Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2402553
Tatenda Clive Murashiki, Arthur John Mazhandu, Rutendo B L Zinyama-Gutsire, Isaac Mutingwende, Lovemore Ronald Mazengera, Kerina Duri
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) heavily affects women from resource-limited settings who are vulnerable to potentially harmful mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). We aimed to conduct biomonitoring and ascertain the determinants of maternal mycotoxin exposure in pregnancy, lactation and post-lactation periods. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women from Harare, Zimbabwe. 175 and 125 random urine samples in pregnancy and 24 months after delivery (post-lactation) respectively were analysed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and FB1 by ELISA. 6 weeks after delivery (lactation), 226 and 262 breast milk (BM) samples were analysed for AFM1 and OTA respectively by ELISA. The association of demographics and food consumption with mycotoxins was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. In HIV-infected, urinary AFM1 was detected in 46/94 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-0.46 ng mL-1) in pregnancy and 47/66 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-1.01 ng mL-1) post-lactation. Urinary FB1 was detected in 86/94 (Median: 1.39; Range: 0.17-6.02 ng mL-1) in pregnancy and 56/66 (Median: 0.72; Range: 0.20-3.81 ng mL-1) post-lactation. BM AFM1 was detected in 28/110 (Median: 7.24; Range: 5.96-29.80 pg mL-1) and OTA in 11/129 (Median: 0.20; Range: 0.14-0.65 ng mL-1). In HIV-uninfected, urinary AFM1 was detected in 48/81 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-1.06 ng mL-1) in pregnancy and 41/59 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-0.52 ng mL-1) post-lactation. Urinary FB1 was detected in 74/81 (Median: 1.15; Range: 0.17-6.16 ng mL-1) in pregnancy and 55/59 (Median: 0.96; Range: 0.20-2.82 ng mL-1) post-lactation. BM AFM1 was detected in 38/116 (Median: 7.70; Range: 6.07-31.75 pg mL-1) and OTA in 4/133 (Median: 0.24; Range: 0.18-0.83 ng mL-1). Location, wealth, and peanut butter consumption were determinants of AFB1 exposure. HIV infection, BMI, location, rainy season, unemployment, and age were determinants of FB1 exposure. Women especially those pregnant and/or HIV-infected are at risk of adverse effects of mycotoxins.
{"title":"Biomonitoring and determinants of mycotoxin exposures from pregnancy until post-lactation in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women from Harare, Zimbabwe.","authors":"Tatenda Clive Murashiki, Arthur John Mazhandu, Rutendo B L Zinyama-Gutsire, Isaac Mutingwende, Lovemore Ronald Mazengera, Kerina Duri","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2402553","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2402553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) heavily affects women from resource-limited settings who are vulnerable to potentially harmful mycotoxins including aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB1), fumonisin B<sub>1</sub> (FB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). We aimed to conduct biomonitoring and ascertain the determinants of maternal mycotoxin exposure in pregnancy, lactation and post-lactation periods. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women from Harare, Zimbabwe. 175 and 125 random urine samples in pregnancy and 24 months after delivery (post-lactation) respectively were analysed for aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM1) and FB1 by ELISA. 6 weeks after delivery (lactation), 226 and 262 breast milk (BM) samples were analysed for AFM1 and OTA respectively by ELISA. The association of demographics and food consumption with mycotoxins was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. In HIV-infected, urinary AFM1 was detected in 46/94 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-0.46 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>) in pregnancy and 47/66 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-1.01 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>) post-lactation. Urinary FB1 was detected in 86/94 (Median: 1.39; Range: 0.17-6.02 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>) in pregnancy and 56/66 (Median: 0.72; Range: 0.20-3.81 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>) post-lactation. BM AFM1 was detected in 28/110 (Median: 7.24; Range: 5.96-29.80 pg mL<sup>-1</sup>) and OTA in 11/129 (Median: 0.20; Range: 0.14-0.65 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>). In HIV-uninfected, urinary AFM1 was detected in 48/81 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-1.06 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>) in pregnancy and 41/59 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04-0.52 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>) post-lactation. Urinary FB1 was detected in 74/81 (Median: 1.15; Range: 0.17-6.16 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>) in pregnancy and 55/59 (Median: 0.96; Range: 0.20-2.82 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>) post-lactation. BM AFM1 was detected in 38/116 (Median: 7.70; Range: 6.07-31.75 pg mL<sup>-1</sup>) and OTA in 4/133 (Median: 0.24; Range: 0.18-0.83 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>). Location, wealth, and peanut butter consumption were determinants of AFB1 exposure. HIV infection, BMI, location, rainy season, unemployment, and age were determinants of FB1 exposure. Women especially those pregnant and/or HIV-infected are at risk of adverse effects of mycotoxins.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910
Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Sarah Winfield, Alexandra Gavelek, Sofia M Santillana Farakos, Judith Spungen
Food can be a source of lead and cadmium exposure for infants and children. Employing a semi-probabilistic approach, dietary exposures to lead and cadmium were assessed for infants 0-11 months (excluding human milk-fed infants) and children 1-6 years using U.S. total diet study data from 2018 to 2020 and food consumption data from 2015 to 2018. Estimated mean lead and cadmium exposures range from 0.7-3.6 µg/day to 0.18-0.47 µg/kg bw/day, respectively, depending on the age group and method for handling non-detected values. Dietary exposures to lead and cadmium are slightly lower and slightly higher than our estimates published in 2019. In addition to the use of more recent datasets for consumption and contamination, differences may be due to the use of refined exposure assessment methodology, particularly a new system of mapping contamination data to intake data. The processed baby food and infant formula food group is the major contributor to lead and cadmium exposure, driven by intake, among infants who do not consume human milk. The food groups contributing most to children's lead and cadmium exposure are grains/baking, dairy and fruit and grains/baking and vegetables, respectively. This work will inform FDA initiatives such as closer to zero, including research needs and regulatory priorities.
{"title":"Infants' and young children's dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020.","authors":"Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Sarah Winfield, Alexandra Gavelek, Sofia M Santillana Farakos, Judith Spungen","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food can be a source of lead and cadmium exposure for infants and children. Employing a semi-probabilistic approach, dietary exposures to lead and cadmium were assessed for infants 0-11 months (excluding human milk-fed infants) and children 1-6 years using U.S. total diet study data from 2018 to 2020 and food consumption data from 2015 to 2018. Estimated mean lead and cadmium exposures range from 0.7-3.6 µg/day to 0.18-0.47 µg/kg bw/day, respectively, depending on the age group and method for handling non-detected values. Dietary exposures to lead and cadmium are slightly lower and slightly higher than our estimates published in 2019. In addition to the use of more recent datasets for consumption and contamination, differences may be due to the use of refined exposure assessment methodology, particularly a new system of mapping contamination data to intake data. The processed baby food and infant formula food group is the major contributor to lead and cadmium exposure, driven by intake, among infants who do not consume human milk. The food groups contributing most to children's lead and cadmium exposure are grains/baking, dairy and fruit and grains/baking and vegetables, respectively. This work will inform FDA initiatives such as closer to zero, including research needs and regulatory priorities.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A method for the determination of eight benzenes (BTEXs) and twelve chlorobenzenes (CBs) in goat's milk by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS) was developed. The study investigated the impact of various factors such as extraction fiber type, salt amount, equilibrium conditions, and desorption conditions on the outcomes. Target analytes were separated on a DB-HeavyWAX column and quantified using the external standard method. The results showed that the target compounds had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.01 ∼ 50 μg/L (R2 > 0.997), the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.003 ∼ 0.150 μg/L, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 ∼ 0.50 μg/L. The average recoveries were 82%-116% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.8%-17.3% under the three addition levels of 1×, 2×, and 10 × LOQ. In a survey of twenty goat's milk samples, only ethylbenzene, xylenes, cumene, chlorobenzene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene were detected at levels exceeding their respective limits of quantification. The method was evaluated using two ecological scales (Eco-Scale), GAPI and AGREEN, to verify its environmental friendliness and applicability. This method is simple, green, and efficient, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the production and quality safety evaluation of dairy products.
{"title":"Rapid determination of volatile benzene derivatives and chlorobenzenes in goat's milk by HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS.","authors":"Jingyin Qin, Kaixuan Tong, Qiaoying Chang, Yujie Xie, Xingqiang Wu, Chunlin Fan, Hui Chen","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2400224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2400224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A method for the determination of eight benzenes (BTEXs) and twelve chlorobenzenes (CBs) in goat's milk by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS) was developed. The study investigated the impact of various factors such as extraction fiber type, salt amount, equilibrium conditions, and desorption conditions on the outcomes. Target analytes were separated on a DB-HeavyWAX column and quantified using the external standard method. The results showed that the target compounds had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.01 ∼ 50 μg/L (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> > 0.997), the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.003 ∼ 0.150 μg/L, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 ∼ 0.50 μg/L. The average recoveries were 82%-116% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.8%-17.3% under the three addition levels of 1×, 2×, and 10 × LOQ. In a survey of twenty goat's milk samples, only ethylbenzene, xylenes, cumene, chlorobenzene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene were detected at levels exceeding their respective limits of quantification. The method was evaluated using two ecological scales (Eco-Scale), GAPI and AGREEN, to verify its environmental friendliness and applicability. This method is simple, green, and efficient, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the production and quality safety evaluation of dairy products.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2397805
Viviane Theurillat, Mathieu Dubois, Di XueFeng, Gloria Pellegrino, Giovanni Lamberti
Levels of mineral oil hydrocarbons were measured in a large range of green and roasted coffee beans or ground powder. To better understand the consumer exposure to mineral oil hydrocarbons, the transfer to the brewed coffee was assessed under three different preparations. As a result, less than 5% of mineral oil hydrocarbons were transferred to the cup. With this low transfer rate, the coffee contribution to the mineral oils daily intake can be assessed to be very low, below 0.8% of the total exposure.
{"title":"Coffee and mineral oil hydrocarbons: potential dietary intake.","authors":"Viviane Theurillat, Mathieu Dubois, Di XueFeng, Gloria Pellegrino, Giovanni Lamberti","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2397805","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2397805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Levels of mineral oil hydrocarbons were measured in a large range of green and roasted coffee beans or ground powder. To better understand the consumer exposure to mineral oil hydrocarbons, the transfer to the brewed coffee was assessed under three different preparations. As a result, less than 5% of mineral oil hydrocarbons were transferred to the cup. With this low transfer rate, the coffee contribution to the mineral oils daily intake can be assessed to be very low, below 0.8% of the total exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2397526
Sang Yoo Lee, Cha Nee Yoo, So Young Woo, Su Bin Park, Hyang Sook Chun
Bisphenol A (BPA), a known endocrine disruptor, is commonly used in food containers and packaging. Recently, alternatives such as bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB), and bisphenol E (BPE) have been introduced to replace BPA. However, these substitutes have been reported to exhibit toxicity levels similar to BPA. In this study, we developed and validated a method for the analysis of trace bisphenols (BPA, BPAF, BPB, and BPE) in food using immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up. The method demonstrated satisfactory accuracy and precision. We applied this validated method to analyze 56 carbonated beverage samples and 30 canned tuna samples. In the carbonated beverages, average concentrations of BPA and BPAF were 0.4 and 0.2 μg kg-1, respectively. In canned tuna, BPA and BPAF were found at average concentrations of 22.2 and 0.7 μg kg-1, respectively, while BPB and BPE were not detected in any samples. Estimated exposure levels ranged from 0.13 to 0.18 ng kg bw-1 day-1 in the general population and from 205.2 to 232.0 ng kg bw-1 day-1 among consumers. The commercial IAC-based analytical method used in this study can contribute to the safety management of BPA, BPAF, BPB, and BPE.
双酚 A(BPA)是一种已知的内分泌干扰物,常用于食品容器和包装。最近,出现了双酚 AF (BPAF)、双酚 B (BPB) 和双酚 E (BPE) 等替代品来取代双酚 A。然而,据报道这些替代品的毒性水平与双酚 A 相似。在这项研究中,我们利用免疫亲和柱(IAC)净化技术开发并验证了一种分析食品中痕量双酚(双酚 A、双酚 F、双酚 B 和双酚 E)的方法。该方法的准确度和精密度均令人满意。我们应用这种经过验证的方法分析了 56 个碳酸饮料样品和 30 个金枪鱼罐头样品。在碳酸饮料中,双酚 A 和双酚 F 的平均浓度分别为 0.4 和 0.2 μg kg-1。在金枪鱼罐头样本中,双酚 A 和双酚 F 的平均浓度分别为 22.2 微克/千克和 0.7 微克/千克,而所有样本中均未检测到 BPB 和 BPE。一般人群的估计暴露水平为 0.13 至 0.18 纳克/千克体重-1 天-1,消费者的估计暴露水平为 205.2 至 232.0 纳克/千克体重-1 天-1。本研究采用的基于 IAC 的商用分析方法有助于对双酚 A、双酚 AF、双酚 B 和双酚 E 进行安全管理。
{"title":"Determination of the occurrence of and exposure to bisphenol A and its analogues in carbonated beverages and canned tuna using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"Sang Yoo Lee, Cha Nee Yoo, So Young Woo, Su Bin Park, Hyang Sook Chun","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2397526","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2397526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bisphenol A (BPA), a known endocrine disruptor, is commonly used in food containers and packaging. Recently, alternatives such as bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB), and bisphenol E (BPE) have been introduced to replace BPA. However, these substitutes have been reported to exhibit toxicity levels similar to BPA. In this study, we developed and validated a method for the analysis of trace bisphenols (BPA, BPAF, BPB, and BPE) in food using immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up. The method demonstrated satisfactory accuracy and precision. We applied this validated method to analyze 56 carbonated beverage samples and 30 canned tuna samples. In the carbonated beverages, average concentrations of BPA and BPAF were 0.4 and 0.2 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. In canned tuna, BPA and BPAF were found at average concentrations of 22.2 and 0.7 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, while BPB and BPE were not detected in any samples. Estimated exposure levels ranged from 0.13 to 0.18 ng kg bw<sup>-1 </sup>day<sup>-1</sup> in the general population and from 205.2 to 232.0 ng kg bw<sup>-1 </sup>day<sup>-1</sup> among consumers. The commercial IAC-based analytical method used in this study can contribute to the safety management of BPA, BPAF, BPB, and BPE.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2398704
Hyoung S Lee
Detailed analysis of dietary nitrosamine exposure for the U.S. population has been limited, yet it is critical for evaluating the amount of nitrosamines in the American diet. The dietary exposures to N-nitrosamines from consumption of food and beverages were estimated for the U.S. population aged 2 years and older and children aged 2 to 5 years using 2-day food consumption data from the publicly available, combined 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and data on residual volatile N-nitrosamine levels in food available from our recent comprehensive literature review. The estimated eaters-only mean dietary exposure to N-nitrosamines ranged from 0.1 µg/person/day for U.S. children aged 2-5 years to 0.2 µg/person/day for the U.S. population aged 2 years and older. For the U.S. population aged 2 years and older, over 40% of the daily dietary exposure to N-nitrosamines resulted from the consumption of processed cured meats.
{"title":"Dietary exposure assessment for volatile <i>N</i>-nitrosamines from food and beverages for the U.S. population.","authors":"Hyoung S Lee","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2398704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2398704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Detailed analysis of dietary nitrosamine exposure for the U.S. population has been limited, yet it is critical for evaluating the amount of nitrosamines in the American diet. The dietary exposures to <i>N</i>-nitrosamines from consumption of food and beverages were estimated for the U.S. population aged 2 years and older and children aged 2 to 5 years using 2-day food consumption data from the publicly available, combined 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and data on residual volatile <i>N</i>-nitrosamine levels in food available from our recent comprehensive literature review. The estimated eaters-only mean dietary exposure to <i>N</i>-nitrosamines ranged from 0.1 µg/person/day for U.S. children aged 2-5 years to 0.2 µg/person/day for the U.S. population aged 2 years and older. For the U.S. population aged 2 years and older, over 40% of the daily dietary exposure to <i>N</i>-nitrosamines resulted from the consumption of processed cured meats.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2370371
Nancy Wolf, Lina Müller, Sarah Enge, Tina Ungethüm, Thomas J Simat
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in food contact materials (FCMs), e.g. as production aids in the fabrication of PTFE based coatings for kitchenware or as additives in paper and board. Growing concerns about the environment and health related to PFAS have led to an increasing interest in monitoring PFAS levels in FCMs as well as their migration into food. In this study, method development for the analysis of PFAS by thermal desorption - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) was done. In addition to fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), which are the only PFAS commonly analysed by GC-MS, it was proven that perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and per- and polyfluoroether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) as well as their thermolysis products, perfluoroethers (PFEs) and perfluoroalkenes, can be analysed by GC-MS without prior derivatization. Screening for PFCAs and FTOHs was possible by electron impact ionization (EI) using group specific SIM fragments. Confirmation of identity has been done by EI scans as well as chemical ionization (CI) SIM measurements. LODs (limits of detection) of PFCAs, FTOHs and PFECAs in the TD-GC-MS instrument were in the low pg range. Thermal degradation of PFCAs and PFECAs during TD-GC-MS measurement was investigated.
{"title":"Thermal desorption - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) analysis of PFAS used in food contact materials.","authors":"Nancy Wolf, Lina Müller, Sarah Enge, Tina Ungethüm, Thomas J Simat","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2370371","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2370371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in food contact materials (FCMs), e.g. as production aids in the fabrication of PTFE based coatings for kitchenware or as additives in paper and board. Growing concerns about the environment and health related to PFAS have led to an increasing interest in monitoring PFAS levels in FCMs as well as their migration into food. In this study, method development for the analysis of PFAS by thermal desorption - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) was done. In addition to fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), which are the only PFAS commonly analysed by GC-MS, it was proven that perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and per- and polyfluoroether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) as well as their thermolysis products, perfluoroethers (PFEs) and perfluoroalkenes, can be analysed by GC-MS without prior derivatization. Screening for PFCAs and FTOHs was possible by electron impact ionization (EI) using group specific SIM fragments. Confirmation of identity has been done by EI scans as well as chemical ionization (CI) SIM measurements. LODs (limits of detection) of PFCAs, FTOHs and PFECAs in the TD-GC-MS instrument were in the low pg range. Thermal degradation of PFCAs and PFECAs during TD-GC-MS measurement was investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141579373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2370367
Moniek Ringenier, Marc Cherlet, Jeroen Dewulf, Mathias Devreese
To explore potential factors contributing to high fluoroquinolone resistance levels, it is essential to develop analytical methods capable of detecting residues and trace amounts of antibiotic use in broilers. The aim of the present study was to develop and in-house validate a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method capable of determining enrofloxacin (ENR) and flumequine (FLU) residues at slaughter age (day 45) when the animals were treated with these antimicrobials one day after hatching. Residue depletion of ENR and FLU in feathers was also assessed. Two experimental trials were performed, both consisting of 5 different treatment groups. In the first trial animals were treated with ENR and in the second one with FLU. The developed method was successfully validated and was found to be sensitive enough to detect residues of fluoroquinolones in the feathers up until slaughter age in all treatment groups. Average ENR concentration on day 45 was 10 ng g-1 feather after drinking water treatment, with all concentrations above the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5 ng g-1 feather. For FLU average concentration on day 45 after drinking water administration was 4 ng g-1 feather, with an LOQ of 1 ng g-1 feather. Therefore, the method is suited for application to monitor fluoroquinolone use in broilers.
{"title":"Residue depletion of enrofloxacin and flumequine in feathers of broilers based on quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS detection.","authors":"Moniek Ringenier, Marc Cherlet, Jeroen Dewulf, Mathias Devreese","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2370367","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2370367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To explore potential factors contributing to high fluoroquinolone resistance levels, it is essential to develop analytical methods capable of detecting residues and trace amounts of antibiotic use in broilers. The aim of the present study was to develop and in-house validate a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method capable of determining enrofloxacin (ENR) and flumequine (FLU) residues at slaughter age (day 45) when the animals were treated with these antimicrobials one day after hatching. Residue depletion of ENR and FLU in feathers was also assessed. Two experimental trials were performed, both consisting of 5 different treatment groups. In the first trial animals were treated with ENR and in the second one with FLU. The developed method was successfully validated and was found to be sensitive enough to detect residues of fluoroquinolones in the feathers up until slaughter age in all treatment groups. Average ENR concentration on day 45 was 10 ng g<sup>-1</sup> feather after drinking water treatment, with all concentrations above the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5 ng g<sup>-1</sup> feather. For FLU average concentration on day 45 after drinking water administration was 4 ng g<sup>-1</sup> feather, with an LOQ of 1 ng g<sup>-1</sup> feather. Therefore, the method is suited for application to monitor fluoroquinolone use in broilers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141456183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2371929
Ícaro Gouvêa Nicoluci, Beatriz Scárdua da Silva, Patrícia Aparecida de Campos Braga, Adriana Pavesi Arisseto Bragotto
Bakery products, including biscuits, cakes and breads, generally present a high content of simple sugars of rapid absorption, high fat content and low amount of dietary fiber, which make them highly caloric foods. Although sucrose is a very important ingredient in bakery products for its preservation characteristics and a significant source of energy, there is a growing interest in replacing this sugar with alternative substances, such as high-intensity sweeteners (HIS) that provide sweetness with no or low calories. In Brazil, there is no data on the use of HIS in this class of food. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of HIS in baked food commercially available in the country and estimate the dietary exposure to these food additives. For that, an analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of nine HIS in bakery products using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Sample preparation steps were required based on mechanical kneading for homogenization, hexane extraction of fats, dilution in mobile phase and vortex homogenization, prior to injection into the system. The results obtained during validation showed that coefficients of variation (CV%) for precision were lower than 13.8% and the accuracy was between 91.6% and 109.1%. Aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sodium cyclamate, saccharin, sucralose and steviol glycosides were found in the samples, used alone or in combinations of up five substances. Steviol glycosides were the most found HIS in biscuit samples, while sucralose was the most common sweetener in cake and bread samples. Analysis of product labels revealed only three different claims, .i.e. 'no sugar', 'no added sugar' and 'zero sugar', with the latter being found in 70% of the samples. Exposure to HIS through the consumption of bakery products estimated per eating occasion showed no concerns regarding toxicological risk.
烘焙食品,包括饼干、蛋糕和面包,通常含有大量吸收快的单糖,脂肪含量高,膳食纤维含量低,因此是高热量食品。尽管蔗糖因其保鲜特性和重要的能量来源而成为烘焙食品中非常重要的配料,但人们对用替代物质(如高强度甜味剂,HIS)替代蔗糖的兴趣日益浓厚,因为高强度甜味剂能提供无热量或低热量的甜味。在巴西,还没有关于在这类食品中使用 HIS 的数据。因此,本研究的目的是评估巴西市售烘焙食品中是否含有 HIS,并估算膳食中摄入这些食品添加剂的情况。为此,我们建立了一种分析方法,利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)同时测定烘焙食品中的九种 HIS。样品制备步骤包括机械揉捏均质、正己烷提取脂肪、流动相稀释和涡流均质,然后注入系统。验证结果表明,精确度的变异系数(CV%)低于 13.8%,准确度介于 91.6%和 109.1%之间。在样品中发现了阿斯巴甜、安赛蜜钾、甜蜜素、糖精、蔗糖素(三氯蔗糖)和甜菊醇苷,这五种物质可单独使用或混合使用。甜菊醇糖苷是饼干样品中发现最多的 HIS,而蔗糖素(三氯蔗糖)则是蛋糕和面包样品中最常见的甜味剂。对产品标签的分析显示,只有三种不同的声称,即 "无糖"、"无添加糖 "和 "零糖",后者在 70% 的样本中都有发现。通过估计每次进食烘焙食品时暴露于 HIS 的情况,没有发现毒理学风险方面的问题。
{"title":"Determination of high-intensity sweeteners in bakery products marketed in Brazil and dietary exposure assessment.","authors":"Ícaro Gouvêa Nicoluci, Beatriz Scárdua da Silva, Patrícia Aparecida de Campos Braga, Adriana Pavesi Arisseto Bragotto","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2371929","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2371929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bakery products, including biscuits, cakes and breads, generally present a high content of simple sugars of rapid absorption, high fat content and low amount of dietary fiber, which make them highly caloric foods. Although sucrose is a very important ingredient in bakery products for its preservation characteristics and a significant source of energy, there is a growing interest in replacing this sugar with alternative substances, such as high-intensity sweeteners (HIS) that provide sweetness with no or low calories. In Brazil, there is no data on the use of HIS in this class of food. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of HIS in baked food commercially available in the country and estimate the dietary exposure to these food additives. For that, an analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of nine HIS in bakery products using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Sample preparation steps were required based on mechanical kneading for homogenization, hexane extraction of fats, dilution in mobile phase and vortex homogenization, prior to injection into the system. The results obtained during validation showed that coefficients of variation (CV%) for precision were lower than 13.8% and the accuracy was between 91.6% and 109.1%. Aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sodium cyclamate, saccharin, sucralose and steviol glycosides were found in the samples, used alone or in combinations of up five substances. Steviol glycosides were the most found HIS in biscuit samples, while sucralose was the most common sweetener in cake and bread samples. Analysis of product labels revealed only three different claims, .i.e. 'no sugar', 'no added sugar' and 'zero sugar', with the latter being found in 70% of the samples. Exposure to HIS through the consumption of bakery products estimated per eating occasion showed no concerns regarding toxicological risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141467285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-07-22DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2379382
Weilin L Shelver, Amy M McGarvey, Lloyd O Billey
Microplastics have become a ubiquitous contaminant, but their fate in food animals is largely unknown. In this study, [14C]-polystyrene microplastic (PS-MP) particles were orally dosed to lactating sheep to evaluate their absorption and disposition. Elimination of the [14C]-PS-MP was predominately through faeces with faecal radioactivity peaking at 24 h post-dosing but continuing to be present throughout the entire 72 h study period. Only a small fraction (≤ 1%) of the dosed [14C]-PS-MP was present in blood, milk, and urine. Pharmacokinetic analysis of blood plasma radioactivity, using non-compartment modeling, indicated rapid absorption (T1/2 0.4 to 3 h) with slow elimination (T1/2 37 to 48 h). Radioactivity in milk and urine had similar elimination patterns with radiocarbon activities peaking 24 h post-dosing with detectable elimination throughout the 72 h study period. No radioactivity was quantifiable in tissues at the 72 h withdrawal period.
{"title":"Disposition of [<sup>14</sup>C]-polystyrene microplastics after oral administration to lactating sheep.","authors":"Weilin L Shelver, Amy M McGarvey, Lloyd O Billey","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2379382","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2379382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics have become a ubiquitous contaminant, but their fate in food animals is largely unknown. In this study, [<sup>14</sup>C]-polystyrene microplastic (PS-MP) particles were orally dosed to lactating sheep to evaluate their absorption and disposition. Elimination of the [<sup>14</sup>C]-PS-MP was predominately through faeces with faecal radioactivity peaking at 24 h post-dosing but continuing to be present throughout the entire 72 h study period. Only a small fraction (≤ 1%) of the dosed [<sup>14</sup>C]-PS-MP was present in blood, milk, and urine. Pharmacokinetic analysis of blood plasma radioactivity, using non-compartment modeling, indicated rapid absorption (T<sub>1/2</sub> 0.4 to 3 h) with slow elimination (T<sub>1/2</sub> 37 to 48 h). Radioactivity in milk and urine had similar elimination patterns with radiocarbon activities peaking 24 h post-dosing with detectable elimination throughout the 72 h study period. No radioactivity was quantifiable in tissues at the 72 h withdrawal period.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}