequent advancement and application of forsythia flower in the field of packaging.

Circular feeds, such as grain dry distillers, citrus pulp, cane molasses, and potatoes peels, are co-products of biomass processes. They are currently proposed in animal nutrition to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of the food production chain. In this paper, we report a case study involving fipronil, a pesticide currently not authorized for agriculture within the EU, but used in the Americas, Eastern Europe, and Asia. Fipronil was found at a mean level of 0.49 mg/kg, in a grain dry distiller batch administered to dairy cows. This finding, along with other evidence of potential fipronil presence in feed materials, prompted us to evaluate the risk to food safety and food security from 12 different conventional and sustainable feeding regimens. To this purpose, we considered a fipronil feed-to-milk carry-over rate of 0.52, the tolerance levels in fodders and food from The EU, Codex Alimentarius, and US-EPA, and the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0.0002 mg/kg body weight for adverse effects on thyroid function in dairy cows. Under a conservative scenario, fipronil-contaminated potato peels and grain distillers in the feeding regimens may play a pivotal role in exceeding the EU Maximum Residue Level (MRL) in bovine milk and fat (0.005 and 0.030 mg/kg, respectively). Hay-based diets with soybean hulls and cane molasses show negligible risks (Hazard Index ∼ 1). In all cases, the ADI exceedance suggests the need to evaluate thyroid function in dairy cows exposed to fipronil as a food security factor.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in the production of PTFE based coatings for cookware. In this study, emission of PFAS and further volatile organic compounds (VOC) from kitchenware articles were investigated. First, method development for thermal extraction of baking trays, frying pans and baking mats at 250 °C was done by testing three different extraction devices. A thermal desorption oven showed the best blank and highest recoveries of PFAS analytes (70-101% for 12 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), 2 fluorotelomer alcohls (FTOHs), 3 per- and polyfluoroether carboxylic acids (PFECAs), 1 polyfluoroether (PFE)). Second, 18 cookware samples, a PTFE micro powder and 2 lab made coating strips have been investigated. No PFAS were detected in 12 samples (limits of detection: 1-13 ng/dm²). PFCAs (C5-C23) were detected in a baking tray in amounts up to 34 ng/dm². A baking mat contained 3 ng/dm² PFOA. FTOHs were not detected in the samples. A PFECA (bC7O2) and its hydride (bC6O2H PFE) were detected in one coating intended for use in frying pans. The hydrides of the PFECA mixture, b(C3O1)_nC3 PFECA (Krytox 157FSH), were detected in five baking trays. The PFAS target analytes were not detectable in the five investigated frying pans. Analysing further VOC in the emissions of coatings, 175 compounds could be identified, including alkanes, alkenes, aromatic substances, esters, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, alcohols, carboxylic acids, siloxanes and sulphur, nitrogen, as well as chlorine containing compounds (< 10 µg/dm²). The identified substances cannot be connected to the basic coating polymer of the kitchenware articles, which were PTFE and PES. All samples have undergone a threefold thermal extraction. No substances could be detected in the second and third consecutive extraction, which means that a removal and no new formation of the investigated PFAS as well as the further VOC at 250 °C has occurred.

Deep-fat frying gives food a desirable color and flavor but inevitably leads to oil deterioration and production of hazards. In this study, the simultaneous generation of multiple hazards under different frying conditions was investigated, the deterioration of frying oil was evaluated, and finally, their correlation was analyzed. The results showed that as the temperature of frying chicken wings increased from 150 to 190 °C, the levels of acrylamide (AA), heterocyclic amines (HCAs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the oil also increased proportionally. At 190 °C, the fried potato oil contained the highest AA content of 2.60 mg·kg^-1, while the content of HCAs and PAHs was the highest in fried chicken wings oil, with values of 5.06 μg·kg^-1 and 5.18 μg·kg^-1, respectively. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural was detected only in fried potato oil. Oil quality deteriorated gradually with increasing frying temperature and heating time, as indicated by increased acid value, carbonyl value, and levels of total polar compounds. Overall, the results indicated hazards were positively correlated with oil deterioration, suggesting that oil deterioration contributed to the generation of hazards. This work links hazards and oil deterioration, which is crucial for improving the quality and safety of fried foods, while reducing negative environmental impacts, and achieving clean production.

The release of 21 elemental ions from lead crystal ware and metallic hip flasks into different food simulants as well as alcoholic beverages was investigated in this study. For this purpose, an ICP-MS method including a sample pre-treatment based on microwave-assisted digestion was developed and validated. Elemental ion release from lead crystal glasses into artificial tap water, 0.5% citric acid solution and white wine, respectively, was only analysed for Pb. Within 24 h, Pb release from crystal glass was shown to increase with time. To account for repeated use, at least three consecutive release experiments were performed, which showed - with one remarkable exception - constant or decreasing levels of element ion release. However, after four months resting period, Pb release from crystal glass was higher than before. In contrast, all 21 elemental ions were detected to be released from the hip flasks into 0.5% citric acid solution, apple liqueur and herb liqueur, respectively. Release of Cd, Cr, Ni, As, TI, Sn and most prominently Pb from hip flasks was in the range of and above the respective release limit (SRL) as set by the Council of Europe (CoE). When focussing on the third repetition, only one out of six hip flasks met the suggested SRL for all determined elements in all test solutions. This demonstrates both, that the SRLs of the CoE can be met and that producers of hip flasks may have to review their manufacturing processes.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) heavily affects women from resource-limited settings who are vulnerable to potentially harmful mycotoxins including aflatoxin B₁ (AFB1), fumonisin B₁ (FB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). We aimed to conduct biomonitoring and ascertain the determinants of maternal mycotoxin exposure in pregnancy, lactation and post-lactation periods. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women from Harare, Zimbabwe. 175 and 125 random urine samples in pregnancy and 24 months after delivery (post-lactation) respectively were analysed for aflatoxin M₁ (AFM1) and FB1 by ELISA. 6 weeks after delivery (lactation), 226 and 262 breast milk (BM) samples were analysed for AFM1 and OTA respectively by ELISA. The association of demographics and food consumption with mycotoxins was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. In HIV-infected, urinary AFM1 was detected in 46/94 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-0.46 ng mL^-1) in pregnancy and 47/66 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-1.01 ng mL^-1) post-lactation. Urinary FB1 was detected in 86/94 (Median: 1.39; Range: 0.17-6.02 ng mL^-1) in pregnancy and 56/66 (Median: 0.72; Range: 0.20-3.81 ng mL^-1) post-lactation. BM AFM1 was detected in 28/110 (Median: 7.24; Range: 5.96-29.80 pg mL^-1) and OTA in 11/129 (Median: 0.20; Range: 0.14-0.65 ng mL^-1). In HIV-uninfected, urinary AFM1 was detected in 48/81 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-1.06 ng mL^-1) in pregnancy and 41/59 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-0.52 ng mL^-1) post-lactation. Urinary FB1 was detected in 74/81 (Median: 1.15; Range: 0.17-6.16 ng mL^-1) in pregnancy and 55/59 (Median: 0.96; Range: 0.20-2.82 ng mL^-1) post-lactation. BM AFM1 was detected in 38/116 (Median: 7.70; Range: 6.07-31.75 pg mL^-1) and OTA in 4/133 (Median: 0.24; Range: 0.18-0.83 ng mL^-1). Location, wealth, and peanut butter consumption were determinants of AFB1 exposure. HIV infection, BMI, location, rainy season, unemployment, and age were determinants of FB1 exposure. Women especially those pregnant and/or HIV-infected are at risk of adverse effects of mycotoxins.

Since the safety of new-generation polyester-based internal coatings regarding the migration of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) is poorly documented, studies are needed to identify NIAS originating from these food-contact materials (FCM). The aim of this study was to identify volatile and semi-volatile NIAS from polyester-based coatings in order to assess their hazard and ensure consumers' safety with regard to exposure from canned food. Extraction and migration tests were carried out on a single polyester-coated tin plate (5 batches) using two solvents: acetonitrile and ethanol 95%, then FCM's extracts and migrates were analysed by GC-MS. An antioxidant degradation (hydrolysis) product, 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid or fenozan (CAS RN: 20170-32-5), was identified and confirmed by reference standard in all migrates. To assess fenozan's toxicity, several in vitro bioassays, such as the Ames test (to assess point mutation), the micronucleus assay (to detect chromosomal aberrations), and the iodide uptake assay (to study one mode of action for thyroid disruption) were conducted. Fenozan was negative in the Ames test on three strains of S. typhimurium (TA98, TA100, and TA1535) and on one strain of E.coli (WP2), with and without metabolic activation system (S9 mix) using direct incorporation and pre-incubation methods. The in vitro micronucleus assay conducted on HepG2 cells also exhibited a negative response following a 4-hour treatment with the S9 mix, and a 48-hour treatment without the S9 mix. A weak inhibitory effect was obtained when testing fenozan in the iodide uptake assay using rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells. Significant inhibition started from 800 µM of fenozan, with a maximal inhibition of almost 47% at 1000 µM. The findings indicate that fenozan exhibits an anti-thyroid activity in vitro.

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) was used to unravel the composition of commercial polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) samples, by identifying the various molecular species present. To cover the broad range of molecular weights for the present species, a combination of three ionisation conditions was used. Species exceeding the molecular weight of pentaglycerol hexaricinoleate were difficult to detect. Over 100 molecular species were observed and identified in the analysed samples, including free polyglycerols, ricinoleates, and PGPR-esters. Commercial PGPR samples were shown to be mainly composed of esterification products of di-, tri-, and tetraglycerol, while the esterification degree mainly varied from 1 to 5. The TOF-MS analysis was proven to be reproducible with a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 2.86% for three independent measurements on different days. The method proved to be very suitable to evaluate batch-to-batch variations and to compare the composition of different types of commercial PGPR's. Moreover, this method can be applied to monitor the quality of PGPR products during the synthesis process. Furthermore, it can also provide fundamental knowledge for optimizing PGPR composition to improve its functionality.

Levels of mineral oil hydrocarbons were measured in a large range of green and roasted coffee beans or ground powder. To better understand the consumer exposure to mineral oil hydrocarbons, the transfer to the brewed coffee was assessed under three different preparations. As a result, less than 5% of mineral oil hydrocarbons were transferred to the cup. With this low transfer rate, the coffee contribution to the mineral oils daily intake can be assessed to be very low, below 0.8% of the total exposure.