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The importance of soil seed banks for biodiversity restoration in degraded grasslands 土壤种子库对于恢复退化草地生物多样性的重要性
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12224-024-09452-x
Martina Fabšičová, Tomáš Vymyslický, Ivana Frei, Magda Zdražílková, Sabina Smetanová, Jan Winkler, Martin Jiroušek

To effectively restore species and habitat diversity in poorly managed degraded grasslands, it is important to understand the relationship between the soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation. Our study aimed to describe changes in soil seed bank composition compared to aboveground vegetation under two ploughing regimes (annual and single ploughing) of narrow strips on the edges of artificially grassed old fields in Podyjí National Park, the Czech Republic. We used the seed germination method, multivariate analyses and Kruskal–Wallis tests to compare differences in the proportion of species and individual numbers in the soil seed bank based on the origin of species (native species, archaeophytes, neophytes) and their habitat preferences (segetal, ruderal, grassland, endangered species) in two types of grasslands with varying soil moisture content. The highest numbers of individuals were present in annually ploughed dry grasslands whereas single ploughing in mesic grasslands resulted in greater species diversity. Ploughing increased the numbers of seedlings of all groups and promoted archaeophytes, grassland specialists, native species and ruderals in dry grasslands whereas mesic grasslands hosted segetal specialists and neophytes. Threatened plants and invasive species rarely emerged from the soil seed bank. The study also revealed the highest similarity between the soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation in annually ploughed plots. It gradually decreased during vegetation succession in the single ploughed variants. Whereas annual ploughing supported segetal specialists, single ploughing promoted grassland species in dry habitats. Neither type of ploughing can be recommended in mesic grasslands because of the risk of inducing the spread of expansive ruderals or invasive neophytes.

为了有效恢复管理不善的退化草地的物种和栖息地多样性,了解土壤种子库和地上植被之间的关系非常重要。我们的研究旨在描述在捷克共和国波季伊国家公园人工种草的老田地边缘窄带的两种耕作制度(每年耕作和单次耕作)下,土壤种子库组成与地上植被相比发生的变化。我们采用种子萌发法、多元分析和 Kruskal-Wallis 检验,比较了在土壤含水量不同的两种草地中,根据物种来源(本地物种、古生植物、新生物)及其栖息地偏好(segetal、ruderal、草地、濒危物种),土壤种子库中物种比例和个体数量的差异。每年犁耕的干旱草地上的个体数量最多,而中耕草地上的单次犁耕则导致物种多样性增加。犁耕增加了所有类群的幼苗数量,并促进了干旱草地上的古生植物、草地专类植物、本地物种和裸子植物的生长,而中耕草地上则生长着分生专类植物和新生植物。土壤种子库中很少出现濒危植物和入侵物种。研究还发现,在每年耕作的地块中,土壤种子库与地上植被的相似度最高。在单耕变体的植被演替过程中,相似度逐渐降低。常年犁地有利于segetal specialists,而单次犁地则有利于干旱生境中的草地物种。这两种犁耕方式都不适合在中生性草地上使用,因为有可能导致扩张性杂草或外来新植被的蔓延。
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引用次数: 0
Will small-scale ploughing increase the plant diversity of species-poor grasslands? 小规模犁耕能否增加物种贫乏草地的植物多样性?
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1007/s12224-024-09448-7
T. Vymyslický, Martin Jiroušek, Ivana Frei, Sabina Smetanová, Jan Winkler, Magda Zdražílková, M. Fabšičová
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引用次数: 1
Long-term change in the tree community of a tropical forest remnant surrounded by human-modified landscapes 被人类改造地貌包围的热带森林残余树种群落的长期变化
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12224-024-09450-z
Érica Rievrs Borges, Monize Altomare, Marcela Venelli Pyles, Marcelo Leandro Bueno, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Marco Aurélio Leite Fontes, Ary Teixeira de Oliveira-Filho

Previous studies have demonstrated that the tree community of small and isolated forest fragments show persisting structural and functional attributes characteristic of early-successional systems. Yet, the impacts of forest small size and isolation on several tree community attributes have not been comprehensively quantified in long-term studies. Here we analysed permanent plots over 17 years to investigate the recovery of community attributes in a small tropical forest remnant surrounded by human-modified landscapes in the endangered Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We conducted analyses on community species richness, functional diversity and composition, and aboveground biomass for the overall, adult and juvenile communities. The analysis of the demographic rates indicates a self-thinning phase (reduction in stem density and increase in basal area) characteristic of late-succession stages. In general, we found a reduction in the proportion of simple leaves along with a gradual increase in wood density mostly for the adult tree community and a significant increase in aboveground biomass throughout the years. Despite its reduced size, the fragment studied does not show clear trends of altered forest structure and functional composition dynamics through time. Yet, it holds aboveground biomass values comparable to large undisturbed rainforests, thus indicating that the ecological value of small forest fragments should not be neglected.

以往的研究表明,小面积和孤立森林片段的树木群落显示出早期演替系统特有的持久结构和功能属性。然而,在长期研究中,尚未全面量化森林面积小和孤立性对树木群落属性的影响。在此,我们分析了 17 年来的永久性地块,以研究在濒危的巴西大西洋森林中,被人类改造景观所包围的小型热带森林残余群落属性的恢复情况。我们对整个群落、成年群落和幼年群落的物种丰富度、功能多样性和组成以及地上生物量进行了分析。对人口统计率的分析表明,晚期演替阶段的特点是自稀疏阶段(茎干密度减少,基部面积增加)。总体而言,我们发现单叶比例降低,木质密度逐渐增加,主要是成年树群落,地上生物量逐年显著增加。尽管面积缩小,但所研究的片段并没有显示出明显的森林结构和功能组成动态变化趋势。然而,它的地上生物量值却可与未受干扰的大型雨林相媲美,这表明小森林片段的生态价值不容忽视。
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引用次数: 0
The bulk of a plant hotspot: composition, species richness and conservation status of the Cerrado herbaceous–subshrub flora 植物热点的主体:塞拉多草本灌木植物区系的组成、物种丰富度和保护状况
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1007/s12224-024-09451-y
Aloirta Waldete de Castilho Silva, Vanessa Pontara, Marcelo Leandro Bueno, Pedro Manuel Villa, Bruno Machado Teles Walter, João Augusto Alves Meira-Neto

The Cerrado is a Neotropical savanna with the highest plant species richness among tropical savannas. Most of these species are herbs and subshrubs, although woody species have been studied much more extensively. We built a database of species constituting the herbaceous–subshrub flora of the Cerrado to provide an in-depth view of its conservation status and reduce knowledge gaps. Our objectives were to (1) gather information on the herbaceous–subshrub flora of the Cerrado, (2) determine the importance of the most common families, genera and species making up this flora, (3) map areas with great species richness in the Cerrado, and (4) assess the status of protected areas in relation to this flora and the conservation status of its species. We have created the ‘CerrHerb’ database with information about herbaceous–subshrub species. We identified 6,492 species distributed across 769 genera belonging to 97 families. We compiled 65,535 occurrences of 4,354 species and mapped two main hotspot clusters of species richness: the Central Cerrado and the Espinhaço Range, with a third, less pronounced hotspot cluster further west in the Eastern Mato Grosso. The richest families were the Asteraceae (742 species), Poaceae (681 species) and Fabaceae (584 species). Of the species, 2,398 (55%) occur in protected areas, while 1,956 species (45%) do not. Additionally, 2,235 species are endemic, with no information available on their conservation status. There is a significant knowledge gap regarding the herbaceous–subshrub flora, which can lead to conservation and ecological problems caused by poor management of Cerrado reserves. There is a need to reassess conservation policies for the Cerrado and adapt the management of conservation units to reflect the actual importance of the herbaceous–subshrub flora.

塞拉多是一种新热带稀树草原,是热带稀树草原中植物物种最丰富的地方。这些物种大多是草本植物和亚灌木,但木本物种的研究更为广泛。我们建立了一个构成塞拉多草本亚灌木植物区系的物种数据库,以深入了解其保护状况并缩小知识差距。我们的目标是:(1) 收集有关塞拉多地区草本灌木植物区系的信息;(2) 确定构成该植物区系的最常见科、属和物种的重要性;(3) 绘制塞拉多地区物种极为丰富的地区地图;(4) 评估与该植物区系及其物种保护状况相关的保护区状况。我们创建了 "CerrHerb "数据库,其中包含草本灌木物种的信息。我们确定了隶属于 97 科 769 属的 6492 个物种。我们汇编了 4354 个物种的 65,535 个出现点,并绘制了物种丰富度的两个主要热点集群:中部 Cerrado 和埃斯皮尼亚索山脉,以及东马托格罗索州更西边的第三个不太明显的热点集群。物种最丰富的科是菊科(742 种)、诗科(681 种)和豆科(584 种)。在这些物种中,有 2398 种(55%)出现在保护区内,1956 种(45%)不在保护区内。此外,有 2 235 个物种为地方特有物种,目前尚无关于其保护状况的信息。对草本亚灌木植物区系的了解存在很大差距,这可能会导致由于对 Cerrado 保护区管理不善而造成的保护和生态问题。有必要重新评估塞拉多的保护政策,调整保护区的管理,以反映草本灌木植物区系的实际重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Restricted geographical distribution of Cremnophila Nutans (Crassulaceae): implications to the conservation of a micro-endemic, habitat specialist and ornamental Mexican plant 蟋蟀草(Crassulaceae)有限的地理分布:对保护一种微型特有、栖息地专家和墨西哥观赏植物的影响
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12224-024-09449-6
Bárbara M. Rojas-Flores, Cristina Martínez-Garza, María Teresa Pulido Silva, Alejandra Vázquez-Lobo, Amanda Ortiz-Sánchez, Raúl E. Alcalá

Information on the extent of the geographic distribution and on the factors affecting the species geographic range is a valuable tool to identify conservation priorities and to protect biodiversity. We focused on Cremnophila nutans (Crassulaceae), a habitat specialist, micro-endemic and ornamental species distributed only in northern areas of the state of Morelos (municipality of Tepoztlan) in central Mexico. Following the criterions established by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, we estimated the range extent (34.9 km2) and area of occupancy (36 km2) of C. nutans. Based on our estimations C. nutans can be considered as a critically endangered species. From an extensive area of accessibility determined by combinations of climate and physiographic layers, the ecological niche modeling (22 occurrence records and three bioclimatic variables) predicted a restricted and stretch band of high habitat suitability coinciding majorly with northern areas of the state of Morelos. Habitat suitability was explained by annual mean temperature (72.5 %) and annual precipitation (25.3%). Potential areas with climatically suitable habitats could be in fact smaller because rocky outcrops usually colonized by C. nutans are not present along the entire potential area. Besides its restricted geographic distribution, C. nutans face threats derived from frequent forest fires, climate change, and extraction from its natural habitat. Management strategies strongly based on ex situ propagation and social working with local people are proposed to assure persistence of this unique rare plant species.

关于物种地理分布范围和影响物种地理分布范围的因素的信息,是确定保护重点和保护生物多样性的宝贵工具。我们重点研究了仅分布于墨西哥中部莫雷洛斯州(特波兹兰市)北部地区的一种栖息地专性、微型特有和观赏物种--Cremnophila nutans(十字花科)。根据国际自然保护联盟制定的标准,我们估算了 C. nutans 的分布范围(34.9 平方公里)和栖息面积(36 平方公里)。根据我们的估计,C. nutans 可被视为极度濒危物种。根据气候和地貌层组合确定的可进入的广阔区域,生态位建模(22 条出现记录和 3 个生物气候变量)预测了一个限制性和伸展性高的栖息地带,主要与莫雷洛斯州北部地区相吻合。年平均气温(72.5%)和年降水量(25.3%)解释了栖息地适宜性。具有气候适宜栖息地的潜在区域实际上可能较小,因为 nutans 通常定居的岩石露头并不存在于整个潜在区域。除了有限的地理分布外,果蝇草还面临着频繁的森林火灾、气候变化以及从其自然栖息地开采等威胁。为确保这一独特稀有植物物种的持续存在,我们提出了以异地繁殖和与当地人合作为基础的管理策略。
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引用次数: 0
Belowground plant organs and their functional ecology. Introduction 地下植物器官及其功能生态学。导言
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1007/s12224-024-09443-y
Jitka Klimešová
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引用次数: 0
Mixed signals of environmental change and a trend towards ecological homogenization in ground vegetation across different forest types 环境变化的混合信号和不同森林类型地面植被生态同质化的趋势
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12224-024-09445-w
Janez Kermavnar, Lado Kutnar

Forest ground vegetation may serve as an early warning system for monitoring anthropogenic global-change impacts on temperate forests. Climate warming may induce a decline of cool-adapted species to the benefit of more thermophilous plants. Nitrogen deposition has been documented to potentially result in soil eutrophication or acidification, which can increase the proportion of species with higher nutrient requirements and species impoverishment caused by competitive exclusion. Abiotic forest disturbances are changing the light conditions in the forest understorey environment. In this resurvey study, we tested the magnitude and direction of change in alpha (species richness) and beta (within-site dissimilarity) diversity and composition of forest ground vegetation in forests of different types in Slovenia over fifteen years. Using plant-derived characteristics (Ellenberg-type indicator values) and by testing a priori predictions concerning expected effects of environmental drivers, we show that the magnitude and direction of forest ground vegetation diversity and floristic changes varies greatly between forest sites. Divergent responses at different sites resulted in low net change of alpha and beta diversity and a weak overall environmental signal. The largest decrease in species number was observed in lowland oak-hornbeam forests, which were also among the sites with the greatest compositional shifts. Changes in beta diversity did not show any consistent trend, and anticipated floristic convergence was not confirmed when all sites were considered. Thermophilization was mainly detected in montane beech sites and alpine spruce forests whereas eutrophication signal was most significant on nutrient-poor sites. Vegetation responses were strongly dependent on initial site conditions. Shrinkage of ecological gradients (process of ecological homogenization) suggests that sites positioned at the ends of the gradients are losing their original ecological character and are becoming more similar to mid-gradient sites that generally exhibit smaller changes. Our results point to the importance of local stand dynamics and overstorey disturbances in explaining the temporal trends in forest ground vegetation. Ground vegetation in Slovenian forests is changing in directions also dictated by multiple regional and global change drivers.

森林地面植被可作为监测全球人为变化对温带森林影响的预警系统。气候变暖可能会导致适应冷凉气候的物种减少,从而有利于更嗜热的植物。据记载,氮沉降可能会导致土壤富营养化或酸化,从而增加对养分需求较高的物种比例,并因竞争排斥而造成物种贫乏。非生物森林干扰正在改变林下环境的光照条件。在这项重新调查研究中,我们测试了十五年来斯洛文尼亚不同类型森林中森林地表植被的α(物种丰富度)和β(地表内差异性)多样性和组成的变化幅度和方向。利用植物衍生特征(艾伦伯格类型指标值),并通过检验有关环境驱动因素预期影响的先验预测,我们发现不同森林地点的森林地面植被多样性和植物学变化的幅度和方向差异很大。不同地点的不同反应导致阿尔法和贝塔多样性的净变化较低,整体环境信号较弱。在低地橡树-角梁森林中观察到的物种数量减少最多,这也是成分变化最大的地点之一。贝塔多样性的变化没有显示出任何一致的趋势,而且在考虑所有地点时,预期的植物趋同也没有得到证实。嗜热现象主要出现在山毛榉和高山云杉林中,而富营养化信号在营养贫乏的地点最为显著。植被的反应在很大程度上取决于最初的地点条件。生态梯度的缩小(生态同质化过程)表明,位于梯度两端的地点正在失去其原有的生态特征,而变得与梯度中间的地点更加相似,这些地点通常表现出较小的变化。我们的研究结果表明,当地林分动态和林间干扰对解释森林地面植被的时间趋势非常重要。斯洛文尼亚森林地面植被的变化方向也受到多种区域和全球变化驱动因素的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Scoping the Allelopathic Potential of Elsholtzia strobilifera for Managing Himalayan Knotweed Koenigia polystachya, an Invasive Species in Alpine Ecosystems 探讨 Elsholtzia strobilifera 在管理高山生态系统中的入侵物种喜马拉雅结缕草 Koenigia polystachya 方面的 Allelopathic 潜力
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s12224-024-09446-9
Sudeep Chandra, Vaishali Chandola, Germani Concenco, Anant Ram Nautiyal, Mohan Chandra Nautiyal, Lakhpat Singh Rawat, Vijay Kant Purohit

The increasing intrusion of weed species into alpine regions is an alarming threat to native floras because their strong and deep root systems cause a scarcity of nutrients to native alpine plant species. Considering the sensitive nature of alpine ecosystems, integrated weed management may be a means of preventing invasive species from going out of control. The present study investigated the allelopathic effect of Elsholtzia strobilifera on the germination and growth characteristics of Himalayan knotweed (Koenigia polystachya, syn. Polygonum polystachyum) under both field and laboratory conditions. The germination of seeds under laboratory conditions was studied by using different dilutions of hydrosol and aqueous extracts derived from E. strobilifera. In our field study, seedlings of K. polystachya were planted together with E. strobilifera in their natural habitat at a nursery. The study indicates that the seed germination and morphological parameters of seedlings were significantly inhibited by different dilutions of hydrosol and extract (reduction by 83–96% and 62–73%, respectively). In field conditions, significant inhibition in the morphological characteristics of K. polystachya was observed when grown in association with E. strobilifera. The results reveal that E. strobilifera has a significant allelopathic effect on K. polystachya. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that growing plants of E. strobilifera around K. polystachya may be a novel approach to curbing the spread of the latter and suppressing the population of this species in ecologically sensitive alpine or other endangered areas.

杂草物种越来越多地侵入高寒地区,对本地植物造成了令人担忧的威胁,因为杂草强大而深厚的根系会导致本地高寒植物物种养分匮乏。考虑到高山生态系统的敏感性,综合杂草管理可能是防止入侵物种失控的一种手段。本研究调查了 Elsholtzia strobilifera 在野外和实验室条件下对喜马拉雅结缕草(Koenigia polystachya, syn. Polygonum polystachyum)萌芽和生长特性的等位效应。我们使用不同稀释度的石蒜水溶液和水提取物研究了实验室条件下种子的萌发情况。在我们的实地研究中,K. polystachya 的幼苗与 E. strobilifera 一起种植在苗圃的自然栖息地。研究表明,不同稀释度的水醇和提取物对种子萌发和幼苗形态参数有明显的抑制作用(分别降低 83-96% 和 62-73%)。在田间条件下,当 K. polystachya 与 E. strobilifera 一起生长时,其形态特征受到明显抑制。结果表明,E. strobilifera 对 K. polystachya 有明显的等位异化作用。根据本研究的结果,可以得出结论:在 K. polystachya 周围种植 E. strobilifera 植物可能是一种新方法,可以在生态敏感的高山或其他濒危地区遏制 K. polystachya 的扩散并抑制该物种的数量。
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引用次数: 0
Role of above- and belowground traits in the functional structure and species dominance of tropical fern communities in response to edge effects 地面和地下特征在热带蕨类群落的功能结构和物种优势中对边缘效应的作用
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12224-024-09444-x

Abstract

Recent investigations have revealed the coordination and trade-offs between above- and belowground traits in structuring functional strategies of plant communities, but none of these have addressed ferns, a diverse plant lineage in tropical forests. We investigated terrestrial ferns from the perspective of how below- and aboveground traits are coordinated with functional responses to forest edges, which represent a significant part of the world’s forest cover. Specifically, we examined differences in functional strategies between forest edges and forest interior as well as traits associated with species dominance. Fern richness and abundance were sampled in 24 edge plots and 44 interior plots within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We obtained data for five leaf traits and three rhizome traits. Ferns did not express any functional coordination between above- and belowground traits. At the edge, ferns did not display functional homogenization. In both the interior and at the edge, ferns exhibited multiple trait covariations across a broad spectrum of plant sizes and leaf numbers, associated with rhizome type and the presence of leaf trichomes and stolons. There were no cohesive functional groups of generalists or of exclusive species of forest edges and the forest interior. Fern species dominance was related to the species-specific number of leaves and the presence of stolons. We conclude that below- and aboveground traits did neither respond in conjunction nor as a functional response to edge effects. However, both kinds of traits affected the functional structure and species dominance of fern communities at the edge and in the interior of the forest.

摘要 近期的研究揭示了地上和地下性状在构建植物群落功能策略中的协调和权衡,但这些研究都没有涉及蕨类植物--热带雨林中的一个多样化植物品系。我们从地下和地上性状如何与森林边缘的功能反应相协调的角度研究了陆生蕨类植物,森林边缘在世界森林覆盖中占有重要地位。具体来说,我们研究了森林边缘和森林内部功能策略的差异,以及与物种优势相关的特征。我们在巴西大西洋森林的 24 个边缘地块和 44 个内部地块对蕨类植物的丰富度和丰度进行了采样。我们获得了五种叶片特征和三种根茎特征的数据。蕨类植物在地上和地下性状之间没有表现出任何功能上的协调。在边缘地带,蕨类植物没有表现出功能同质化。在内部和边缘,蕨类植物在植株大小和叶片数量的广泛范围内表现出多种性状共变,这与根茎类型以及叶片毛状体和匍匐茎的存在有关。森林边缘和森林内部并不存在一致的通性或专性物种功能群。蕨类物种的优势与特定物种的叶片数量和匍匐茎的存在有关。我们的结论是,地下和地上性状对边缘效应既没有联合反应,也没有功能反应。然而,这两种性状都影响了森林边缘和内部蕨类群落的功能结构和物种优势。
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引用次数: 0
Dactylorhiza maculata agg. (Orchidaceae) in Central Europe: Intricate Patterns in Morphological Variability, Cytotype Diversity and Ecology Support the Single-Species Concept 中欧 Dactylorhiza maculata agg.(兰科):形态变异、细胞型多样性和生态学的复杂模式支持单物种概念
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1007/s12224-024-09441-0

Abstract

Effective protection of endangered species is often limited by taxonomic discrepancies across state borders. This is also the case of the Dactylorhiza maculata agg. in Central Europe, where one to three species and several infraspecific taxa are recognized in various countries. Based on an extensive analysis of morphological variation, ploidy levels, environmental traits and habitats of 64 populations in Central Europe and adjacent regions, we aimed to propose a unified taxonomic concept applicable throughout the study area. Multivariate analysis of morphological traits revealed continuous variation at the individual level and only minor differences between particular clusters of populations. Four DNA-ploidy levels were detected using flow cytometry. Diploids (2n = 40) and tetraploids (2n = 80) were the most abundant and usually formed single-cytotype populations whereas DNA-triploids and DNA-hexaploids occurred only sporadically as minority cytotypes. The inferred patterns of morphological and ploidy variation were not congruent with traditional taxonomic treatment regarding diploid D. fuchsii and tetraploid D. maculata as two species with several infraspecific taxa. Instead, all taxa analysed in the current study are best treated at the subspecies level within D. maculata s. lat. due to somewhat continuous morphological variation between morphotypes. A total of eight D. maculata subspecies may be recognized in Central Europe, of which one is newly described here as D. maculata subsp. arcana, subsp. nov. Some nomenclatural riddles have been resolved, and the threat status of the recognized taxa is discussed.

摘要 对濒危物种的有效保护往往受到跨国界分类差异的限制。中欧的 Dactylorhiza maculata agg.也是这种情况,在不同国家有 1 到 3 个种和几个种下类群。基于对中欧及邻近地区 64 个种群的形态变异、倍性水平、环境特征和栖息地的广泛分析,我们旨在提出一个适用于整个研究区域的统一分类概念。形态特征的多变量分析表明,在个体水平上存在连续变异,而在特定种群集群之间仅存在微小差异。使用流式细胞仪检测到了四种 DNA 倍性水平。二倍体(2n = 40)和四倍体(2n = 80)数量最多,通常形成单一细胞型种群,而 DNA 三倍体和 DNA 六倍体仅作为少数细胞型零星出现。推断出的形态和倍性变异模式与传统的分类方法并不一致,传统的分类方法认为二倍体 D. fuchsii 和四倍体 D. maculata 是两个物种,有多个种下类群。相反,本研究分析的所有分类群最好在 D. maculata s. lat.在中欧,总共有 8 个 D. maculata 亚种,其中一个新描述为 D. maculata subsp.其中一个亚种被新描述为 D. maculata subsp.
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